HomeMy WebLinkAbout1.44 Misc-LandscapePlanCOLORADO
LANDSCAPE PLAN
RIVER EDGE COLORADO
GARFIELD COUNTY, COLORADO
OWNER/APPLICANT:
CARBONDALE INVESTMENTS, LLC
7999 HWY 82
CARBONDALE CO 8 1 6 2 3
970-456-5325
CONSULTANT:
8140 PARTNERS, LLC
PO BOX 0426
EAGLE, CO 81631
JANUARY 14, 2011
Landscape Plan
River Edge Colorado, Garfield County, Colorado
LANDSCAPE PLAN
RIVER EDGE COLORADO
GARFIELD COUNTY, COLORADO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
A. BASIS 3
B. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF PLAN 3
C. CONFORMANCE WITH ULUR 3
II. PROJECT LOCATION 3
III. LANDSCAPE PROGRAM DEFINED AND GENERAL STANDARDS 3
A. PLANNING FRAMEWORK 4
B. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LANDSCAPE ZONES 4
C. RIVER EDGE COLORADO LANDSCAPE CHARACTER 5
D. WATER USE FRAMEWORK 5
E. LANDSCAPING REQUIRED 6
F. RECLAMATION OF DISTURBED AREAS 7
IV. LANDSCAPING PLAN FOR THE PUBLIC LANDSCAPE ZONE 7
A. OPEN SPACE TRACT LANDSCAPE STANDARDS 8
B. COMMON AREA TRACTS LANDSCAPE STANDARDS 8
C. GARDEN/ORCHARD TRACTS LANDSCAPE STANDARDS 8
D. RECREATION OPEN SPACE (PARK TRACTS) LANDSCAPE STANDARDS 9
E. NEIGHBORHOOD CENTER LANDSCAPE STANDARDS 10
F. RIGHT-OF-WAYS (ROW) LANDSCAPE STANDARDS 10
G. UTILITY TRACTS LANDSCAPING STANDARDS 11
V. LANDSCAPING PLAN FOR THE PRIVATE LANDSCAPE ZONE 11
VI. ENFORCEMENT OF THIS PLAN 12
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: LOW WATER USE LANDSCAPING GUIDANCE
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Landscape Plan
River Edge Colorado, Garfield County, Colorado
I. INTRODUCTION
A. BASIS
This Landscape Plan ("Plan") has been prepared in support of an application for PUD
Plan Review ("Rezoning") and Subdivision Review ("Preliminary Plan") for the proposed
River Edge Colorado ("Project", "REC", or "REC PUD") in accordance with the
requirements of the Garfield County Unified Land Use Resolution of 2008 ("ULUR"), as
amended. This Plan fulfills the requirements of Section 5-501.G.6 of the ULUR and is
generally consistent with the landscape standards in Section 7-305.A of the ULUR. This
Plan is supported by other referenced documents submitted as part of the REC rezoning
and preliminary plan applications including the River Edge Colorado PUD and
Subdivision Drawing Package ("Drawing Package") and specifically the Landscape Plan,
LA01-05 Series and Open Space Plan, 0501 Series of the Drawing Package.
B. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF PLAN
The primary purpose of this Plan is to provide a description of the overall landscape
program for the Project. The Plan summarizes the overall landscaping framework and
standards as detailed in the PUD Guide, River Edge Colorado Covenants, Conditions and
Restrictions ("CCRS") and Landscape Plan, LA01-05 Series of the Drawing Package.
C. CONFORMANCE WITH ULUR
The proposed landscape program for the REC PUD as outlined herein fully conforms to
Section 7-305.A of the ULUR except insofar as it proposes certain differences in the
minimum caliper of trees to be planted at the Project Site, as herein after defined, as a
means of achieving a higher success and survival rate. The Plan was produced by 8140
Partners, LLC in coordination and under the technical direction of Pedro Campos (State
of Colorado Landscape Architect, License #373).
II. PROJECT LOCATION
The Project is located along State Highway 82 ("SH 82") between the City of Glenwood
Springs and Town of Carbondale near the junction of County Road 110/113 ("CR 113")
and SH 82. The property is located almost entirely west of the Roaring Fork Transit
Authority ("RFTA") right-of-way and east the Roaring Fork River and the Roaring Fork
Conservancy ("RFC") Conservation Easement (i.e., Grant of Conservation Easement
dated February 3, 2000, recorded at Reception Number 559036 and survey map,
recorded December 24th, 2008, recorded at Reception Number 760571 in the real
property records of Garfield County, Colorado). The Project straddles Cattle Creek which
is also located within the RFC Conservation Easement. The Project covers approximately
160 acres ("Project Site") as shown and described on the PUD01-03 Series of the
Drawing Package.
III. LANDSCAPE PROGRAM DEFINED AND GENERAL STANDARDS
The landscape plan for REC represents part of the overall development plan that will
help to enhance the REC community with natural elements, appropriate for the region.
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Landscape Plan
River Edge Colorado, Garfield County, Colorado
Proper planting and water management will contribute to both the desirability and
livability of the REC PUD.
The following represents the planning, regulatory framework for all landscaping within
the REC PUD and overall landscaping plan for community spaces and private lands
within the Project. All landscaping, as proposed and as regulated under the PUD Guide
CCRS, and Design Guidelines conforms to this Plan. This section details the requirements
in both the public realm, including the street character of the REC, and the private
spaces. Landscaping for individual lots will be based on the landscape framework within
public spaces. Planting and water management standards are provided for all portions
of an individual lot. The landscape standards provide for ecologically -conscious
practices, highlighted to help individual lot owners choose a more sustainable lifestyle
for themselves and the community.
A. PLANNING FRAMEWORK
REC is connected by a network of passive open space, active parklands, and other active
and passive Community Spaces, as defined in the PUD Guide, that are connected by a
pedestrian circulation system of sidewalks located within the streetscape and soft trails
located off-street. This open space and recreation framework is a significant community
amenity. Active parks, multi -use recreation fields, playground and tot lots are located
strategically within the network providing recreational amenities to all residents
accessible via the open space and circulation system. Productive and edible landscapes,
including community gardens and orchards are and should continue to be integrated
and dispersed in between the residential land uses as gathering and focal places for
residents while providing educational value.
The system provides the residents with the ability to engage in interactive community
agriculture on a small scale and will make the REC PUD a very desirable place to live.
This unique combination of features will help establish a sense of place and foster
community, engaging residents with their immediate environment and each other. It is
intended this open space and landscape framework will set the tone and become a
major driver of the identity of the REC PUD community.
B. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LANDSCAPE ZONES
The definition of public and private landscape zones is an important element in any
community. Within the REC PUD, residential lots comprise the private landscape zones
and the Community Spaces (i.e., Open Space, Park, Common Area, Orchard/Garden, and
Neighborhood Center Tracts) and Right -of -Way Tracts constitute the public landscape
zone. The referenced areas are identified on the PUD Plan, PUD01-03 Series of the
Drawing Package.
The design of landscaping within the REC PUD shall be environmentally sensitive and
contextual in order to protect the surrounding natural environment and fit into the
overall character of the area. Regionally appropriate plants and water conserving
landscape practices will be applied and serve as strong unifying elements throughout
the public realm and shall be further incorporated into the front yards of private homes.
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Landscape Plan
River Edge Colorado, Garfield County, Colorado
The Community Spaces will be landscaped in a manner that helps connect residents to
the land and provide a variety of opportunities to interact with each other and nature,
in both active and passive ways. This philosophy is expressed through the integration of
a variety of spaces to recreate, play, and exercise as well as to learn about nature and
engage directly in the art of gardening and cycles of food production. The philosophy is
reinforced with the opportunity for residents to participate in hands-on cultivation of
the land and nurturing of plants within Garden/Orchard and Common Area Tracts in
addition to parts of the private spaces within each residential lot. The goal is to establish
a landscape that fosters a strong sense of community and healthy outdoor life-style.
C. RIVER EDGE COLORADO LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
The landscape design of the REC PUD references the local rural character and
agricultural roots of the Roaring Fork Valley. The REC PUD aims to have a strong historic
identity back to the days of 'old Colorado' when community's had a strong tie to the
land and natural landscape. The REC PUD landscape aesthetic shall be simple, informal,
and place emphasis in the use of plant and landscape materials local, adaptable and
appropriate to the climate and environment of the area.
D. WATER USE FRAMEWORK
Landscape improvements will be designed with water -efficiency as a goal. Landscape
water -efficiency should be measured by an annual water budget to facilitate water
conservation. Additional information and guidance is provided in Appendix A from the
Colorado Department of Local Affairs and should be considered in developing specific
landscaping plans. These guidelines shall apply to the design of all regulated landscapes:
• Landscapes should use the following xeriscape design principles to
facilitate water conservation: (a) Well-planned planting schemes; (b)
Appropriate turf selection to minimize the use of bluegrass; (c) Use of
mulch to maintain soil moisture and reduce evaporation; (d) Zoning of
plant materials according to their microclimatic needs and water
requirements; (e) Improvement of the soil with organic matter if
needed; (f) Efficient irrigation systems; and (g) Proper maintenance and
irrigation schedules.
• Plants of any water need may be used in the landscape, providing the
total annual water use does not exceed the desired overall irrigation
regimes desired for each lot or tract type.
• Plants having similar water use should be grouped together in distinct
hydrozones. High hydrozones should be separated from Low and Very
Low hydrozones by Moderate hydrozones whenever possible.
• Plants should be selected appropriately based upon their adaptability to
the climatic, geologic, and topographical conditions of the site.
Protection and preservation of native species and natural areas is
encouraged. The planting of trees is encouraged.
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Landscape Plan
River Edge Colorado, Garfield County, Colorado
• Strips less than 8 feet wide should be landscaped with Low or Very Low
water plants. Public street right-of-way plantings are exempt.
• All plantable areas not covered with turf should be covered with a
minimum of four (4) inches of a suitable mulch to retain water, and
inhibit weeds.
• Soil preparation should be suitable for the plants. This generally means
adding organic material for High and Moderate water zones, but not for
Low and Very Low water zones.
• Artificial plants, artificial grass, and other artificial plant material are
discouraged as a means of achieving water -efficient landscapes.
The three irrigation regimes recognized by this Plan are:
(1) High Performance Lawn
Ideal for heavy use such as sports fields, high -use parks, or requires an aesthetic
appearance because of surrounding uses. The High Performance Lawn has a crop
coefficient of Kc = 0.90 and higher than average water demands. This equates to an
annual application rate of 22-27 inches.
(2) Low Performance Lawn
Seldom used for activities but is used to cover the ground to control erosion, weed
infestation, or serve as a firebreak. Traffic medians, greenbelts, detention ponds, or
even home lawns can fall into this category. Typically these lawns require less mowing,
fertilizer and water. The Low Maintenance Lawn has a crop coefficient of Kc = 0.72.
These areas are areas that can be maintained will limited or no water application. This
equates to an annual application rate of 15-18 inches.
(3) Traditional Lawn
Found in most residential neighborhoods, parks, businesses, shopping centers, etc.
where foot traffic and uses are not excessive. The Traditional Lawn has a crop
coefficient of Kc = 0.81. This includes blue grass and other forms of grasses with average
to high water use demands. This equates to an annual application rate of 19-22 inches.
E. LANDSCAPING REQUIRED
All land within the REC PUD, in both private and public landscape zones will be
landscaped in accordance with the PUD Guide, CCRS and the Design Guidelines.
Landscaping will be installed as soon as practicable after the land is disturbed and
construction has been completed which will generally be presumed to be no longer than
thirty (30) days following completion of construction when construction is completed
during the growing season (i.e., May 1 -October 1) or June 1 of the following year unless
otherwise approved. As long as soil is in a non -vegetated state or in a disturbed
condition, erosion and sediment control measures will be maintained.
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Landscape Plan
River Edge Colorado, Garfield County, Colorado
All plant materials will be installed in the best possible manner to ensure their
continued viability. Shrub and flower beds must be lined with a weed barrier mesh (or
similar material designed for weed control) to prevent the introduction of noxious
weeds. All plant materials must be kept in a healthy condition. Dead plants must be
removed and replaced as soon as practicable. Landscaping must include a properly
functioning automated sprinkler and/or drip irrigation system, with individual zones for
non -turf areas.
F. RECLAMATION OF DISTURBED AREAS
All portions of a lot or tract where existing vegetative cover is removed or soil is
disturbed, that are not otherwise proposed to be covered by improvements or
landscaping will be successfully reclaimed through revegetation with a mix of native,
adaptive and drought tolerant grasses and ground covers in accordance with the
reclamation and revegetation standards in the PUD Guide. The density of the
reestablished vegetation must be adequate to prevent soil erosion and invasion of
weeds after one growing season. Erosion and sedimentation control measures will be
maintained until the revegetation is adequate to prevent soil erosion.
IV. LANDSCAPING PLAN FOR THE PUBLIC LANDSCAPE ZONE
The landscaping within the Public Landscape Zone is the responsibility of the POA or its
assigns. The POA shall ensure that all landscaping is placed and maintained in
accordance with the PUD Guide, CCRS, and the Design Guidelines. Prototypical
landscape plans have been developed for the sub -categories of the Public Landscape
Zone to convey design intent and standards for similar conditions located throughout
the Project. These include the following:
• Prototypical Street Right -of -Way Landscape Plan — Street Right -of -Way
Prototypical Landscape Plan (Sheet No. LA02.01), Roundabout Street
Intersection Prototypical Landscape Plan (Sheet No. LA02.02), and
Regular Street Intersection Prototypical Landscape Plan (Sheet No.
LA02.03) in the Drawing Package.
• Prototypical Common Area — Common Area Prototypical Landscape Plan
Condition #1 Connection to Soft Trail (Sheet No. LA03.01) in the
Drawing Package.
• Prototypical Common Area — Common Area Prototypical Landscape Plan
Condition #2 Between Lots / Along RTFA (Sheet No. LA03.02) in the
Drawing Package.
• Prototypical Common Area — Community Gardens and Orchards
Prototypical Landscape Plan (Sheet No. LA03.04) in the Drawing
Package.
• Prototypical Park/ROS Areas — Park & Active Recreation Prototypical
Landscape Plan (Sheet No. LA04.01) in the Drawing Package.
Landscape Plan
River Edge Colorado, Garfield County, Colorado
A. OPEN SPACE TRACT LANDSCAPE STANDARDS
Open Space is held in common for the purposes of buffering environmentally sensitive
areas adjacent to the REC PUD development areas while allowing limited passive uses
including walking, running, hiking, wildlife and scenery viewing. Landscaping of Open
Space Tracts shall be predominantly native and drought tolerant species in accordance
with the seed mixes to be applied in accordance with the reclamation and revegetation
standards. In addition, reclamation planting treatments and maintenance shall include
access control plantings and screening plantings in accordance with the RFC
Conservation Easement within the areas depicted as the 20 Foot Conservation
Easement Access Control Area and Heron Protection Area on the PUD Plan, respectively
(See Heron Screening Areas A and B Prototypical Landscape Plan, Sheet No. LA05.01 of
the Drawing Package).
All Open Space Tracts are proposed to be reclaimed and initially vegetated during Phase
0 pre -development reclamation of the REC PUD.
B. COMMON AREA TRACTS LANDSCAPE STANDARDS
The use of Common Area Tracts will be allowed to evolve under the direction of the POA
or its assigns over time as specific community needs are identified by the residents of
the REC PUD. The intent is to reserve these areas with limited landscape treatment to
provide flexibility to meet additional community needs in the future. Landscape may
evolve based on the desired uses in accordance with the PUD Guide and the Design
Guidelines. Two prototypical landscape plans are provided as guidance: Common Area
Prototypical Landscape Plan Condition #1 Connection to Soft Trail (Sheet No. LA03.01)
and Common Area Prototypical Landscape Plan Condition #2 Between Lots / Along RTFA
(Sheet No. LA03.02) in the Drawing Package.
Common Area Tracts should generally be landscaped in accordance with the following
irrigation regime:
• High Performance Lawn: 10% of area (focal landscape areas, signage
and entry landscaping areas)
• Traditional Lawn: 30% of area (community gardens and select trees)
• Low Water Lawn: 60% of area (drought tolerant and xeric grasses,
shrubs, and trees)
C. GARDEN/ORCHARD TRACTS LANDSCAPE STANDARDS
Garden/Orchard Tracts (Tracts AB, AM, and BA) are areas specifically set aside for the
use of cultivating fruit trees and vegetable and flower gardens. The Garden/Orchard
Tracts are held in common and the maintenance will be the responsibility of the POA
with voluntary assistance from residents as determined by the POA in accordance with
the CCRS. Community Gardens and Orchards Prototypical Landscape Plan (Sheet No.
LA03.04) in the Drawing Package is provided as guidance.
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Landscape Plan
River Edge Colorado, Garfield County, Colorado
Garden/Orchard Tracts should generally be landscaped in accordance with the following
irrigation regime:
• High Performance Lawn Irrigation: 30% of area (gardens and orchard
trees)
• Traditional Lawn Irrigation: 10% of area (edges)
• Low Water Lawn Irrigation: 60% of common area (drought tolerant xeric
grasses, shrubs, trees)
D. RECREATION OPEN SPACE (PARK TRACTS) LANDSCAPE STANDARDS
Two main areas of recreation open space exist with the REC PUD. Within each of the
recreation open space areas a specific program for park amenities is called for as part of
these standards and are included as benefit to residents of the REC PUD. These include:
• A multi-purpose lawn adequate for informal community games of
soccer, softball, and other field sports;
• A multi-purpose hard surface court for basketball and volleyball;
• A sand field for volleyball, badminton, beach soccer and other similar
soft surface sporty;
• A small playground and a tot lot meeting criteria for different age
groups;
• A picnic area with (1) shelter and other basic park furnishing (seating
and trash receptacles);
• Dedicated sidewalks and secondary soft trail connections and segments;
and
• Strategically located trees and landscaping.
Recreation Open Space should generally be landscaped in accordance with the following
irrigation regime:
• High Performance Lawn Irrigation: 20% of area (areas of landscape
emphasis along drainages)
• Traditional Lawn Irrigation: 75% of area (multi-purpose sports turf
blend)
• Low Water Lawn Irrigation: 5% of area (drought tolerant and xeric
grasses, shrubs, and trees)
Planting within and around multi-purpose lawn areas and playground and tot lots is to
follow the prototypical planting and landscape plans on Sheet No. LA04.01 in Drawing
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Landscape Plan
River Edge Colorado, Garfield County, Colorado
Package. Approximately 2 trees (1.5 inch caliper) and six (6) 5 -gallon shrubs and twelve
(12) 1 -gallon perennials shall be planted for each 10,000 sq ft of area of Park space.
E. NEIGHBORHOOD CENTER LANDSCAPE STANDARDS
The Neighborhood Center is the major community focal and gathering point. The
landscaping of this site is very important and should set the tone, showcase and
demonstrate the landscape practices and techniques utilized elsewhere in the REC PUD.
Landscaping shall be integrated to the buildings and uses of the site, and done with a
creative and integrative approach. Low maintenance plants with low water demands
will be used over a reasonable part of the site.
Neighborhood Center Tract should generally be landscaped in accordance with the
following irrigation regime:
• High Performance Lawn Irrigation: 5% of area (areas of landscape
emphasis and accent)
• Traditional Lawn Irrigation: 50% of area (multi-purpose lawn turf blend)
• Low Water Lawn Irrigation: 45% of area (drought tolerant xeric grasses,
shrubs, trees)
F. RIGHT-OF-WAYS (ROW) LANDSCAPE STANDARDS
All streets in REC PUD shall have a 5' wide landscape area between the back of curb and
the sidewalk, on both sides of the street. Due the linear nature and highly visibility of
these areas throughout the community, the landscaping of these areas is very important
in setting the tone and character for the REC PUD. The emphasis of the REC PUD is to
have an explicit water conserving and regionally appropriate palette of plant and
landscape materials used throughout the community. As such, landscaping within the
Right -of -Way Tracts shall be as follows (See Sheet No. LA02.01-LA02.03 for Prototypical
Plans in the Drawing Package):
• Street Trees — Street trees shall be planted at a spacing of one street
tree every 60'. Species are to vary to provide diversity and interest.
Suggested tree species have a xeric or low water requirement. Min. size
is 1.5" caliper. Drip irrigation for these is mandatory.
• Tree Lawns — Tree lawns shall utilize a combination of groundcover and,
where appropriate, limited panels of traditional and low maintenance
lawn. Groundcover shall be used in 65% of all tree lawn areas,
traditional turf will be allowed in 20% of tree lawn areas, and perennials
and flower -beds will be allowed in 15% of tree lawn areas. Groundcover
to be used in tree lawns shall be local cobble and coarse organic mulch
groundcover as alternative surface treatments. This will be applied to a
minimum of 4" depth. In addition to street trees, one (1) 2-3' diameter
landscape boulder shall be required every 100', and six (6) 5 -gallon
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Landscape Plan
River Edge Colorado, Garfield County, Colorado
'xeric' shrubs or twelve (12) 1 -gallon grasses every 50' in addition to
street trees.
• Roundabouts and Intersections — These shall receive special landscape
emphasis in keeping with the xeric and low maintenance landscape
design approach of the REC PUD (See Sheet No. LA02.02 for Prototypical
Plan in the Drawing Package).
Right of Way Tracts should generally be landscaped in accordance with the following
irrigation regime:
• High Performance Lawn Irrigation: 15% of area (perennial and flower
beds at accent areas)
• Traditional Lawn Irrigation: 25% of area (trees and select panels of lawn
in tree lawns )
• Low Water Lawn Irrigation: 60 % of area (areas of ground cover, xeric
shrubs, grasses, and trees).
G. UTILITY TRACTS LANDSCAPING STANDARDS
Utility Tracts shall be landscaped to screen service and operation areas, to soften any
buildings and structures and to create an overall aesthetic that is visually compatible
with the adjacent residential uses. Fences may be required to achieve screening and
effectively block undesirable views and sound associated with utilities.
Utility Sites should generally be landscaped in accordance with the following irrigation
regime:
• Traditional Lawn Irrigation: 50% of area (trees, shrubs, traditional lawn
areas)
• Low Water Irrigation: 50% of common area (drought tolerant and xeric
grasses, shrubs, trees).
V. LANDSCAPING PLAN FOR THE PRIVATE LANDSCAPE ZONE
The Private Landscape Zone is comprised of single family home lots. Landscaping of
single family homes is the greatest contributor to the overall character of a community.
It is very important to establish consistency in landscaping while allowing flexibility to
allow variety and individuality. The landscape design of single-family home areas shall
place emphasis on efficient water management and the use of regionally appropriate
plant and landscape materials. Basic standards are provided for three areas within a
single family home lot. Lots shall generally be landscaped in accordance with the
Prototypical Landscape Plan for a Single Family Home Lot (Sheet No. LA03.03 of the
Drawing Package).
The general standards for landscape are:
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Landscape Plan
River Edge Colorado, Garfield County, Colorado
• Front Yard: The Front Yard of single family home shall be a maximum of
40% lawn with the remainder being ground cover, trees, or shrub areas.
The only plants allowed are those listed in the Appendix H. The Front
Yard landscape shall focus on the arrival sequence and entry to the
house. No fences shall be permitted in a Front Yard.
• Side Yard: The side yard of single family homes will be landscaped to
create visual separation and privacy between homes. Porous fences will
be allowed in side yards to define property ownership lines. All fences
shall conform to the Design Guidelines. The same coverage ratios
applicable to the Front Yard shall apply to the side yard.
• Rear Yard: The rear yard of single family homes shall be a maximum of
60% lawn with the remainder being ground cover, trees of shrub areas.
All fences shall conform to the Design Guidelines.
• Front, Rear and Side Drainage ad Utility Easements: 100% of the Front
Yard easement adjacent to a Right -of -Way Tract shall be low grow turf
lawn for visual consistency, ease of maintenance, minimization of
conflicts with utilities, and contrast with row xeric plantings. Rear and
side drainage utility easements shall also be planted in a manner that
will not negatively impact drainage and minimize conflicts with utilities.
Damage to vegetation planted within drainage and utility easements is
generally the responsibility of the owner although utility providers
utilizing the easements should use care and their best efforts at
restoring vegetation in conformance with reasonable practices of care
and erosion and sediment control. Vegetation that disrupts surface
drainage within easements shall be removed by the owner upon notice
by the POA or Garfield County.
VI. ENFORCEMENT OF THIS PLAN
The elements of this Plan have been fully integrated into the PUD Guide, CCRS, and
Design Guidelines. Therefore, they are fully enforceable by Garfield County and the
POA. Specific landscape plans will be submitted at the time of Final Plat or site plan
review for the community space and right-of-way tracts being platted.
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Landscape Plan
River Edge Colorado, Garfield County, Colorado
APPENDIX A: LOW WATER USE LANDSCAPING GUIDANCE
Landscape Plan
River Edge Colorado, Garfield County, Colorado
APPENDIX A: LOW WATER USE LANDSCAPING GUIDANCE
App. A-1
WaterWise Landscaping
Best Practices Manual
A companion guide to Water Efficient Landscape Design
Prepared for:
City of Lafayette and Town of Erie, Colorado
Grant funding provided by:
Colorado Department of Local Affairs,
Office of Smart Growth
Prepared by:
Design Studios West, Inc.
James M. Knopf, ASLA
HydroSystems KDI, Inc.
The Restoration Group, Inc.
Gregory A. White
This best practices manual was prepared for communities along the Front
Range. Owing to differernces in elevation, climate and soil composition, the lists
of drought -tolerant landscaping materials contained within the manual may not
be appropriate for all areas of the state. Please consult with your local
landscape architects and master gardeners to ensure that landscaping
materials are appropriate for your region.
App. A-2
Table of Contents Page
1. Introduction 3
2. WaterWise Principles and Guidelines 4
Principle #1 — Plan and design landscaping comprehensively.
Principle #2 - Evaluate soil and improve, if necessary.
Principle #3 - Create practical turf areas.
Principle #4 - Use appropriate plants and group according to their water need.
Principle #5 - Water efficiently with a properly designed irrigation system.
Principle #6 - Use organic mulches to reduce surface evaporation of water and weeds.
Principle #7 - Practice appropriate landscape maintenance.
Principle #8 — Preserve existing landscape and natural areas.
3. WaterWise Plant Lists 16
A. Four Watering Zones — WaterWise Plant Groupings
B. Plant Lists
1. Shrubs — Rocky Mountain Natives
2. Shrubs — Deciduous Introduced
3. Trees— Deciduous, Rocky Mountain Natives
4. Trees — Deciduous, Introduced
5. Evergreens — Coniferous Trees
6. Evergreens — Coniferous Shrubs
7. Evergreens — Non -Coniferous
8. Vines
9. Groundcovers — Including turf and meadow grasses
4. Natural Areas and Native Plants 49
A. Proactive Multi -Purpose Drainage Design
B. Native Seed Mixes: Short, Medium, Tall Grasses; Wet/Sandy Areas Mix, Wildflowers
C. Plants to Avoid — Invasive Introduced Plants and Noxious Weeds
5. Understanding Soils and Soil Preparation 61
6. Irrigation Design Techniques and Equipment 66
7. Water Budgeting 69
A. Calculating a Water Budget
B. Water Budget Worksheet
8. Additional Resources 71
App. A-3
Best Practices Manual
Page 1 of 71
WaterWise Landscaping
Best Practices Manual
Section 1 — Introduction
Prevalent landscaping practices used in of development today have disregarded the long-term effects on
the region's water supply. Nearly 75% of summer water use is consumed by outdoor vegetation. The
drought in Colorado has highlighted the necessity of using WaterWise design practices in order to best
use our limited water resources. Significant reductions can be gained through minor changes in the
arrangement of plantings, alternative plant selection and soil preparation.
This spring, Lafayette and Erie have worked to draft a Landscape Ordinance that includes WaterWise
landscape practices that will be mandatory for "new" development. This ordinance project will be used
as a model for other Colorado towns, and is funded by a Heritage Grant from the State Department of
Local Affairs. The purpose of the project is to:
1. move closer to use of landscaping that matches our semi -arid environment
2. include specific direction in choice of plant material
3. include illustrations
4. to the extent possible, make language of code easy to understand and apply
5. include both mandatory xeriscape requirements and aspirational practices
Besides requirements for new development, the process also includes this "Best Practices Manual" that all
citizens can use in making choices about their home landscaping. These Best Practices for landscape
design are derived from the seven principles of Xeriscaping, as well as GreenCo's Best Management
Practices. This Manual also makes design recommendations based on the regulations outlined in the
Landscape Ordinance.
The intention for these Best Practices is to inform home and property owners about landscape and
irrigation needs unique to Colorado, and to assist in creating responsible landscape and irrigation design
decisions.
App. A-4
Best Practices Manual
Page 2 of 71
WaterWise Landscaping
Best Practices
Section 2 — WaterWise Principles and Guidelines
DSW, Sources: GreenCo BMPs, Xeriscape Principles
This section focuses on eight "principles" that act as goals for smart planting and irrigating in the
Colorado region. Each principle offers a series of design recommendations and techniques in the
form of "guidelines". The guidelines function as steps to achieve the goals. Each guideline is
not imperative but still important to ensure healthy plant growth, reduced water waste and
increased cost savings over time. The following principles, if used properly, will help to create a
useful, efficient and enjoyable WaterWise landscape.
Principle #1 — Plan and design landscaping comprehensively.
Guidelines
A. Start with an inventory and analysis plan of the site that identifies "existing
conditions." Conditions such as drainage areas, sun exposure, soil types, good
views, existing plants, etc. will affect how the site is used (Figure 1). Next
develop a list of activities and areas, also called a "program," expected to occur
on the site. For example a backyard program might include a lawn play area,
dog run, dining patio, barbecue grill, shade trees and shrub beds. Continue by
diagramming possible locations for the program activities, while also providing
access and traffic patterns or screening as needed. Finally, use this information
to develop a plan that integrates plants into the overall scheme (Figure 2).
B. Now with your overall plan, consider options on how you would like to
conserve water. Several recommendations for water conservation are addressed
throughout this document.
C. Calculate the water requirements for your landscape using the Water Budget
Worksheet provided in Section Seven of this manual. Try not to exceed an
average total of 15 gallons per square foot annually.
D. Incorporate trees into the landscape to provide shade, reduce stormwater runoff,
stabilize soil and protect against wind. If considering the gross site area, a
minimum goal of 20 percent tree canopy coverage (at trees' maturity) for Front
Range communities is recommended.
E. When designing plant placement on slopes, place lower -water demand plants at
the tops of slopes and higher -demand plants at the bottom.
F. Artificial flowers and grass are discouraged. Exceptions may be granted for
special use areas such as synthetic turf athletic fields.
App. A-5
Best Practices Manual
Page 3 of 71
Existing
Shade
Morning Shade
0
0
co
co
Porch
Hot
j Sout ern Exposure
Drive
Vegetation
Afternoon Shade
North
No Scale
Figure 1. Inventory and Analysis Plan
App. A-6
Best Practices Manual
Page 4 of 71
d• �
•
No Scale
North
Figure 2. Overall Planting Plan
App. A-7
Best Practices Manual
Page 5 of 71
Principle #2 - Evaluate soil and improve, if necessary.
Guidelines
A. Soil suitability for planting should be evaluated to identify potential soil amendments
that may improve plant health and survival (see Section Five).
B. Strip and stockpile existing topsoil prior to major site re -grading. Following
completion of grading, replace topsoil and improve soil for planting with suitable soil
amendments.
C. Improve soil as suitable (see Section Five) before planting and installing the irrigation
system. Soil improvement promotes better absorption of water, improved water -
holding capacity and drainage of the soils. It also allows for better oxygen transfer
within the root zone.
D. Add organic material to the plant hydrozones, but only as needed. This typically
means adding organic material for High and Moderate water zones, but not for Low
and Very Low water zones. pH -balanced examples of organic materials are compost
(from plants), sphagnum peat and animal manure (other than cow or horse).
E. Soil preparation should include the breaking up and loosening, or scarification, of soil
to 6 inches, with incorporation of organic amendments, fertilizer, etc. as specified by
a landscape designer, landscape architect or soil analysis (Figure 3).
For more information please refer to Section 5, Understanding Soils and Soil Preparation.
Figure 3. Soil Profile
Amendments:
Add soil irnprovments
into top 2 layers
if necessary
Surface litter
Topsoil:
humus, roots
and organisms
Subsoil:
fine particles
leached materials
soom roots
Parent Material:
weathered bedrock
and some leached
materials
Bedrock underlying
solid rock
App. A-8
Best Practices Manual
Page 6 of 71
Principle #3 - Create efficient turf areas.
Guidelines
A. Include turf areas where they provide defined functions (i.e., recreation, traffic areas,
etc.). Plantings of trees, shrubs, ground covers and flowers are best separated from
grass so they can be watered separately. Often, portions of turf areas can be replaced
with more water -efficient ground covers and mulches (Figure 4).
B. When selecting turfgrass, consider the use, aesthetic and design goals of the site,
estimated water use and maintenance budget. Alternative grass types, such as tall
fescue, buffalograss, blue grama and wheat grass, may provide lower water and
maintenance needs than bluegrass. In areas where irrigation is not planned for instance,
a mix of mainly native bunch and sod -forming grasses might be used. (See Section
Four for native seed mix options.)
C. Avoid using turf in areas less than 8 feet wide and on slopes steeper than 3:1. These
areas require inefficient irrigation sprays. Consider using drip -irrigated shrubs or
groundcovers with Low or Very Low water requirements as alternatives. A special
exception may be streetscape tree lawns, where turfgrass may be most appropriate with
careful consideration and monitoring of potential irrigation inefficiencies.
D. Some sites and turf areas with difficult irrigation or maintenance concerns may perform
better with low water grass types or groundcovers. Consider street rights-of-way,
industrial sites, drainageways and natural areas for such alternative grasses. (See
Principle #8 below.)
Figure 4. Efficient Turf Area in Front Yard
App. A-9
Best Practices Manual
Page 7 of 71
Principle #4 - Use appropriate plants and group according to their
water need, i.e. "hydrozoning ".
Guidelines
A. Plants with lower water requirements, such as native species adapted to Colorado's
climate, should be considered. However, other plants can have a place in xeriscape
designs, even if they require larger amounts of water. The key is to use those plants in
appropriate locations and not to interplant them with others that have very different,
lower water requirements. In effect, the grouping of plants into "hydrozones" based on
their water requirements allows them to be irrigated efficiently. A detailed list of
Colorado landscape plants and their respective water requirements by "hydrozone
category" is included in Section Three.
B. Group plants with like water needs together (Figure 5). Plants located within the drip line
for large, mature trees and shrubs should have similar water requirements as the trees and
shrubs. (A drip line is considered the outermost circle on the ground where water drips
from the leaves of a tree or shrub canopy above.)
C. Plants of any water need may be used in the landscape, providing the total annual water
use does not exceed Water Allowance for the ET (Evapo-Transpiration) Reference
Location. For example, this allowance is 15 gallons/square foot/season in the Denver
metro area. (See Section Six below for Water Budget calculations.)
D. High water zones should be separated from Low and Very Low water zones by Moderate
water zones whenever possible.
E. Select plants that are well adapted to the climate, topographic and geologic conditions of
the site.
F. Select plants with lower water requirements for areas with southern and western
exposures.
G. Strips less than 8 feet wide should be landscaped with Low or Very Low water plants.
(See Principle #3 above.)
Principle #5 - Water efficiently with a properly designed irrigation
system
Guidelines
A. Irrigate according to the water need of each hydrozone, not solely on a fixed schedule
(Figure 6). Well-planned sprinkler systems can save water when properly installed and
operated. Turf areas should be watered separately from beds. Shrubs, flowers and ground
covers can be watered more efficiently, by less frequent irrigation that is allowed to
penetrate the root zone more deeply. (See Principle #4 above.)
B. Consider plant water requirements in irrigation design schemes.
C. Take into account the hydraulic principles when designing the irrigation system.
Generally these principles deal with water volume, pressure and patterns of movement.
App. A-10
Best Practices Manual
Page 8 of71
North
No Scale
Figure 5. Hydrozone Outline Diagram with 4 water need types
App. A-11
Best Practices Manual
Page 9 of 71
Spray Irrigation
Spray Irrigation
Spray Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
Spray
Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
Spray Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
North
No Scale
Figure 6. Irrigation Type Diagram
App. A-12
Best Practices Manual
Page l0 of 71
D. Install an irrigation controller that offers flexible programming. Landscapes should not
need as much supplemental watering during a rainy period. Rain or moisture sensors are
available to coordinate with controllers, and some controllers are self-adjusting based on
weather conditions.
E. Ensure that the irrigation system is installed per plan and is accurate.
F. Provide "as -built" drawings of irrigation system after installation with dimensions shown
for irrigation components. Such drawings will help to find and correct problems in the
future.
G. Operate irrigation systems to maximize irrigation water efficiency.
For more information please refer to Section 6, Irrigation Design Techniques and Equipment.
Principle #6 - Use mulches to reduce surface evaporation of water and
weeds.
Guidelines
A. Mulched planting beds are an ideal replacement for expansive turf areas. Mulches protect
and reduce temperature extremes in the soil, minimize evaporation, reduce weed growth
and slow erosion. Mulches also provide landscape interest. Organic mulches are typically
bark chips, wood grindings, chopped leaves or pole peelings. Inorganic mulches include
rock and various gravel products.
B. Organic mulches are generally recommended for the most benefit of the plants, but the
roots of some plants perform better with inorganic mulch. Landscape professionals can
help determine suitable mulches for selected plants. Inorganic mulches may also be
preferred as more stable in especially windy locations, areas requiring high maintenance
or those apt to erosion.
C. Place mulch directly on the soil or on breathable fabric (Figure 7). Do not use solid sheet
plastic beneath mulched areas, as these keep out water and air — both of which are vital to
plant health.
D. All plantable areas not covered with turf should be covered with a minimum of four
inches (4") of a suitable mulch to retain water, and inhibit weeds.
E. Mulching exceptions for Low and Very Low hydrozones should be considered.
Organic mule
4" depth over
weed barrier
--Finished grade
Weed barrier
Backfill material
Figure 7. Shrub Planting in Mulch Bed
App. A-13
Best Practices Manual
Page 11of71
Principle #7 - Practice appropriate landscape maintenance.
Guidelines
A. Proper pruning, weeding, mowing and fertilization, plus attention to the irrigation system,
are needed to maximize water savings. Regular maintenance of planting and irrigation
system preserves the intended beauty of the landscape, and saves water and maintenance
costs through efficient operations. Always water according to hydrozone need and current
soil moisture conditions, rather than according to a rigid schedule.
B. Landscapes should be maintained to ensure water efficiency. A regular maintenance
schedule should include but not be limited to checking, adjusting, and repairing irrigation
equipment; resetting the automatic controller; aerating turf areas; replenishing mulch;
fertilizing; pruning, and weeding in all landscaped areas.
C. Whenever possible, repair of irrigation equipment should be done with the originally
specified materials or their equivalents so that original performance and efficiency can be
maintained for longer periods. (See Section Six for more Irrigation information.)
Garden Maintenance
App. A-14
Best Practices Manual
Page 12of71
Principle #8 — Preserve existing landscape and natural areas.
Guidelines
A. Where possible preserve existing native remnant plant communities and site conditions
that support them.
B. Where possible preserve healthy trees — established plants have often developed a root
system that is adapted to lower water conditions.
C. Local native plants and plants with documented lower water requirements should be
given priority in landscape design. A native plant is a species that "occurs naturally in a
particular region, state, ecosystem, and habitat without direct or indirect human action"
(Federal Native Plant Conservation Committee, 1994). A local native plant is derived
from "a population or ecotype of the native plant species that was grown from genetically
local plant materials" (Colorado Native Plant Society).
D. Use of native plants in the landscape supports local biodiversity, helps sustain local
wildlife, enhances recreation experience, supports remnant native plant communities and
reduces water consumption.
Natural Area
E. All landscapes have the
potential to impact native
plant communities through
transport of seeds and plant
propagules by wind and
storm drainage. Landscapes
adjacent to native sites are
particularly critical due to the
potential of direct spread, but
all projects (public or
private) should not harbor or
install exotic horticultural
plant species that are known
to be invasive and therefore threaten natural areas. A complete list of threatening plants
to avoid is provided by the Colorado Native Plant Society web site:
<http://carbon.cudenver.edu/—shill/species_avoid.pdf>.
F. Landscapes adjacent to native areas should emphasize the use of species with low fuel
volume of low flammability. Mowing management can be used to limit build up of
flammable plant materials. Information on the fire -resistance of some native plants can
be found at < www.ext.colostate.edu/PUBS/NATRES/06307.html>.
G. Remove species that are designated state noxious weeds, especially ornamental species
such as purple loosestrife, oxeye daisy, tamarisk, myrtle spurge and yellow toadflax. See
Section Four below for the 2003 list of noxious weeds for Colorado, or for more
information see the "Noxious Weed List (Rules and Regulations)" at
<www.ag.state.co.us/DPI/weeds/weed.html >.
For more information please refer to Section 4, Natural Areas and Native Plants.
App. A-15
Best Practices Manual
Page 13of71
WaterWise Landscaping
Best Practices
Section 3 — WaterWise Plant Lists
A. The Four Hydrozones — WaterWise Plant Groupings
The key to WaterWise landscaping is to arrange plants in appropriate locations and not to
interplant them with others that have very different, lower water requirements. This
grouping of plants into "hydrozones" is based on their water requirements, and allows
them to be irrigated efficiently. The following list shows how to group plants based their
water needs.
Due to variability in plant water requirements due to location of the plant on a site, a
range of hydrozone categories has been shown for many plants. For purposes of
calculating the water budget for each hydrozone, the lowest hydrozone category for each
plant shall be used.
High Water need
example: Bluegrass turf— always wet at the surface
uses 18-20 gals./ S.F./season = 3 waterings per week totaling 5 inches (in July)
Moderate Water need
example: turf -type Tall Fescue — 1/2 the water of Bluegrass turf
uses 10 gals./S.F./ season =1/4 inches of water, once per week
Low Water need
example: Buffalograss turf— needs rain and occasional watering
uses 0-3 gals./S.F./season ='/z inch of water per 2 weeks, optional
Very Low Water need
example: too dry for any turf grass (drier than Denver)
no irrigation required
B. Colorado WaterWise Plant List Summary
1 Shrubs (Deciduous, Rocky Mountain Natives)
2. Shrubs (Deciduous, Introduced to the region)
3. Trees (Deciduous, Rocky Mountain Natives)
4. Trees (Deciduous, Introduced to the region)
5. Evergreens (Coniferous Trees)
6. Evergreens (Coniferous Shrubs)
7. Evergreens (Non -coniferous)
8. Vines
9. Groundcovers (Including turf & meadow grasses)
10. Selected Perennials
The complete Plant Lists are provided on the following pages.
Copying and use of this list is encouraged, only if the following note, & the water needs of plants are included.
For more information see...WaterWise Landscaping with Trees, Shrubs, and Vines
Jim Knopf, Chamisa Books
App. A-16
Best Practices Manual
Page 14 of 71
SHRUBS
(Deciduous Rocky Mountain Natives)
[Revised April '03]
WATER NEEDS OF PLANTS
The following chart shows how to group plants based on their water needs.
Reference Location: Denver. Numbers illustrate typical conditions.
* = Plants with potential, but requiring caution due to limited history in Rocky Mountain landscaping.
HIGH WATER
MODERATE WATER LOW WATER
VERY LOW WATER
Reference plant:
Bluegrass turf
(Always wet at surface)
Reference plant: Reference plant:
Turf -type Tall Fescue
(Half of Bluegrass turf)
18-20 gals./ S.F./season 10_ gals./S.F./ season
July: 5"-- 3 times per week .75" -- once per week
Buffalograss turf
(Like Denver without irrigation)
0-3 gals./S.F./season
.5" per 2 weeks, optional
Reference plant:
Too dry for any turf
(drier than Denver )
No irrigation
No irrigation
Acer•glabrum
Acer•grandidentatum
Alnus•tenuifolia
Amelanchier•alnifolia
Amelanchier•utahensis *
Amorpha•canescens
Amorpha•fruticosa
Amorpha•nana
Atriplex•canescens
Atriplex•confertifolia
Betula•fontinalis
Betula•glandulosa
Ceratoides•lanata *
Cercocarpus•montanus
Chamaebatiaria•millefolium
Chrysothamnus•spp.
Cornus•sericea (now C. stolonifera)
Cornus•stolonifera
Corylus•cornuta
Crataegus.•var.•occidentalis *
Crataegus•erythropoda *
Crataegus•succulenta•var.•macrantha
Fallugia•paradoxa
Fendlera•rupicola
Forestiera•neomexicana
Fraxinus•anomala
Holodiscus•dumosus
Jamesia•americana
Lonicera•involucrata
Lycium•pallidum *
Ostrya•knowltonii *
Rocky Mountain Maple
Bigtooth Maple, Wasatch Maple
Rocky Mountain Alder
Rocky Mtn. Serviceberry
Utah Serviceberry
Lead Plant
False Indigo
Dwarf Lead Plant
Four -wing Saltbush
Shadscale
Rocky Mtn. River Birch
Bog Birch
Winterfat
Deciduous Mountain Mahogany
Fernbush
Rabbitbrush species
Redtwig Dogwood
Beaked Hazelnut
Native Hawthorn
(syn.? C. s. var. occidentalis)
* Native Hawthorn
Apache Plume
Cliff Fendlerbush
New Mexico Privet
Singleleaf Ash
Rock Spray
Jamesia
Twinberry
Pale Wolfberry
Western Hop Hornbeam
(M -H)
(M)
(H)
(M+/-)
(VL- M)
(L- M)
(M +/-)
(L- M)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(H)
(H)
(L)
(L- M)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(H)
(H- M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(VL -L)
(L- M)
(M+/-)
(L)
(L- M)
(M - H)
(H)
(L)
(M+/-)
App. A-17
Best Practices Manual
Page 15of71
Parryella•filifolia *
Pentaphylloides•floribunda
Peraphyllum•ramosissimum *
Philadelphus•lewisii
Philadelphus•microphyllus
Physocarpus•monogynus
Poliomintha•incana *
Potentilla•fruticosa
Prunus•americana
Prunus•besseyi
Prunus•pensylvanica *
Prunus•pensylvanica•saximontana *
Prunus•virginiana
Ptelea•trifoliata
Purshia•tridentata
Quercus•gambelii
Quercus•turbinella *
Quercus•undulata *
Rhamnus•smithii *
Rhus•glabra
Rh us•g labra•var. •cismontana
Rhus•glabra•'Laciniata'
Rhus•microphylla *
Rhus•trilobata
Ribes•aureum
Ribes•cereum *
Ribes•inerme
Rosa•woodsii
Rubus•deliciosus
Rubus•idaeus•var.•strigosus
Rubus•parviflorus *
Salix•irrorata
Sambucus•caerulea *
Sambucus•melanocarpa *
Sambucus•racemosa *
Sarcobatus•vermiculatus *
Shepherdia•argentea
Shepherdia•canadensis *
Sorbus•scopulina *
Symphoricarpos•albus
Symphoricarpos•orbiculatus *
Dunebloom
= Potentilla•fruticosa
Squaw Apple
Lewis's Mockorange
Littleleaf Mockorange
Mountain Ninebark
Purple Sage
Shrubby Potentilla
Wild Plum
Sand Cherry
Pin Cherry
Dwarf Pin Cherry
Chokecherry
Hoptree
Bitterbrush
Gambel's Oak
Turbinella Oak
Wavyleaf Oak
Smooth Sumac
Rocky Mountain Smooth Sumac
Cutleaf Smooth Sumac
Littleleaf Sumac
Three -leaf Sumac
Golden Currant
Squaw Currant
Whitestem Gooseberry
Wood's Rose
Boulder Raspberry
Wild Raspberry
Thimbleberry
Bluestem Willow
Blue Elderberry
Blackbead Elderberry
Red Elderberry
Greasewood
Silver Buffaloberry
Buffaloberry
Rocky Mtn. Mountain Ash
Snowberry
Coralberry
(M+/-)
(L- M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(VL -L)
(M - H)
(M+/-)
(L- M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M - H)
(M+/-)
(L - H)
(M+/-)
(L - M)
(L - M)
(M+/-)
(L- M)
(L -M)
(L- M)
(L -M )
(L - M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M - H)
(M - H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(VL -L)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M - H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
Tetradymia•canescens * Gray Horsebrush (L)
App. A-18
Best Practices Manual
Page 16 of 71
SHRUBS
(Deciduous, Introduced)
[Revised April '03]
WATER NEEDS OF PLANTS
The following chart shows how to group plants based their water needs.
Reference Location: Denver. Numbers illustrate typical conditions.
* = Plants with potential, but requiring caution due to limited history in Rocky Mountain landscaping.
HIGH WATER
MODERATE WATER LOW WATER
VERY LOW WATER
Reference plant:
Bluegrass turf
(Always wet at surface)
Reference plant: Reference plant:
Turf -type Tall Fescue
(Half of Bluegrass turf)
18-20 gals./ S.F./season 10_ gals./S.F./ season
July: 5"--3 times per week .75" --once per week
Buffalograss turf
(Like Denver without irrigation)
0-3 gals./S.F./season
.5" per 2 weeks, optional
Reference plant:
Too dry for any turf
(drier than Denver )
No irrigation
No irrigation
Abelia•chinensis *
Abelia•x•grandiflora *
Abeliophyllum•distichum *
Acanthopanax•senticosus *
Acanthopanax•sieboldianus *
Acer•azimovii * (= A..ovczimmikovii?)
Acer•campestre *
Acer•ginnala
Acer•maximowiczianum *
Acer•semenovii *
Acer•tataricum
Acer•tataricum•ssp.•ginnala
Acer•tataricum•ssp.•semenovii *
Aesculus•parviflora *
Aesculus•sylvatica *
Alnus•cordata *
Alnus•glutinosa *
Alnus•rubra (was A.•oregona) *
Amelanchier•stolonifera *
Aralia•elata *
Aralia•spinosa *
Aronia•melanocarpa
Artemisia•abrotanum
Atraphaxis•caucasica *
Atraphaxis•pyrifolia *
Berberis•koreana *
Berberis•oblonga *
Berberis•thunbergii
Buddleja•alternifolia *
Buddleja•davidii
Buddleja•globosa *
Buddleja•x•'Lochinch' *
Callicarpa•bodinieri *
Callicarpa•dichotoma *
Calycanthus•occidentalis *
Chinese Abelia (China)
Abelia (origin unknown)
(Korea)
Syn. Elentherococcus s.
= Elentherococcus•sieboldianus
Azimov Maple
Hedge Maple (e. Europe & w. Asia)
= Acer•tataricum•ssp.•ginnala
(China -Mongolia -Korea)
= Acer•tataricum•ssp.•semenovii
Tatarian Maple (A. Minor, se. Asia)
Ginnala Maple (c. Asia)
Turkestan Maple (c. Asia)
Bottlebrush Buckeye (Ga., Ala.)
(se. USA)
Italian Alder (Corsica, s. Italy)
European Alder (Eur., n. Africa, Turkey)
Oregon Alder (w. N. Am.)
Running Serviceberry (ne. N. Am.)
Angelica Tree (Jap., Kor., Manch.)
Devil's Walkingstick (e. USA)
Chokeberry (e. N. America)
Southernwood (s. Europe)
(Transcaucasica)
(c. Asia)
Korean Barberry (Korea)
(Turkestan)
Japanese Barberry (Jap.)
Butterflybush (nw. China)
Butterflybush (China)
(Chile, Argentina, Peru)
(hort. hybrid)
Beauty Berry (c. & w. China)
Korean Beautyberry (e. USA)
California Allspice (sw. USA)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(L- M)
(L -M)
(L- M)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M- H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(L)
(M+/-)
(M -L)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(H)
(H)
App. A-19
Best Practices Manual
Page 17 of 71
Calycanthus•chinensis *
Calycanthus•floridus *
Caragana•arborescens
Caragana•aurantiaca *
Caragana•frutex *
Caragana•maximowicziana *
Caragana•microphylla
Caragana•pygmaea *
Caragana•sinica *
Caryopteris•incana *
Caryopteris•mongolica *
Caryotperis•x•clandonensis
Ceanothus•sanguineus *
Cerasus•verrucosa *
Cercis•griffithii *
Chaenomeles•japonica *
Chaenomeles•lagenaria
Chaenomeles•speciosa *
Chamaecytisus•hirsutus *
Chilopsis•linearis*
Chimonanthus•praecox *
Chionanthus•retusus
Chionanthus•virginicus
Clematis•heracleifolia•var.•davidiana *
Clerodendrum•trichotomum *
Clethra•alnifolia *
Clethra•delavayi *
Cornus•alba•'Elegantissima'
Cornus•alternifolia
Cornus•amomum *
Cornus•controversa *
Cornus•kousa *
Cornus•kousa•var.•chinensis *
Cornus•mas *
Cornus•racemosa *
Cornus•sericea (now C.•stolonifera)
Cornus•stolonifera•'Flaviramea'
Coronilla•emerus *
Corylopsis•pauciflora *
Corylopsis•sinensis *
Corylopsis•spicata *
Corylus•avellana *
Corylus•chinensis *
Corylus•maxima *
Cotinus•coggygria
Cotinus•obovatus *
Cotoneaster•actuifolius
Cotoneaster•apiculatus
Cotoneaster•bullatus *
Cotoneaster•divaricatus
Cotoneaster•franchetii *
Cotoneaster•horizontalis
Cotoneaster•ignavus*
Cotoneaster•multiflorus•
Cotoneaster•racemiflorus•songaricus *
Cotoneaster•simonsii *
Crataegus•x•mordanensis•'Toba'
Cudrania•tricuspidata *
Cydonia•oblonga *
Cydonia•sinensis *
Cyrilla•racemiflora *
Cytisus•albus *
(e. China) (H)
Carolina Allspice (se. USA) (H)
Siberian Peashrub (c. Asia - Mongolia) (L -M)
Dwarf Peashrub (Sib., Afghan., Turkestan) (L -M)
Russian Peashrub (c. Asia, Siberia)
(Tibet, n. China)
(nw. China, Sib.)
(nw. China)
Chinese Peashrub (n. China)
(China, Jap.)
(n. China, Mong.)
Bluemist Spirea (hort. hybrid)
Oregon Tea (Cal. to BC)
(Tajikistan)
Griffith's Redbud (c. Asia)
Dwarf Quince (Japan)
= C. speciosa
Flowering Quince (China, Japan)
(Sib. -n. China)
Desert Willow (desert southwest)
Fragrant Wintersweet (China)
Chinese Fringe Tree (China, Kor. Taiwan)
Fringe Tree (e. N. America))
(e. China)
Glory Bower (Japan)
Summer -sweet (e. N. America)
Summer -sweet (w. China)
Variegated R'twig Dog'd (Sib., n. Chi., Kor.)
Pagoda Dogwood (e. N. America)
Silky Dogwood (e. N. America)
Giant Dogwood (Japan, China, Him.)
(Japan, Korea, China)
(China)
Cornelian Cherry (c. Europe -w. Asia)
Gray Dogwood (ne. N Am)
(See: Native Rocky Mtn. deciduous shrubs)
Yellowtwig Dogwood (N. Am. )
Scorpion Senna (s. Norway, Spain, Greece)
Winter Hazel (Japan, Taiwan)
Chinese Winter Hazel (c. China)
Japanese Winter Hazel (Japan)
European Hazel (Europe)
Chinese Hazel (sw. China)
Filbert (se. Eur., A. Minor)
Smoke Tree (s. Europe -Asia)
American Smoketree (s. USA)
Peking Cotoneaster (n. China)
Cranberry Cotoneaster (China)
(w. China)
Spreading Cotoneaster (China)
(sw. China, Tibet)
Rock Cotoneaster (w. China)
(e. Turkestan)
Many -flowered Cotoneaster (nw. China)
(c. Asia)
(Himal., Sikkim, Nepal)
Toba Hawthorn (hort. hybrid)
Chinese Silkworm Thorn (China)
Quince (n. Persia)
= Pseudocydonia•sinensis
Leatherwood (e. N. America)
= Cytisus•multiflorus
(L- M)
(L -M)
(L -M)
(L- M)
(L -M)
(L- M)
(L -M)
(L -M)
(H)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(L- M)
(H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(H)
(H)
(M+/-)
(H)
(H)
(M- H)
(H)
(M -H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(H)
(M -H)
(H)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M -H)
(H)
(H)
(M+/-)
(M- H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M+/-)
(H)
App. A-20
Best Practices Manual
Page 18 of 71
Cytisus•decumbens *
Cytisus•hirsutus
Cytisus•multiflorus *
Cytisus•purgans *
Cytisus•scoparius *
Cytisus•x•praecox *
Dalea•formosa *
Dalea•frutescens *
Dalea•scoparia *
Daphne•caucasica *
Daphne•genkwa *
Daphne•giraldii *
Daphne•mezereum *
Decaisnea•fargesii *
Deutzia•gracilis *
Deutzia•scabra *
Deutzia•x•lemoinei *
Diervilla•lonicera *
Diervilla•sessilifolia *
Dipelta•floribunda *
Dipteronia•sinensis *
Disanthus•cercidifolius *
Elaeagnus•multiflora *
Elentherococcus•sieboldianus *
Eleutherococcus•senticosus *
Elsholtzia•stauntonii *
Euonymus•atropurpureus *
Euonymus•alatus
Euonymus•bungeanus *
Euonymus•europaeus *
Euonymus•nanus•v.•turkestanicus *
Euonymus•phellomanus *
Euonymus•sachalinensis *
Exochorda•albertii (now E. korolkowii )
Exochorda•giraldii *
Exochorda•korolkowii *
Exochorda•racemosa *
Exochorda•serratifolia *
Exochorda•x•macrantha *
Fontanesia•phillyreoides•ssp.•fortunei *
Forsythia•mandschurica *
Forsythia•ovata *
Forsythia•suspensa *
Forsythia•x•intermedia
Fothergilla•gardenii *
Fothergilla•major *
Genista•tinctoria *
Halimodendron•halodendron *
Hamamelis•japonica *
Hamamelis•mollis *
Hamamelis•vernalis *
Hamamelis•virginiana *
Prostrate Broom (s. Europe)
= Chamaecytisus•hirsutus
Portuguese Broom (se. Europe)
(s. Eur. - n. Afr.)
Scotch Broom (c. & s. Europe)
Warminster Broom (hort. hybrid)
Feather Plume (w. Tex., Okl., Colo.) (L
Black Dalea (w. Tex., Okla.)
Broom Dalea (w. Tex., N. Mex., Az.)
Caucasian Daphne (Caucusus)
(China)
Daphne (nw. China)
February Daphne (Europe, w. Asia)
Bluebean Shrub (w. China)
Slender Deutzia (Japan)
Fuzzy Deutzia
Lemoine Deutzia (Hort. hybrid)
(e. N. America)
Southern Bush -honeysuckle (se. USA)
(c. & w. China)
(China)
(China, Jap.)
Cherry Elaeagnus (Jap., China)
(Jap., China)
Siberian Ginseng (ne. Asia)
Mint Shrub (n. China)
Wahoo (NY to Fla, Minn. to Tex.)
Burning Bush Euonymus (China, Jap., Kor.)
Winterberry (China, Korea, Manch., Jap.)
Spindletree (Europe)
Turkestan Euonymus (Caucasus - w. China)
(n. & w. China)
Sakhalin Euonymus (ne. Asia)
Pearlbush (c. China)
Pearlbush (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan)
Common Pearlbush (n. China)
Pearlbush (Korea, Manchuria)
Pearlbush (hort. hybrid)
(China)
Manchurian Forsythia (Manch.)
Early Forsythia (Korea)
Forsythia (China)
Forsythia (hort. hybrid)
Fothergilla (Va. - Ga.)
(Allegheny Mts.)
(Europe, w. Asia)
Salt Tree (se. Russia -c. & w. Asia)
Japanese Witch Hazel (Japan)
Chinese Witch Hazel (w. China)
Witch Hazel (s.e. N. America)
(L -M)
(L -M)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(L -M)
(L)
(L)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(H)
(H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(H)
(H)
(L- M)
(VL -L)
(H)
(H)
(H)
Common Witch Hazel (Canada to Georgia) (H)
App. A-21
Best Practices Manual
Page 19 of 71
Heptacodium•miconioides *
Hibiscus•syriacus
Hippophae•rhamnoides
Holodiscus•discolor *
Hydrangea•arborescens
Hydrangea•involucrata *
Hydrangea•paniculata
Hydrangea•quercifolia *
Hydrangea•serrata *
Indigofera•amblyantha *
Indigofera•decora *
Indigofera•gerardiana *
Indigofera•heterantha *
Indigofera•incarnata *
Indigofera•kirilowii *
Indigofera•potaninii *
Itea•virginica *
Jasminum•nudiflorum *
Kerria•japonica
Kolkwitzia•amabilis
Leptodermis•oblonga *
Lespedeza•bicolor *
Lespedeza•thunbergii *
Ligustrum•vulgare
Lindera•benzoin *
Lindera•obtusiloba*
Lonicera.•spinosa *
Lonicera•alberti *
Lonicera•caerulea *
Lonicera•chrysantha *
Lonicera•etrusca *
Lonicera•fragrantissima *
Lonicera•hispida *
Lonicera•korolkowii
Lonicera•maackia*
Lonicera•maximowiczii•v.•sachalinensis *
Lonicera•microphylla *
Lonicera•morrowii *
Lonicera•pileata *
Lonicera•quinquelocularis *
Lonicera•spinosa•var.•alberti *
Lonicera•standishii *
Lonicera•syringantha
Lonicera•tatarica•'Zabelii'
Lonicera•thibetica *
Lonicera•xylosteum *
Lonicera•x•Xylosteoides *
Lycium•chinense *
Magnolia•sieboldii *
Magnolia•stellata
Myrica•pensylvanica *
(China)
Rose -of -Sharon Hibiscus (China, India)
Sea Buckthorn (Eurasia)
Rock Spirea (s. Ore. -s. Calif.)
Hills -of -snow Hydrangea (e. USA)
(Japan)
Peegee Hydrangea (China, Japan)
Oakleaf Hydrangea (se. USA)
(Jap., Korea)
Pink Indigo (China)
White Chinese Indigo (China)
= Indigofera•heterantha
(Afghan. -w. China)
= Indigofera•decora
(n. China, Korea)
Potanin Indigo (nw. China)
Sweetspire (e. USA)
Winter Jasmine (China)
Kerria (Japan)
Beautybush (China)
(n. China)
(Japan)
(Japan, China)
Common Privet (Medit. region)
Spicebush (e. USA)
(KOr., Jap., China)
(nw Him., Tibet, e. Turkestan)
(Turkestan, Tibet)
(Tibet, e. Siberia)
(ne. Asia, c. Japan)
(Medit. to s. Switzerland)
Winter Honeysuckle (China)
(Turkestan)
(Mts. c. Asia, Afghan. Pak.)
Amur Honeysuckle (e. Asia)
Sakhalin Honeysuckle (Manch, China, Kor.)
(nw. Him., Tibet, Sib.)
Morrow Honeysuckle (Jap.)
(China)
(Afghan. to Yunnan)
Fragrant Turkestan Honeysuckle (c. Asia)
Fragrant Winter Honeysuckle (China)
Lilac -scented Honeysuckle (China, Tibet)
Zabel's Honeysuckle (c. Asia, Afghan.)
Tibetan Honeysuckle (Tibet., w. China)
European Fly Honeysuckle (Eurasia)
(garden orgin)
Chinese Wolfberry (e. Asia)
Oyama Magnolia (Jap., Korea, w. China)
Star Magnolia (c. Japan)
Bayberry (e. N. America)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M+/-)
(M- H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M+/)
(M- H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
App. A-22
Best Practices Manual
Page 20 of 71
Neillia•thibetica *
Nevieusii•alambamensis *
Orixa•japonica *
Paeonia•lutea *
Paeonia•suffruticosa *
Parrotia•persica *
Parrotiopsis•jacquemontiana *
Philadelphus•coronarius +
Philadelphus•x•virginalis +
Photinia•villosa *
Physocarpus•opulifolius
Poncirus•trifoliata *
Prinsepia•sinensis *
Prinsepia•uniflora *
Prunus•andersonii *
Prunus•cerasifera
Prunus•cerasifera•'Newport'
Prunus•fruticosa *
Prunus -nigra *
Prunus•padus *
Prunus•tomentosa
Prunus•x•cistena
Pseudocydonia•sinensis *
Purnus•fasciculata *
x•Pyracomeles•vilmorinii *
Rhamnus•dahuricus *
Rhamnus -frangula
Rhamnus•frangula•'Asplenifolia' *
Rhodotypos•scandens *
Rhus•punjabensis *
Rhus•typhina
Rhus•typhina•'Laciniata'
Ribes•alpinum
Ribes•nevadense *
Rosa•banksiae *
Rosa•davidii *
Rosa•ecae *
Rosa•filipes *
Rosa•foetida•'Bicolor'
Rosa•foetida•'Persiana'
Rosa•glauca
Rosa•helenae *
Rosa•hugonis
Rosa•kokanica *
Rosa•laxa *
Rosa•moyesii *
Rosa•moyesii *
Rosa•persica *
Rosa•pulverulenta *
Rosa•rubrifolia (now R.•glauca)
Rosa•rugosa
Rosa•sericea *
Rosa•setigera *
Rosa•webbiana
Rosa•wichuriana *
(Himalaya Mts.)
(se. USA)
(Japan, China, Korea)
Tree Peony (China, Tibet)
Tree Peony (China, Tibet)
(Persia)
(Himalaya)
Sweet Mockorange (Europe, sw. Asia)
(Hort. Hybrid)
Oriental Photinia (China, Korea, Jap.)
Dwarf Ninebark ( e. N. America)
Trifoliate Orange (c. & n. China)
(Manchuria)
(nw. China)
Desert Peach (sw. U.S.A.)
Cherry Plum (A. Minor, Cauc.)
Newport Plum (garden origin)
European Dwarf Cherry (Eur.., Siberia)
Canada Plum (ne. N. Am.)
Bird Cherry (Eurasia)
Nanking Cherry (n. w. China, Tib. Kashmir)
Cistena Plum (hort. hybrid)
Quince (China)
Desert Almond (sw. USA)
(Pyracanth us•crenatoserrataXOsteomeles•su brotunda )
Common Buckthorn (e. Russia to Japan)
Glossy Buckthorn (Eur., Turk., n. Afr.)
(Hort. Cultivar)
Jetbead (Japan, China)
(c., w. China)
Staghorn Sumac (e. N. America)
Cutleaf Staghorn Sumac (?)
Alpine Currant (w. Europe)
Sierra Currant (Ore., Cal., Nev.)
Banksia Rose (w. & c. China)
David's Rose (w. & c. China)
(c. Asia)
(w. China)
Austrian Copper Rose (c. Asia)
Persian Yellow Rose (s.w. Asia)
Redleaf Rose (c. & s. Europe)
Helen Wilson's Rose (c. China)
= R.•xanthira•f.•hugonis
(c. Asia, China)
(c. Asia, nw. China)
Moyes Rose (w. China)
Moyes Rose (w. China)
Persian Rose (Persia, Afghan., c. Asia)
(s. Eur. to Afghanistan)
Rugosa Rose (e. Russia)
(c. Asia, w. China)
Prairie Rose (e. & c. USA)
(c. Asia, Afghan, Kashmir.)
(e. Asia)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(L -M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(VL -L)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -L)
(M -L)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
App. A-23
Best Practices Manual
Page 21 of 71
Rosa•xanthina•f.•hugonis
Father's Rose (c. China)
Rosa•x•harisonii * Harison's Yellow Rose (Hort. hybrid)
Salix•discolor
Salix•matsudana•'Tortuosa'
Sambucus•canadensis
Sibiraea•altaiensis *
Sibireae•laevigata
Sophora•davidii *
Sorbaria•sorbifolia
Sorbaria•tomentosa•v.•angustifolia *
Spiraea•betulifolia•var.•lucida *
Spiraea•cantoniensis *
Spiraea•douglasii *
Spiraea•japonica *
Spiraea•japonica•'Albiflora' *
Spiraea•japonica•'Anthony•Waterer'
Spiraea•japonica•'Bumalda'
Spiraea•japonica•'Froebelii'
Spiraea•nipponica *
Spiraea•trilobata
Spiraea•wilsonii *
Spiraea•x•vanhouttei
Spirea•x•arguta*
Staphleya•trifolia*
Staphylea•holocarpa *
Staphylea•pinnata *
Stephanandra•incisa *
Stephanandra•tanakae *
Stephylea•bumalda *
Symphoricarpos•x•chenaultii•'Hancock' +
Symplocos•paniculata *
Syringa•amurensis *
Syringa•joskiaea *
Syringa•meyeri *
Syringa•microphylla *
Syringa•oblata *
Syringa•patula *
Syringa•persica
Syringa•persica•'Laciniata' *
Syringa•reflexa *
Syringa•reticulata•'Miss•Kim'
Syringa•sweginzowii *
Syringa•velutina *
Syringa•villosa
Syringa•vulgaris
Syringa•wolfii *
Syringa•x•chinensis
Syringa•x•laciniata
Syringa•x•prestoniae *
Viburnum•burejaeticum *
Viburnum•carlesii
Viburnum•cassinoides *
Viburnum•dentatum
Viburnum•dilatatum *
Viburnum•farreri *
Viburnum•lantana
Viburnum•lentago
Viburnum•opulus
Pussy Willow (e. N. America)
Corkscrew Willow (China, Japan)
Elderberry (e. N. America)
(w. China to Balkans)
= Siberaea•altaiensis
Father David's Sophora (China)
Ural False Spirea (Sib., Manch., Korea, Jap.)
(Afghan., Pak., Kashmir)
(B.C., Ore., Wyo., Mon.)
(China)
(B.C. to n. Cal.)
(Japan, China)
(Japan)
Anthony Waterer Spirea (garden origin)
(Hort. cultivar)
Froebel's Spirea (garden origin)
(Japan)
(n. Sib., Turkestan, n. China)
(c. & w. China)
Vanhoutte Spirea (hon. hybrid)
Garland Spirea (garden origin)
Bladdernut (e. USA)
Oriental Bladdernut (China)
European Bladdernut (c., se. Eur. A. Minor)
Lace Shrub (Jap., Korea, Taiwan)
Lace Shrub (Japan)
Japanese Bladdernut (Japan)
Hancock Coralberry (garden origin)
Sapphireberry (Pakistan to Korea)
= Syringa•reticulata•v.•mandschurica
Hungarian Lilac (Hungary)
(n. China)
Littleleaf Lilac (n. China)
Early Lilac (n. China)
(Korea, China)
Persian Lilac (Persia)
Cutleaf Persian Lilac (Persia ?)
Nodding Lilac (c. China)
Miss Kim Lilac (hort. hybrid)
Chengtu Lilac (nw. China)
Korean Lilac (Korea)
(China)
Common Lilac (s.e. Europe)
Wolfs Lilac (Korea, Manchuria)
(hort. hybrid)
Cutleaf Lilac (sw. Asia)
(Canadian hort. origin)
(n. China, Korea, Russia)
Korean Spice Viburnum (Korea, Jap.)
Witherod Viburnum (e. N. Am.)
Arrowwood Viburnum (e. N. America)
Linden Viburnum (China, Jap.)
Fragrant Viburnum (n. China)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(L -M)
(L -M )
(L- M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(L- M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(M- H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M +/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(H)
(H -M)
(H)
(H)
Wayfaring Vib. (Eur., n. Afr., Cauc. A. Minor) (M+/-)
Nannyberry (e. N. America) (M -H)
European Highbush Cranberry (Eurasia) (H)
App. A-24
Best Practices Manual
Page 22 of 71
Viburnum•opulus•'Compactum'
Viburnum•opulus•'Roseum'
Viburnum•plicatum *
Viburnum•plicatum•'Sterile*
Viburnum•plicatum•form•'tomentosum' *
Viburnum•prunifolium
Viburnum•sargentii *
Viburnum•setigerum *
Viburnum•sieboldii *
Viburnum•trilobum
Viburnum•trilobum•'Compactum'
Viburnum•x•bodnantense•'Pink•Dawn' *
Viburnum•x•carlcephalum
Vitex•agnus-castus•f.•latifolia *
Vitex•negundo•var.•heterophylla *
Vitex•rotundifolia *
Weigela•florida
Weigela•middendorffiana *
Xanthocerus•sorbifolium
Zanthoxylum•piperitum *
Zanthoxylum•schinifolium *
Zanthoxylum•simulan *
Zenobia•pulverulenta *
(cultivar)
European Snowball Viburnum
(Jap., China) (H -M)
Japanese Snowball Viburnum (Jap. China)
Doublefile Viburnum (Jap., China)
Black Haw (e. N. Am.)
Sargent's Vib. (e. Sib., n. & w. China, Jap.)
Tea Viburnum (c. & w. China)
(Japan)
American Highbush
(cultivar)
(hort. hybrid)
(hort. hybrid)
Hardy Chaste Tree (s. Europe to c. Asia)
Cutleaf Chaste Tree(n. China, Mongolia)
(Asia to Australia)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(H)
Cranberry (N. America) (H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(L -M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
Weigela (n. China, Korea, Jap.) (H)
Middendorff Weigela (n. China, Jap.) (H)
Yellowhorn (n. China)
Pepper Tree (China, Korea, Jap.)
Pepper Tree (China, Korea, Jap.)
(China, Taiwan)
Dusty Zenobia (N. Carolina -Florida
App. A-25
Best Practices Manual
Page 23 of 71
Trees
(Deciduous Rocky Mountain Natives)
[Revised April '03]
WATER NEEDS OF PLANTS
The following chart shows how to group plants based on their water needs.
Reference Location: Denver. Numbers illustrate typical conditions.
* = Plants with potential, but requiring caution due to limited history in Rocky Mountain landscaping.
HIGH WATER
MODERATE WATER LOW WATER
VERY LOW WATER
Reference plant:
Bluegrass turf
(Always wet at surface)
18-20 gals./ S.F./season
July: 5"-- 3 times per week
Reference plant: Reference plant:
Turf -type Tall Fescue
(Half of Bluegrass turf)
Buffalograss turf
(Like Denver without irrigation)
10_ gals./S.F./ season 0-3 gals./S.F./season
.75" -- once per week .5" per 2 weeks, optional
Reference plant:
Too dry for any turf
(drier than Denver )
No irrigation
No irrigation
Celtis•occidentalis
Celtis•reticulata
Hackberry
Netleaf Hackberry
Fraxinus•cuspidata * Fragrant Ash
Fraxinus•pennsylvanica Green Ash
Populus•angustifolia
Populus•deltoides
Populus•fremontii
Populus•tremuloides
Populus•x•acuminata
Narrowleaf Cottonwood
Plains Cottonwood
Fremont's Cottonwood
Aspen
Lanceleaf Cottonwood
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
Sapindus•drummondii * Soapberry (L -M)
App. A-26
Best Practices Manual
Page 24 of 71
Trees
(Deciduous, Introduced)
[Revised April '03]
WATER NEEDS OF PLANTS
The following chart shows how to group plants based on their water needs.
Reference Location: Denver. Numbers illustrate typical conditions.
= Plants with potential, but requiring caution due to limited history in Rocky Mountain landscaping.
HIGH WATER
MODERATE WATER LOW WATER
VERY LOW WATER
Reference plant:
Bluegrass turf
(Always wet at surface)
Reference plant: Reference plant:
Turf -type Tall Fescue
(Half of Bluegrass turf)
18-20 gals./ S.F./season 10_ gals./S.F./ season
July: 5"-- 3 times per week .75" -- once per week
Buffalograss turf
(Like Denver without irrigation)
0-3 gals./S.F./season
.5" per 2 weeks, optional
Reference plant:
Too dry for any turf
(drier than Denver )
No irrigation
No irrigation
Acer•capillipes *
Acer•cappadocicum *
Acer•cissifolium *
Acer•davidii *
Acer•griseum *
Acer•heldreichii *
Acer•macrophyllum *
Acer•mandschuricum *
Acer•monspessulanum *
Acer•palmatum
Acer•pectinatum
Acer•platanoides
Acer•platanoides•ssp.•turkestanicum *
Acer•pseudoplatanus *
Acer•pseudosieboldianum *
Acer•rubrum
Acer•saccharinum
Acer•saccharinum•'Laciniatum' +
Acer•saccharum
Acer•triflorum *
Acer•truncatum *
Acer•turkestanicum *
Aesculus•flava
Aesculus•glabra
Aesculus•hippocastanum
Aesculus•octandra
Aesculus•pavia *
Aesculus•turninata *
Aesculus•x•carnea *
Ailanthus•altissima
Albizia•julibrissin*
Amelanchier•asiatica *
Asimia•triloba *
Betula•albosinensis *
Betula•ermanii *
Betula•mandshurica•var.•japonica *
Betula•maximowicziana *
Betula•nigra
Snake -bark Maple (Japan)
Caucasican Maple (Cauc., A. Minor, n. India)
Ivy -leafed Maple (c. China)
Snake -bark Maple (n. China)
Paperbark Maple (China)
Greek Maple (Cauc., Balk., n. Turkey)
Oregon Maple (w. N. Am.)
Manchurian Maple (Korea, Manch.)
Montpelier Maple (Medit.- c. Asia)
Japanese Maple (Kor., Jap. )
(Tibet, w. & c. China)
Norway Maple (Eur. to n. Persia)
Turkestan Maple (c. Asia)
Sycamore Maple (nw. c. Eur. to w. Asia)
Korean Maple (Korea -Manch.)
Red Maple (e. N. America)
Silver Maple (e. N. Am.)
Cutleaf Silver Maple (Hort. cultivar
Sugar Maple (e. N. America)
Three -flowered Maple (Manch., Korea)
Shantung Maple (n. China, Manch., Korea)
= A. platanoides ssp. turkestanicum
Sweet Buckeye (e. N. America)
Ohio Buckeye (e. N. America)
Horse Chestnut (Eurasia)
= Aesculus•flava
Red Buckeye (se. USA)
Japanese Horsechestnut (Japan)
Red -flowered Horsechestnut (hort. hybrid)
Tree of Heaven (n. China)
Silk Tree (Iran -Japan)
Asiatic Serviceberry (China)
Paw Paw (ec. USA)
Chinese Red Birch (c., w., nw. China)
Russian Rock Birch (ne. Asia)
Japanese White Birch (Jap., Sakhalin Is.)
Monarch Birch (Jap.)
River Birch (e. USA)
(H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M- H)
(M -H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M -H)
M- H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M- H)
(M -H)
(H)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(L- M- H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(H?)
(M -H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
App. A-27
Best Practices Manual
Page 25 of 71
Betula•papyrifera
Betula•pendula•'Lacinata'
Betula•pendula
Betula•utilis•var.•jacquemantii *
Carpinus•betulus *
Carpinus•carolinana *
Carpinus•cordata *
Carpinus•henryana *
Carpinus•japonica *
Carpinus•laxiflora *
Carpinus•orientalis *
Carpinus•tschonoskii *
Carpinus•turczaninovii *
Carya•illinoinensis *
Carya•laciniosa *
Carya•ovata *
Castanea•crenata *
Castanea•dentata
Castanea•mollissima *
Catalpa•bignonioides *
Catalpa•bungei *
Catalpa•fargesii *
Catalpa•ovata *
Catalpa•speciosa
Celtis•australis *
Celtis•caucasica *
Celtis•laevigata
Cercidiphyllum•japonicum *
Cercis•canadensis
Cercis•reniformis *
Chitalpa
Cladrastis•lutea *
Cladrastis•platycarpa *
Cladrastis•sinensis *
Corlyus•colurna
Cornus•walteri *
Corylus•americana *
Crataegus•altaica•'Hissarica' *
Crataegus•ambigua +
Crataegus•arnoldiana *
Crataegus•azarolus *
Crataegus•crus-galli
Crataegus•laevigata *
Crataegus•maximowiczii *
Crataegus•mollis
Crataegus•monogyna *
Crataegus•pedicellata *
Crataegus•phaenopyrum
Crataegus•pinnatifida *
Crataegus•rivularis *
Crataegus•tianshanica *
Crataegus•turkestanica *
Crataegus•viridis•'Winter•King' *
Crataegus•x•nitida *
Cyrilla•racemiflora *
x•Chitalpa•tashkentensis *
Paper Birch (e. N. America) (H)
Cutleaf Weeping Eur.. Birch (hort. hybrid) (H)
European Birch (Eur. -w. Asia) (H)
Whitebarked Himal. Birch (Kash., c. Nepal) (M -H)
European Hornbeam (Eur. -w. Asia)
American Hornbeam (e. N. America)
Heartleaf Hornbeam (China)
(c. China)
Japanese Hornbeam (Japan)
(Jap., Kor., n. & w. China)
Oriental Hornbeam (se. Eur., A. Minor)
Yeddo Hornbeam (ne. & sw. China)
(w. China)
Pecan (Iowa s. to Mexico)
Shellbark Hickory (e. N. America)
Shagbark Hickory (e. N. America)
Japanese Chestnut (Jap.)
American Chestnut (e. N. America)
Chinese Chestnut (China, Korea)
Southern Catalpa (se. USA)
(n. China)
(w. China)
Chinese Catalpa (China)
(H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M- H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(M -H)
(H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(H)
Catalpa (e. N. America) (M -H)
Mediterranean Hackberry (Medit., Mid East) (M+/-)
Caucasican Hackberry (Asia Minor -Afghan.)
Sugarberry (se. USA)
Katsura Tree (Japan, w. China)
Eastern Redbud (e. N. America)
Texas Redbud (N. Mex., Tex., Okla.)
= x•Chitalpa•tashkentensis
Yellowwood (se. USA)
Japanese Yellowwood (Jap., China) (H)
Chinese Yellowwood (China)
Turkish Hazel (se. Europe, w. Asia)
Walter Dogwood (c. China)
American Hazel (e. N. America)
Hissar Hawthorn (Tajikistan)
Russian Hawthorn (se. Russia)
(New England)
Red Azarole (s. Eur., n. Afr., w. Asia)
Cockspur Hawthorn (se. N. America)
English Hawthorn (Eur., n. Afr., India)
(ne. Asia)
Downy Hawthorn (e. N. America)
Singleseed Hawthorn (Eur., n. Afr., w. Asia)
(ne. USA)
Washington Hawthorn (se. N. America)
Chinese Hawberry (c. Asia, Korea)
(Rocky Mtn. States)
Tien Shan Hawthorn (c. Asia)
Turkestan Hawthorn (Turkestan)
Winter King Hawthorn (e. USA)
Shining Hawthorn (s. USA)
Leatherwood (e. N. Am. & e. S. Am.)
Chiltalpa (Catalpa•bignonioides X Chilopsis•linearis)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(H -M)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
Diospyros•virginiana * American Persimmon (e. USA) (M -H)
App. A-28
Best Practices Manual
Page 26 of 71
Eucommia•ulmoides *
Evodia•daniellii *
Evodia•hupehensis *
Fagus•grandifolia *
Fagus•orientalis *
Fagus•sylvatica
Fraxinus•americana
Fraxinus•americana•'Autumn•Purple'
Fraxinus•angustifolia•'Raywood' *
Fraxinus•angustifolia•ssp.•syriaca *
Fraxinus•chinensis *
Fraxinus•cuspidata *
Fraxinus•excelsior *
Fraxinus•latifolia *
Fraxinus•mandshurica *
Fraxinus•nigra *
Fraxinus•ornus *
Fraxinus•oxycarpa•'Raywood' *
Fraxinus•quandrangulata *
Fraxinus•sieboldiana *
Fraxinus•sogdiana *
Fraxinus•velutina *
Ginkgo•biloba *
Gleditsia•caspica *
Gleditsia•triacanthos•var.
Gymnocladus•dioica
Halesia•diptera *
Halesia•tetraptera *
Hemiptelea•davidii *
Hovenia•dulcis *
Idesia•polycarpa *
Juglans•ailanthifolia *
Juglans•ailantifolia *
Juglans•cinerea *
Juglans•mandshurica *
Juglans•microcarpa *
Juglans•nigra
Juglans•regia•varieties *
Kalopanax•pictus *
Kalopanax•septemlobus *
Koelreuteria•paniculata
Laburnum•alpinum *
Laburnum•anagyroides *
Laburnum•X•'Waterer' *
Larix•decidua
Larix•gmelinii *
Hardy Rubber Tree (c. China)
= Tetradium•danielii *
= Tetradium•hupehensis *
American Beech (e. N. America)
Oriental Beech (se. Eur. -Iran)
European Beech (Europe)
White Ash (e. N. America)
Autumn Purple Ash (hort. cultivar)
Raywood Ash (s. Europe -c. Asia, n. Afr.)
Turkestan Ash (c. Asia, A. Minor)
Chinese Ash (China)
Flowering Ash (N. Mex. to Mex.)
European Ash (Europe, w. Asia)
Oregon Ash (w. US)
Manchurian Ash (n. Asia)
Black Ash (N. Am.)
Flowering Ash (s. Europe -w. Asia)
= F. angustifolia 'Raywood'
Blue Ash (Mich., to Ark.)
(Japan, China)
= Fraxinus•angustifolia•ssp.•syriaca
Velvet Ash (Ariz., N. Mex.)
Ginkgo, Maidenhair Tree (se. China)
Caspian Honeylocust (Azerbaijan -n. Iran)
Honeylocust varieties (c. & e. N. America)
Kentucky Coffeetree (c. & e. N. America)
Two -winged Silverbell (s. USA)
Silverbell Tree (se. USA)
David Hemiptelea (n. China to Korea)
(Sichuan)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(L- M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(H)
(H)
(M -H)
M- H)
Japanese Walnut (Jap.) (M+/-)
Heartnut (Japan) (H)
White Butternut (N. America) (M+/-)
Manchurian Walnut (Manchuria, ne. China) (M+/-)
Little Walnut (OK., N. Mex., Tex., Kan., Mex.) (M+/-)
Black Walnut (e. USA) (M -H)
Carpathian Walnut varieties (se. Eur. - China) (M+/-)
= Kalopanax•septemlobus
Castor-aralia (China, Korea, Japan)
Golden Raintree (n.China, Korea)
Alpine Golden Chaintree (sc. Europe)
Common Laburnum (c. & s. Eur.)
Waterer Laburnum (hort. hybrid)
European Larch (Alps, Carpathian Mts.)
Dahurian Larch (e. Asia)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(H)
(H)
(H)
App. A-29
Best Practices Manual
Page 27 of 71
Larix•kaempferi *
Larix•laricina
Larix•leptolepis *
Larix•occidentalis *
Liquidambar•styraciflua *
Liriodendron•tulipifera *
Maackia•amurensis *
Maackia•chinensis *
Maclura•pomifera *
Magnolia•acuminata *
Magnolia•kobus *
Magnolia•x•soulangiana
Malus•'Hopa'
Malus•'Radiant'
Malus•'Snowdrit
Malus•baccata
Malus•dolgo
Malus•ioensis
Malus•ioensis•'Plena'
Malus•sp.•'Golden•Delicious'
Malus•sp.•'Red•Delicious'
Malus•sp.•'Winesap'
Malus•spp.
Mespilus•germanica *
Metasequoia•glyptostroboides *
Morus•alba
Morus•australis *
Morus•nigra *
Morus•rubra *
Nothofagus•antarctica *
Nyssa•sylvatica *
Ostrya•carpinifolia *
Ostrya•virginiana *
Paulownia•fortunei*
Paulownia•kawakamii*
Paulownia•tomentosa *
Phellodendron•amurense *
Phellodendron•chinese *
Phellodendron•Japonicum *
Phellodendron•sachalinense *
Pistacia•chinensis *
Pistacia•vera *
Platanus•occidentalis *
Platanus•orientalis *
Platanus•x•acerifolia *
Prunus•armeniaca
Prunus•armeniaca•var.•mandshurica *
Prunus -avium *
Prunus•cerasus *
Prunus•cerasus•'Meteor'
Prunus•cerasus•'Morello'
Prunus•cerasus•x•'Montmorency'
Prunus•cerasus•x•'North•Star'
Prunus•maackii
Japanese Larch (Japan)
Tamarack (n. N. America)
= Larix•kaempferi
Rocky Mtn. Larch (B.C. to Montana)(M-H)
Sweetgum (e. N. America to c. America)
Tulip Tree (e. N. America)
Amur Maackia (Manchuria, Korea)
(c. China)
Osage Orange (Ark., Tex.)
Cucmber Tree (e. N. AM)
Tree Star Magnolia (Japan)
Saucer Magnolia (hort. hybrid)
Hopa Crabapple (hort. cultivar)
Radiant Crabapple (hort. cultivar)
Snowdrift Crabapple (hort. cultivar)
Siberian Crabapple (Manchuria, China)
Dolgo Crabapple (Siberia ?)
Prairie Crabapple (c. USA)
Bechtel Crabapple (hort. cultivar)
Golden Delicious Apple (hort. cultivar)
Red Delicious Apple (hort. cultivar)
Winesap Apple (hort. cultivar)
Common Apple (se. Europe, c. Asia)
Medlar (Europe -Asia Minor)
Dawn Redwood (w. China)
White Mulberry (Asia)
(e. Asia)
Black Mulberry (sw. Asia)
Red Mulberry (e. N. America)
Southern Beech (Chile, Argentina)
Blackgum (Ontario, Texas)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
European Hop Hornbeam (s. Eur., se. Asia) (M )
American Hop Hornbeam (e. N. America) (H)
(China, Japan)
(s. China, Taiwan)
Empress Tree (c. & w. China)
Amur Cork Tree (n. China, Jap., Manch.)
Chinese Cork Tree (c. China)
Japanese Cork Tree (c. Japan)
Sakhalin Cork Tree (w. China, n. Jap., Kor.)
Chinese Pistachio (China, Taiwan)
Edible Pistachio (Persia, c. Asia)
Eastern Plane Tree (la., to Tex. to Mex.)
Oriental Plane Tree (se. Eur., sw. Asia)
London Plane Tree (hort. hybrid)
Apricot (c. & e. Asia)
= Prunus•mandshurica
Bird Cherry (Eur. -A. Minor -e. Sib.)
Pie Cherry (se. Eur., Iran, n. India)
Meteor Pie Cherry (hort. cultivar)
Morello Pie Cherry (hort. cult.)
Montmorency Pie Cherry (hort. cultivar)
North Star Pie Cherry (hort. cultivar) (M+/-)
Manchurian Cherry (Kor. Manch.)
(H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M- H)
(H)
(H)
(L -M)
(L- M)
(H)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M+/-)
(H- M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
App. A-30
Best Practices Manual
Page 28 of 71
Prunus•mahleb *
Prunus•mandshurica *
Prunus -persica
Prunus•salicina *
Prunus•sp.•'Green•Gage'
Prunus•sp.•'Stanely'
Prunus-spp.
Prunus•x•dasycarpa * (P. •armenica x P.•cerasifera
Pseudolarix•kaempferi *
Ptelea•polyadenia*
Pterocarya•fraxinifolia *
Pteroceltis•tartarianovii *
Pterostyrax•hispida *
Pyrus•bucharica *
Pyrus•calleryana•'Bradford'
Pyrus•communis +
Pyrus•communis•'Maxine'
Pyrus•communis•'Moonglow'
Pyrus•korshinsky *
Pyrus•salicifolia *
Quercus•acutissima *
Quercus -alba
Quercus -bicolor
Quercus•douglasii *
Quercus•frainetto *
Quercus•glandulifera *
Quercus•imbricaria *
Quercus•kelloggii *
Quercus -macrocarpa
Quercus•mongolica *
Quercus•muehlenbergii *
Quercus -palustris
Quercus•phellos *
Quercus•prinus *
Quercus•robur
Quercus -rubra
Quercus•sadleriana *
Quercus•shumardii *
Quercus•vacciniifolia *
Salix•pentandra *
Sassafras•albidum *
Sophora•davidii *
Sophora-japonica (aka Styphnolobium•japonicum)
Sorbus*torminalis *
Sorbus•alnifolia *
Sorbus americana
Sorbus•aria*
Sorbus•aucuparia
Sorbus•cashmeriana *
Sorbus•commixta *
Sorbus•decora
Sorbus•forrestii *
Sorbus•hupehensis *
Sorbus•intermedia *
Sorbus•latifolia *
Sorbus•pohuashanensis *
Sorbus•prattii *
Sorbus•tianschanica *
St. Lucie Cherry (Eur. -Asia Minor)
Manchurian Apricot (Manchuria, Korea)
Peach (c. & e. Asia)
Japanese Plum (China, Jap.)
Green Gage Plum (hort. cultivar)
Stanley Plum (hort. cultivar)
Domestic Plums
Black Apricot (c. Asia -Asia Minor)
Golden Larch (e. China)
(sw. USA)
Caucasian Walnut (Caucasus, Persia)
Tartar Wingceltis (n., c. China)
Fragrant Epaulette Tree (Japan, China)
= Pyrus•korshinsky
Bradford Pear (China)
Common Garden Pear (Europe, w. Asia)
Maxine Pear (hort. cultivar)
Moonglow Pear (hort. cultivar)
Buchara Pear (Turkestan)
Willow -leafed Pear (se. Europe, w. Asia)
Sawtooth Oak (Japan, China, Korea)
White Oak (e. USA)
Swamp White Oak (ne. N. Am.)
California Blue Oak (w. US)
Hungarian Oak (s. Italy, Balk., Turkey)
(Jap., Korea, China)
Shingle Oak (e. & c. USA)
California Black Oak (w. US)
Bur Oak (c., ne. N. America)
Mongolian Oak (ne. Asia)
Chinquapin Oak (e. USA)
Pin Oak (ne. N. America)
Willow Oak (se. USA)
Chestnut Oak (e. USA)
English Oak (Europe, n. Afr., w. Asia)
Northern Red Oak (ne. USA)
Deer Oak (w. USA)
Shumard's Oak (c. USA)
Huckleberry Oak (w. US)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M- H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
Laurel -leaf Willow (Eur.) (H)
Sassafras (e. N. Am.) (H)
David's Sophora (China) (L -M)
Japanese Pagoda Tree (China, Korea) (M+/-)
Chequer Tree (A. Minor, n. Africa, Eur. Asia) (H)
(Jap., Korea) (H)
American Mtn. Ash (ne. N. America) (M -H)
Whitebeam Mtn. Ash (Eur.)
European Mtn. Ash (Eurasia)
Kashmir Mountain Ash (Himalaya)
(Korea, Japan)
Showy Mountain Ash (ne. N. America)
Forest's Mountain Ash (China)
Hupeh Mtn. Ash (c., w. China)
Scandinavian Mtn. Ash (Scand.)
(Europe)
(n. China)
Pratt's Mountain Ash (w. China)
Tien Shan Mtn. Ash (c. Asian mtns.)
(H)
(M -H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(H)
(M -H)
(H)
(M+/-)
(H)
App. A-31
Best Practices Manual
Page 29 of 71
Sorbus•x•hybrida *
Stranvaesia•davidiana *
Styphnolobium•japonicum
Styrax•japonicum *
Styrax•obassia *
Syringa•pekinensis
Syringa•reticulata
Syringa•reticulata•var.•mandschurica
Taxodium•ascendens *
Taxodium•distichum
Tetradium•danielii *
Tetradium•hupehensis *
Tilia•americana
Tilia•amurensis *
Tilia•cordata
Tilia•mongolica *
Tilia•platyphyllos *
Tilia•tomentosa *
Tilia•x•euchlora *
Toona•sinensis
Ulmus•parvifolia *
Ulmus•americana•cvs.
Zelkova•carpinifolia *
Zelkova•serrata *
Zelkova•sinica *
Ziziphus•jujuba *
Oakleaf Mtn. Ash (hort. hybrid)
Chinese Stranvaesia (w. China)
see Sophora•japonica
Japanese Snowball (Japan, China)
Fragrant Snowbell (Japan)
Peking Tree Lilac (n. China)
Japanese Tree Lilac (n. Japan)
Manchurian Tree Lilac (Japan)
Pond Cypress (se. USA)
Bald Cypress (se. N. America)
Korean Evodia (China, Korea)
Hupeh Bee Bee Tree (sw. China, Korea)
Basswood (c., e. N. America)
Amur Linden (Manch., Korea)
Littleleaf Linden (Eur. to Caucasus)
Mongolian Linden (Mon., e. Russia, n. China)
Bigleaf Linden (se., Europe)
Silver Linden (se. Europe, w. Asia)
Crimean Linden (hort. hybrid)
(China)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M -H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M- H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M -H)
Chinese Elm (China, Japan, Korea) (M -H)
American Elm (DED resistant cultivars) (L -M -H)
Caucasian Zelkova (Cauc.) (M -H)
Japanese Zelkova (Jap., Taiwan, e. China) (H)
Chinese Zelkova (e. China) (H)
Chinese Jujuba (temp. Asia) (H -M)
App. A-32
Best Practices Manual
Page 30 of 71
EVERGREENS
(Coniferous Trees)
[Revised April '03]
WATER NEEDS OF PLANTS
The following chart shows how to group plants based on their water needs.
Reference Location: Denver. Numbers illustrate typical conditions.
* = Plants with potential, but requiring caution due to limited history in Rocky Mountain landscaping.
HIGH WATER
MODERATE WATER LOW WATER
VERY LOW WATER
Reference plant:
Bluegrass turf
(Always wet at surface)
18-20 gals./ S.F./season
July: 5"-- 3 times per week
Reference plant: Reference plant:
Turf -type Tall Fescue
(Half of Bluegrass turf)
Buffalograss turf
(Like Denver without irrigation)
10_ gals./S.F./ season 0-3 gals./S.F./season
.75" -- once per week .5" per 2 weeks, optional
Reference plant:
Too dry for any turf
(drier than Denver )
No irrigation
No irrigation
Abies•cilicica *
Abies•concolor
Abies•holophylla *
Abies•homolepis *
Abies•koreana *
Abies•lasiocarpa
Abies•nordmanniana *
Calocedrus•decurrens *
Cedrus•atlantica *
Cedrus•deodara *
Cedrus•libani *
Cedrus•libani•ssp.•atlantica *
Cedrus•libani•ssp.•stenocoma *
Cupressus•arizonica *
Cupressus•bakeri *
Picea•abies
Picea•engelmannii
Picea•glauca
Picea•glauca•'Black•Hills'
Picea•glauca•'Conica'
Picea•omorika *
Picea•pungens
Picea•schrenkiana•ssp.•tianshanica *
Pinus.•heldreichii (was P.•leucodermis) *
Pinus•aristata
Pinus•bungeana *
Pinus•cembra *
Pinus•contorta•ssp.•latifolia
Pinus•densiflora *
Pinus•flexilis
Pinus•nigra
Pinus•peuce *
Pinus•ponderosa
Pinus•pumila *
Pinus•strobiformis
Cilician Fir (s. Turkey, nw. Syria, Lebanon)
White Fir (Colo. to Mex.)
Manchurian Fir (Manch., Korea)
Nikko Fir (Japan)
Korean Fir (s. Korea)
Subalpine Fir (Rocky Mtns.)
Caucasian Fir (Greece, Cauc., Turkey)
Incense Cedar (w. Ore. -Baja Calif.)
= Cedrus•libani•ssp.•atlantica
Deodara Cedar (Himilaya Mts. Afghan. -w. Nepal)
Lebanon Cedar (nw. Syria, se Turkey)
Atlas Cedar (Atlas Mts.)
Hardy Turkish Cedar (s. Turkey)
Arizona cypress (Ariz., N. Mex., Tex., Mex.)
Modoc Cypress (Calif., Oregon)
Norway Spruce (n. & c. Europe)
Engelmann Spruce (B.C. to N. Mex.)
White Spruce (n. N. Am.)
Black Hills Spruce (Black Hills S.Dak.)
Dwarf Alberta Spruce (hort. cultivar)
Serbian Spruce (Balk.)
Colorado Spruce (Wyo., Colo., N. Mex., Utah)
(c. Asia)
Bosnian Pine (w. Balkans - se. Italy - Greece)
Bristlecone Pine (Mts. Cal. to Colo.)
Lacebark Pine (nw. China)
Swiss Stone Pine (c. Eur. mtns.)
Lodgepole Pine (Alaska, Cal., to Colo.)
Japanese Red Pine (Jap., Korea)
Limber Pine (Albt. to Cal. to Tex.)
Austrian Pine (se. Eur., w. Asia, n. Afr.)
Macedonian Pine (Balk.)
Ponderosa Pine (w. North America)
Dwarf Siberian Pine (ne. Asia)
Southwestern White Pine (Colo., Ariz., n. Mex.
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(M)
(M- H)
(M -H)
(M- H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(L -M )
(M+/-)
(H)
(H)
(M- H)
(M-/-)
(H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M, H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M -H)
App. A-33
Best Practices Manual
Page 31 of 71
Pinus•strobus
Pinus•sylvestris
Pinus•wallichiana *
Pseudotsuga•menziesii
Sequoiadendron•giganteum *
Tsuga•canadensis
Eastern White Pine (e. N. America)
Scotch Pine (n. Eurasia)
Himalayan White Pine (Himalaya Mtns. )
Douglas Fir (B.C. to Mex. to Tex.)
Giant Sequoia (Sierra Nevada Mts.)
Canada Hemlock (ne. N. America)
(H)
(M- H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(H)
(H)
App. A-34
Best Practices Manual
Page 32 of 71
EVERGREENS
(Coniferous Shrubs)
[Revised April '03]
WATER NEEDS OF PLANTS
The following chart shows how to group plants based on their water needs.
Reference Location: Denver. Numbers illustrate typical conditions.
* = Plants with potential, but requiring caution due to limited history in Rocky Mountain landscaping.
HIGH WATER
MODERATE WATER LOW WATER
VERY LOW WATER
Reference plant:
Bluegrass turf
(Always wet at surface)
Reference plant: Reference plant:
Turf -type Tall Fescue
(Half of Bluegrass turf)
18-20 gals./ S.F./season 10_ gals./S.F./ season
July: 5"-- 3 times per week .75" -- once per week
Buffalograss turf
(Like Denver without irrigation)
0-3 gals./S.F./season
.5" per 2 weeks, optional
Reference plant:
Too dry for any turf
(drier than Denver )
No irrigation
No irrigation
Chamaecyparis•pisifera *
Juniperus•chinensis
Juniperus•chinensis•'Hetzii•Glauca'
Juniperus•chinensis•'Pfitzeriana'
Juniperus•chinensis•'Pfitzeriana•Compacta'
Juniperus•chinensis•'Tortulosa' *
Juniperus•chinensis•var.•sargentii
Juniperus•communis•saxatilis
Juniperus•horizontalis
Juniperus•horizontalis•'Bar•Harbor
Juniperus•horizontalis•'Blue•Chip'
Juniperus•horizontalis•'Plumosa'
Juniperus•horizontalis•'Prince•of•Wales'
Juniperus•horizontalis•'Wiltonii'
Juniperus•monosperma
J uniperus•osteosperma
Juniperus•procumbens var. & cv.
Juniperus•sabina
Juniperus•sabina•'Buffalo'
Juniperus•sabina•'Skandia'
Juniperus•sabina•var.•tamariscifolia
Juniperus•scopulorum
Juniperus•squamata
Juniperus•squamata•'Meyeri'
Juniperus•virginiana
Microbiota•decussata *
Pinus•edulis
Pinus•mugo
Platycladus•orientalis *
Taxus•baccata *
(Japan)
Chinese Juniper (e. Asia)
Hetzi Juniper (hort. cultivar)
Pfitzer Juniper (hort. cultivar)
Compact Pfitzer Juniper (hort. cultivar)
Hollywood Juniper (hort. cultivar)
Sargent's Juniper (e. Asia)
Mountain Common Juniper (circumboreal)
Horizontal Juniper (Nov. Sc. to Alaska, N J., to Mon.,)
Bar Harbor Juniper (hort. cultivar)
Blue Chip Juniper (e. Asia)
Andorra Juniper (hort. cultivar)
Prince of Wales Juniper (hort. cultivar)
Wilton Carpet Juniper (hort. cultivar)
Oneseed Juniper (Colo., Utah, Tex., Mex.)
Utah Juniper (sw. USA)
Japgarden Juniper varieties and cultivars
Savin Juniper (w. Asia)
Buffalo Juniper (hort. cultivar)
Skandia Juniper (hort. cultivar)
Tam Juniper (hort. cultivar)
Rocky Mtn. Juniper (B.C. to s. Ariz., to Tex.)
(India, Tibet, Taiwan)
(hort. cultivar)
Eastern Redcedar (e. N. Am.)
Siberian Cypress (Siberia)
Pinon Pine (Wyo., Cal., Mex.)
Mugo Pine (c. Eur. Balk.)
Oriental Arborvitae (China, Korea)
English Yew (Eur., n. Afr., w. Asia)
(H)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(L -M )
(L- M)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(M -H)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(L)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(VL- M )
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(H)
App. A-35
Best Practices Manual
Page 33 of 71
Taxus•brevifolia
Taxus•cuspidata *
Taxus•x•media *
Thuja•occidentalis•var.
Thuja•orientalis (now Platycladus•orientalis)
Thuyopsis•dolabrata *
Anticancer Yew (pnw. USA)
Japanese Yew (Jap., Kor., Manchuria)
(hort. hybrid)
Western Arborvitae varieties (e. N. Am.)
False Arborvitae (Japan)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
App. A-36
Best Practices Manual
Page 34 of 71
7. EVERGREENS
(Non -coniferous)
[Revised April '03]
WATER NEEDS OF PLANTS
The following chart shows how to group plants based on their water needs.
Reference Location: Denver. Numbers illustrate typical conditions.
* = Plants with potential, but requiring caution due to limited history in Rocky Mountain landscaping.
HIGH WATER
MODERATE WATER LOW WATER
VERY LOW WATER
Reference plant:
Bluegrass turf
(Always wet at surface)
Reference plant: Reference plant:
Turf -type Tall Fescue
(Half of Bluegrass turf)
18-20 gals./ S.F./season 10_ gals./S.F./ season
July: 5"-- 3 times per week .75" -- once per week
Buffalograss turf
(Like Denver without irrigation)
0-3 gals./S.F./season
.5" per 2 weeks, optional
Reference plant:
Too dry for any turf
(drier than Denver )
No irrigation
No irrigation
Agave•parryi *
Agave•utahensis *
Allenrolfea•occidentalis *
Arctostaphylos•patula *
Artemisia•cana .(a.k.a. Seriphidium•canum)
Artemisia•tridentata (a.k.a. S. tridentata)
Aucuba•japonica *
Berberis•candidula *
Berberis•julianae
Berberis•triacanthophora *
Berberis•verruculosa *
Berberis•x•wisleyensis *
Bruckenthalia•spiculifolia *
Buxus•microphylla•v.•koreana *
Buxus•sempervirens *
Ceanothus•fendleri
Ceanothus•integerrimus *
Ceanothus•sanguineus *
Ceanothus•velutinus *
Cercocarpus•breviflorus
Cercocarpus•intricatus
Cercocarpus•ledifolius
Cercocarpus•ledifolius•v.•intracatus
Cercocarpus•ledifolius•v.•paucidentatus
Chamaebatiaria•millefolium
Cistus•laurifolius *
Coronilla•emerus *
Cotoneaster•congestus *
Cotoneaster•conspicuus *
Cotoneaster•dammeri *
Cotoneaster•glaucophyllus *
Cotoneaster•microphyllus *
Cowania•mexicana (syn. Purshia•mexicana)
Cytisus•scoparius *
Parry's Agave (Cal., N.Mex., Mex.)
Utah Agave (Cal., Nev. Utah, Ariz.)
Iodine Bush (sw. USA, deserts)
Greenleaf Manzanita (sw. USA)
Black Sage (w. USA)
Big Western Sage (intermtn. w. N. America)
Spotted Laurel (China, Taiwan, s. Japan)
Paleleaf Barberry (China)
Wintergreen Barberry (w. China)
= Berberis•X•wisleyensis
Warty Barberry (w. China)
Threespike Barberry (hort. hybrid)
Spike Heath (se. Europe, Asia Minor)
Korean Boxwood (Jap., Korea)
Common Boxwood (s. Eur., w. Asia , n. Afr.)
Fendler Ceanothus (Rocky Mtn. West)
Deerbrush (sw. N. America)
Oregon Tea (B.C. to Mont. to Calif.)
Snowbrush Ceanothus (Western Mtns., USA)
= Cercocarpus•ledifolius•v.•paucidentatus
= Cercocarpus•ledifolius•v.•intracatus
Curlleaf Mtn. Mahogany (Intermtn. USA)
Littleleaf Mtn. Mahogany (Intermtn. sw. USA)
Hairy Mtn. Mahogany (Ariz., N. Mex., Mex.)
Fernbush (Ore., e. Cal., Wyo., Ariz.)
Laurel Rock Rose (sw. Europe)
Scorpion senna (c. & s. Europe)
Pyrenees Cotoneaster (Himilaya Mts.)
Wintergreen Cotoneaster (c. China, se. Tibet)
Bearberry cotoneaster (c. China)
Brightbead Cotoneaster (w. China)
Littleleaf Cotoneaster (mtns. Afghan. to China )
Cliff Rose (intermtn. sw. USA & Mex.)
Scotch Broom (Europe)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(L -VL)
(M+/-)
(VL -M)
(VL- M )
(H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(M+/-)
(L- M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M-/-)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(VL -L)
(M+/-)
App. A-37
Best Practices Manual
Page 35 of 71
Cytisus•x•praecox *
Daphne•cneorum
Daphne•retusa *
Daphne•tangutica *
Daphne•x•burkwoodii
Daphne•x•burkwoodii•'Carol•Mackie'
Daphne•pontica *
Elaeagnus•pungens *
Ephedra•americana•v.•andina *+
Ephedra•equisetina +
Ephedra•gerardiana *+
Ephedra•glauca *
Ephedra•minima *+
Ephedra•minuta *
Ephedra•nevadensis *+
Ephedra•regaliana *
Ephedra•torreyana +
Ephedra•viridis +
Euonymus•fortunei•'Vegetus'
Euonymus•kiautschovicus•'Manhattan'
Warminster Broom (hort. hybrid) (M+/)
Daphne (mtns. c. & s. Europe)
= Daphne•tangutica
(nw. & w. China)
Carol Mackie Daphne (hort. cultivar)
(A. Minor, se. Eur., Cauc.)
(Jap., China)
(Andes, Ecuador. to Patagonia)
(c. Asia, w. china)
(China, Himalaya)
(c. Asia-Serayshan Mts.)
(China)
(c. Asia-Serayshan Mts.)
Nevada Ephedra (Great Basin)
(c. Asia -Pamir Mts.)
Torrey Ephedra (intermtn. sw. USA)
Green Ephedra, Mormon Tea (Intermtn. sw. USA)
Euonymus (c. & w. China)
Manhattan Euonymus (hort. cultivar)
(VL, M)
(VL- M )
(VL)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(M -H)
(M -H)
Fargesia•murielae, A. m., Sinarundinaria m. (see Thamnocalamus•spathaceus) *
Fargesia•nitida., Arundinaria n., Sinarundinaria n., Thamnocalamus•nitida (see Sinarundinaria•nitida) *
Fargesia•spathacea, Arundinaria s. (see Thamnocalamus•spathaceus) *
Fuchsia•magellanica * Fuchsia (Peru, Chile, Argentina) (H)
Garrya•flavescens *
Garrya•fremontii *
Garrya•wrightii *
Gelsemium•sempervirens *
Hesperaloe•parviflora +
Iberis•sempervirens
Ilex•aquifolium *
Ilex•cornuta *
Ilex•crenata *
Ilex•opaca *
Ilex•wilsonii *
Ilex•x•meserveae var.
Jasminum•fruticans *
Kalmia•angustifolia *
Kalmia•latifolia *
Lavandula•angustifolia var.
Lavandula•stoechas *
Leucophyllum•minus *
Lonicera•nitida *
Lonicera•pileata *
Yellow Silktassel (e. Cal., w. Az., s. Utah, s. Nev.)
Fremont's Silktassel (w. Wa., Ore., Cal.)
Wright's Silktassel (sw. AZ., s. N. Mex., w. Tex.)
Carolina Yellow Jasmine (s. USA to c. Am.)
Hesperaloe (sw. Texas)
Evergreen Candytuft (Eurasia)
English Holly (Eur., n. Afr., w. Asia)
Chinese Holly (China, Korea)
Japanese Holly (Sakhalin Is., Jap., Korea)
American Holly (e. USA)
(VL- M )
(M -H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
Wilson's Holly (c., w., e. China, Taiwan) (M -H)
Blue Prince & Blue Princess Hollies etc. (hort. hybrids) (H)
(Medit. Asia Minor)
Lambkill Kalmia (Hudson Bay to Georgia)
Mountain Laurel (e. N. Am.)
English Lavender varieties (Medit.)
Spanish Lavender (c. Spain, ne. Portugal)
Cenzia, Texas Ranger (Texas, New Mexico)
Boxleaf Honeysuckle (China)
Privet Honeysuckle (China)
(L- M)
(H)
(H)
(VL -M)
(VL -M )
(L)
(H)
(H)
App. A-38
Best Practices Manual
Page 36 of 71
Mahonia•aquifolium +
Mahonia•fremontii +
Mahonia•haematocarpa +
Mahonia•repens +
Mahonia•trifoliata *+
x•Mahoberberis•miethkeana *
Nandina•domestica *
Nolina•microcarpa *
Opuntia•imbricata
Opuntia•polycantha ,etc.
Osmanthus•americanus *
Osmanthus•decorus•'Baki•Kasapligil' *
Osmanthus•heterophyllus *
Osmanthus•x•burkwoodii *
Paxistima•canbyi
Paxistima•myrsinites
Paxistima•myrtifolia *
Phillyrea•vilmoriniana *
Photina•villosa *
Photinia•serrulata *
Photinia•x•fraseri *
Phyllostachys•aureosulcata *
Phyllostachys•nigra *
Phyllostachys•nuda *
Pieris•japonica *
Prunus•laurocerasus•'Schipkaensis' *
Prunus•laurocerasus•'Zabeliana'*
Purshia•mexicana
Purshia•tridentata
Pyracantha•coccinea
Quercus•grisea *
Quercus•turbinella *
Quercus•vacciniifolia *
Quercus•virginiana•v.•fusiformis *
Rosmarinus•officinalis•'Arp' *
Santolina•chamaecyparissus
Santolina•rosmarinifolia
Santolina•viridis
Sasa•kurilensis *
Sasa•palmata *
Shepherdia•rotundifolia *+
Sinarundinaria•nitida *
Thamnocalamus•spathaceus *
Viburnum•davidii *
Oregon Hollygrape (Cascade mtns.)
Fremont Mahonia (sw. USA)
Redberry Mahonia (sw. USA)
Creeping Mahonia (Rocky Mtn. West)
Three -leaf Mahonia, Algerita (Ariz., N. Mex., Tex., Mex.)
(L)
(Berberis•julianae•X•Mahonia•aquifolium)
(M -H)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(L -H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(L)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(L- M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(VL- M )
(L- M)
(H)
(H)
(L- M)
(H)
Heavenly Bamboo (India to e. China)
Bear Grass (sw. USA)
Cholla (Colo., Kan., Tex., & Mex., to Ariz.)
Prickly Pear Cactus species (w. USA, Can., Mex.)
Devilwood (se. USA)
(Caucasus)
Holly Osmanthus (Japan, Taiwan)
(garden origin)
Eastern Mtn. Lover (e. N. America)
= Paxistima•myrtifolia
Western Mtn. Lover (B.C. Cal., Mont., Colo., N. Mex.)
= Osmanthus•decorus
Oriental Photina (Japan, Korea, China)
Chinese Photinia (China)
Photina (hort. hybrid)
Yellow -groove Bamboo (ne. China)
Black Bamboo (e., c. China)
Bamboo (China)
Japanese Pieris (Jap., Taiwan, e. China)
Schipkanensis Cherry Laurel (Bulgaria)
Zabeliana Cherry Laurel (garden origin)
= Cowania•mexicana
Antelope Bitterbrush (Rocky Mtn. West)
Pyracantha (Eurasia)
Gray Oak (Tex., N. Mex., Mex., s. Colo.)
Turban Oak (Cal., & n. Baja. Ca.. to w. Tex. & se. Colo.)
Huckleberry Oak (w. US)
Texas Shrub Live Oak (Ok., Tex., Mex.)
Rosemary 'Arp' (a hardy cultivar from Arp, Texas)
Santolina (w. & c. Medit.)
Green Santolina (Portugal to France)
= Santolina•rosmarinifolia
Kurile Islands Bamboo (Jap. Kor.)
Palmate Bamboo (n. Japan)
Roundleaf Buffaloberry (Az., Utah)
Fountain Bamboo (c. China)
Umbrella Bamboo (c. China)
David's Viburnum (w. China)
App. A-39
Best Practices Manual
Page 37of71
Viburnum•farreri *
Viburnum•rhytidophyllum *
Viburnum•x•burkwoodii
Viburnum•x•rhytidophylloides•'Mohican'
Yucca•baccata +
Yucca•elata +
Yucca•glauca +
Yucca•harrimaniae +
Fragrant Viburnum (China)
Leatherleaf Viburnum (c. & w. China)
Burkwood Viburnum (hort. hybrid)
Mohican Lantanaphyllum Viburnum (garden origin)
Banana Yucca (Colo. Plateau)
Soaptree Yucca (Az., N. Mex., Mex.)
Front Range Yucca (w. Great Plains)
Harriman Yucca (Colo. Plateau)
(M- H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
(VL -L)
App. A-40
Best Practices Manual
Page 38 of 71
VINES
[Revised April '03]
WATER NEEDS OF PLANTS
The following chart shows how to group plants based on their water needs.
Reference Location: Denver. Numbers illustrate typical conditions.
* = Plants with potential, but requiring caution due to limited history in Rocky Mountain landscaping.
HIGH WATER
MODERATE WATER LOW WATER
VERY LOW WATER
Reference plant:
Bluegrass turf
(Always wet at surface)
18-20 gals./ S.F./season
July: 5"-- 3 times per week
Reference plant: Reference plant:
Turf -type Tall Fescue
(Half of Bluegrass turf)
Buffalograss turf
(Like Denver without irrigation)
10- gals./S.F./ season 0-3 gals./S.F./season
.75" -- once per week .5" per 2 weeks, optional
Reference plant:
Too dry for any turf
(drier than Denver )
No irrigation
No irrigation
Akebia•quinata *
Akebia•trifoliata *
Akebia•x•pentaphylla *
Ampelopsis•aconitifolia *
Ampelopsis•brevipedunculata *
Ampelopsis•delavayana *
Ampelopsis•humulifolia *
Ampelopsis•megalophylla *
Aristolochia•durior *
Aristolochia•macrophylla *
Campsis•grandiflora *
Campsis•radicans +
Celastrus•loeseneri *
Celastrus•orbiculatus *
Celastrus•scandens
Clematis (hort. varieties & hybrids)
Clematis•alpina *
Clematis•brevicaudata *
Clematis•chrysocoma *
Clematis•crispa *
Clematis•fargesii *
Clematis•flammula
Clematis•grata *
Clematis•ligusticifolia
Clematis•macropetala *
Clematis•maximowicziana
Clematis•montana var. *
Clematis•paniculata *
Clematis•paniculata
Clematis•rehderiana *
Clematis•tangutica
Clematis•terniflora
Clematis•texensis *
Clematis•tibetana *
Clematis•vernayi (now C. tibetiana)
Clematis•viorna *
Clematis•vitalba *
Five -leaf Akebia (Japan, Korea, China)
Three -leaf Akebia (c. China, Jap.)
(A. quinata x A. trifoliata) (Japan)
Monkshood Vine (n. China, Mong.)
Porcelain Vine (China, Jap., Korea)
(w. China)
(n.China)
(w. China)
= Aristolochia•macrophylla
Dutchman's Pipe (Appalachian Mts.)
Chinese Trumpet Creeper (Jap., China)
Trumpet Creeper (e. USA)
Loeserner Bittersweet (c. China)
Oriental Bittersweet (ne. Asia)
Bittersweet (e. N. America)
(hort. hybrids & varieties)
(Eurasia)
(Jap., China., w. Mong.)
(sw. China)
Curly Clematis (se. USA)
(China)
(s. Eur., to Turkestan)
(China, Himalaya)
Western Virgin's Bower (Man. to B.C., Mo., to Calif.)
(Siberia, n. China, Mongolia)
= Clematis•terniflora
(Afghanistan. to sw. & c. China, Himalaya)
New Zealand Clematis (New Zealand)
= Clematis•terniflora
Rehder's Clematis (w. China)
Golden Lantern Clematis (Mongolia, nw. China)
Sweet Autumn Clematis (Korea, China, Japan)
Texas Clematis (sw. USA)
(Tibet, China, n. India)
Leather Flower (s. N. Am.)
Traveller's Joy (Eur., Cauc., c. Asia, n. Afr.)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M- H)
(M- H)
(M- H)
(M -H)
(M- H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M- H)
(M+/-)
App. A-41
Best Practices Manual
Page 39 of 71
Clematis•viticella *
Dicentra•scandens *
Euonymus•fortunei var.
Hedera•colchica *
Humulus•americanus
Humulus•lupulus
Hydrangea•anomala *
Hydrangea•anomala•ssp.•petiolaris*
Hydrangea•petiolaris *
Jasminum•beesianum *
Lathyrus•latifolius
Lonicera•alesuosmoides *
Lonicera•caprifolium *
Lonicera•flava *
Lonicera•henyri *
Lonicera•japonica•'Halliana'
Lonicera•periclymenum
(s. Europe, w. Asia)
(Nepal, to se. China)
Wintercreeper varieties (China)
Persian Ivy (Cauc., Turkey)
= Humulus•lupulus
Hop Vine (n. Temperate regions worldwide)
Climbing Hydrangea (Himalaya, China)
= Hydrangea•petiolaris
Climbing Hydrangea (Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan)
(China)
Perennial Sweetpea (c. & e. Europe)
Evergreen Honeysuckle (w. China)
Italian Honeysuckle (Eur., s. Asia)
Yellow Honeysuckle (se. USA)
(w. China)
Hall's Honeysuckle (e. Asia)
Woodbine Honeysuckle (Eur., w. Asia)
Lonicera•periclymenum•'Graham•Thomas' Graham Thomas Honeysuckle (hort. cultivar)
Lonicera•prolifera * Grape Honeysuckle (c. USA)
Lonicera•sempervirens Scarlet Trumpet Honeysuckle (e. & s. USA)
Lonicera•sempervirens•'Alabama•Crimson'
Lonicera•sempervirens•'Sulphurea
Lonicera•tragophylla * Chinese Woodbine (w. China)
Lonicera•x•brownii•'Dropmore•Scarlet' (L.s. x L. brownii)
Lonicera•x•heckrottii Heckrottii Honeysuckle (hort. hybrid)
Lycium•halimifolium * Common Matrimony Vine (se. Europe, w. Asia)
Mennispermum•canadense * Moonseed Vine (e. N. America)
Parthenocissus•quinquefolia
Parthenocissus•tricuspidata
Passiflora•incarnata *
Polygonum•aubertii
Polygonum•baldschuanicum *
Schisandra•chinensis *
Schizophragma•hydrangeoides *
Smilax•rotundifolia *
Tripterygium•regelii *
Vitis•amurensis *
Vitis•arizonica
Vitis•coignetiae *
Vitis•riparia
Vitis•vinifera•varieties *
Virginia Creeper (e. N. America to Rocky Mtns.)
Boston Ivy (Japan, c. China)
Passion Flower (c. USA)
Silver Lace Vine (w. China, Tibet, Tajikistan)
Buchara Fleeceflower (c. Asia, Tajikistan)
Magnolia Vine (China)
Hydrangea Vine (Japan, Korea)
Common Greenbriar (e. USA)
Regel's Tripterygium (Manchuria, Japan, Korea)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M+/-)
(M- H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M- H)
(M- H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M- H)
(M- H)
(M -H)
(H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(H)
(M -H)
(H)
(M -H)
Amur Grape (Manchuria) (M+/-)
Arizona Grape (w. Tex.- Cal. & Mex.) (M+/-)
Gloryvine (Japan, Korea) (M+/-)
Riverbank Grape (Nov. Sc. - Man., Tenn. & Tex. - Rocky Mts.) (M -H)
Eurasian Grape varieties (Eur., A. Minor, Cauc. Turkestan) (M+/-)
App. A-42
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Page 40 of 71
Wisteria•floribunda * Japanese Wisteria (Japan) (M -H)
Wisteria•macrostachys * Kentucky Wisteria (c. USA) (H)
Wisteria•sinensis * Chinese Wisteria (China) (M -H)
App. A-43
Best Practices Manual
Page 41 of 71
GROUND COVERS
(Icluding turf & meadow grasses)
[Revised April '03]
WATER NEEDS OF PLANTS
The following chart shows how to group plants based on their water needs.
Reference Location: Denver. Numbers illustrate typical conditions.
= Plants with potential, but requiring caution due to limited history in Rocky Mountain landscaping.
HIGH WATER
MODERATE WATER LOW WATER
VERY LOW WATER
Reference plant:
Bluegrass turf
(Always wet at surface)
Reference plant: Reference plant:
Turf -type Tall Fescue
(Half of Bluegrass turf)
18-20 gals./ S.F./season 10_ gals./S.F./ season
July: 5"-- 3 times per week .75" -- once per week
Buffalograss turf
(Like Denver without irrigation)
0-3 gals./S.F./season
.5" per 2 weeks, optional
Reference plant:
Too dry for any turf
(drier than Denver )
No irrigation
No irrigation
Achillea•ageratifolia
Achillea•serbica
Aegopodium•podagraria
Ajuga•reptans
Akebia•quinata *
Andropogon•scoparius
Anemopsis•californica *
Antennaria•parvifolia
Antennaria•rosea
Arabis•alpina *
Arctostaphylos•uva-ursi
Arenaria•balearica *
Aronia•melanocarpa
Asperula•odorata
Astroturfoides•ultradeceptiverous
Aurinia•saxatilis
Bouteloua•gracilis
Buchloe•dactyloides
Campanula•poscharskyana
Cerastium•tomentosum
Ceratostigma•plumbaginoides
Convallaria•majalis
Cotoneaster•apiculatus *
Cotoneaster•dammeri *
Cotoneaster•microphyllus *
Delosperma•cooperi
Delosperma•nubigenum
Duchesnea•indica
Epimedium•alpinum *
Epimedium•grandiflorumum *
Euonymus•fortunei•'Coloratus'
Grecian Yarrow (Greece)
Serbian Yarrow (Balkans)
Bishop's Weed (Europe)
Ajuga (Eur., Persia, Transcaucasia.)
Five -leaf Akebia (Jap., Korea, China)
Little Blue Stem (syn. Schizachyrium•scoparium)
Yerba Mansa (sw. USA, Mex.)
Pussytoes (G. Plains, w. to B.C., Wash., Ariz.)
Pussytoes (Alaska to Cal. & N. Mex.)
Alpine Rock -cress (Europe, Siberia)
Kinnikinnick (circumpolar)
Corsican Sandwort (Balearic Is. & Corsica)
Chokeberry (e. N. Am.)
= Galium•odoratum
Astro Turf (Houston, Texas)
Basket -of -gold (c. & se. Europe)
Blue grama (N. America)
Buffalograss (Great Plains)
Poscharsky Bellflower (Dalmatia)
Snow -in -summer (Eur. to w. Asia)
Plumbago (w. China)
Lily -of -the -valley (Eurasia, e. N. America)
Cranberry Cotoneaster (China)
Creeping Cotoneaster (China)
Littleleaf Cotoneaster (Mts. Afghan., China)
Hardy Pink Ice Plant (s. Africa)
Hardy Yellow Ice Plant (s. Africa)
Mock Strawberry (Korea, Jap., to India)
Alpine Epimedium (s. & c. Europe)
Longspur Epimedium (n. Japan, Korea, s. Manch.)
Purpleleaf Wintercreeper (hort. cult.)
(L- M)
(L- M)
(H)
(H)
(M -H
(L- M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(L+/M-)
(L -M)
(L+/-)
(L)
(M -H)
(L- M)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(L- M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M- H)
(M -H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
App. A-44
Best Practices Manual
Page 42 of 71
Euonymus•obovatus *
Festuca•elatior•cvs.
Galium•odoratum
Genista•pilosa *
Geranium•spp.
Hosta•spp.
Juniperus•spp. & cultivars +
Lamium•maculatum
Lathyrus•latifolius
Lonicera•japonica•'Halliana'
Lonicera•sempervirens
Lonicera•x•heckrottii
Lysimachia•nummularia
Mahonia•repens
Mazus•reptans *
Marrubium•rotundifolium
Poa•pratensis
Osteospermum•berberae
Pachysandra•terminalis
Parthenocissus•quinquefolia
Phlox•stolonifera
Phlox•subulata
Polygonum•affine•'Border•Jewel'
Polygonum•japonicum•var.•compactum
Polygonum•reynoutria
Potentilla•nevadensis
Potentilla•verna•'Nana'
Rhus•trilobata
Saponaria•ocymoides
Schizachyrium•scoparium
Symphoricarpos•x•chenaultii•'Hancock'
Teucrium•chamaedrys
Thymus•spp.
Waldsteinia•fragarioides
Running Euonymus (e. USA)
Turf -type Tall Fescue (Eur., Siberia)
Sweet Woodruff (Eurasia)
Dwarf Broom (Europe)
Hardy Geraniums
Host species (Jap., China, Korea)
Juniper species and cultivars
Spotted Deadnettle, Lamium (Eur., n. Afr., w. Asia)
Perennial Sweetpea (c. & e. Europe)
Hall's Honeysuckle (e. Asia)
Scarlet Trumpet Honeysuckle (e.& s. N. America)
Heckrottii Honeysuckle (hort. hybrid)
Moneywort (Europe)
Creeping Mahonia (Rocky Mtn. West)
(Himalayas)
(Asia Minor)
Kentucky Bluegrass (Eurasia, n. Africa)
South African Daisy (S. Africa)
Pachysandra (Japan, nc. China)
Virginia Creeper (e. N. America to Rocky Mts.)
Creeping Phlox (se. USA)
Moss Phlox (Penn. to Ga.)
Himalayan Border Jewel (Himalayas)
Fleece Flower (e. Asia)
= Polygonum•japonicum•var.•compactum
(Spain)
Creeping Potentilla (hort. cult.)
Three -leaf Sumac (w. N. Am.)
Saponaria (mtns. sw. & sc. Europe)
= Andropogon•scoparius
Hancock Coralberry (hort. cult.)
Germander (c. & s. Europe, w. Asia)
Thyme species (Eurasia, N. Africa)
Barren Strawberry (e. USA)
(H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(H)
(L- M)
(M- H)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M+/-)
(H)
(L- M- H)
(M- H)
(L- M)
(H)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M- H)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M -H)
(M- H)
(L- M)
(M -H)
(L- M)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
(L- M)
(H)
App. A-45
Best Practices Manual
Page 43 of 71
Veronica•liwanensis Turkish Veronica (ne. Anatolia, Cauc.) (M -H)
Veronica•pectinata Woolly Veronica (e. Balkans, A. Minor) (L -M)
Vinca•major (Italy, Balk.) (M -H)
Vinca•minor Vinca (Europe , w. Asia) (H)
App. A-46
Best Practices Manual
Page 44 of 71
SELECTED PERENNIALS
[Revised April '03]
WATER NEEDS OF PLANTS
The following chart shows how to group plants based on their water needs.
Reference Location: Denver. Numbers illustrate typical conditions.
= Plants with potential, but requiring caution due to limited history in Rocky Mountain landscaping.
HIGH WATER
MODERATE WATER LOW WATER
VERY LOW WATER
Reference plant:
Bluegrass turf
(Always wet at surface)
Reference plant: Reference plant
Turf -type Tall Fescue
(Half of Bluegrass turf)
18-20 gals./ S.F./season 10_ gals./S.F./ season
July: 5"-- 3 times per week .75" -- once per week
Buffalograss turf
(Like Denver without irrigation)
0-3 gals ./S.F./season
.5" per 2 weeks, optional
Reference plant:
Too dry for any turf
(drier than Denver )
No irrigation
No irrigation
Achillea x 'Coronation Gold'
Achillea x'Moonshine'
Aesclepias•tuberosa
Agastache cana
Alchemilla•vulgaris
Anthemis•tinctoria
Aquilegia•spp.
Arum•italicum
Aster porteri
Aster•novae-angliae
Aster•x•frikartii
Aurinia saxatilis
Baptisia•australis
Berlandiera lyrata
Boltonia•asteroides
Borago•laxiflora
Callirhoe involucrata
Centranthus ruber
Cerastium tomentosum
Chrysanthemum•x•morifolium
Chrysanthemum•x•superbum
Convallaria•majalis
Crocosmia•x•crocosmiiflora
Crocus spp. ,
Datura meteloides
Delosperma cooperi
Delphinium•x•elatum
Dianthus-spp.
Dicentra•eximia
Dictamnus•albus
Digitalis•purpurea
Echinacea•purpurea
Echinops•ritro
Eremurus•spp.
Eryngium•spp.
Gaillardia aristata
Geranium•spp.
Helianthemum•spp.
Helianthus maximiliani
Helianthus-spp.
Coronation Gold Yarrow
Moonshine Yarrow
Butterfly Weed
Double Bubble Mint
Lady's Mantle
Golden Margurerite
Columbines
Italian Arum
Porter's Aster
New England Aster
Frikart's Aster
Basket -of -gold
Baptisia
Chocolate Flower
Boltonia
Borage
Poppy Mallow
Centranthus
Snow -in -summer
Chrysanthemums
Shasta Daisy
Lily -of -the -valley
Crocosmia
Crocus species
Sacred Datura
Hardy Pink Ice Plant
Hybrid Delphiniums
Various Dianthus
Bleeding Heart
Gas Plant
Common Foxglove
Echinacea
Globe Thistle
Foxtail Lily
Sea Holly
Native Gaillardia
Hardy Geraniums
Sun -roses
Maximilian Sunflower
Sunflowers
(VL)
(VL- L- M)
M -H
(M+/-)
M -H
M -H
H
M -H
(VL -L)
M -H
M -H
(L- M)
M -H
(VL -L)
H
M -H
(L- M)
(L -M -H)
(L- M)
H
M -H
H
H
(L- M)
L- M
(M+/-)
H
L- M
H
L- M
H
M+/ -
H
L- M
L- M
(L- M)
M -H
M+/-
(M+/-)
M+/ -
App. A-47
Best Practices Manual
Page 45 of 71
Helleborus•spp.
Hemerocallis•spp.
Hosta•spp.
Iberis•sempervirens
Incarvillea•delavayii
Iris bucharica
Iris germanica cvs..
Kniphofia•spp.
Lavandula spp.
Liatris punctata
Liatris•punctata
Liatris•spicata
Limonium•spp.
Li num•perenne
Lobelia•cardinalis
Lobelia•syphilitica
Lychnis•coronaria
Malva•alcea
Mirabilis multiflora
Monarda•spp.
Narcissus spp.
Nepeta x faassenii
Paeonia•spp.
Papaver•orientale
Penstemon pinifolius
Penstemon strictus
Perovskia atriplicifolia
Phlomis russeliana
Phlox subulata
Phlox•paniculata
Platycodon•grandiflorus
Primula•spp.
Ruta•graveolens
Salvia azurea var. grandifora
Salvia officinalis
Salvia•spp.
Santolina chamaecyparissus
Saponaria ocymoides
Saponaria•ocymoides
Scabiosa ochroleuca
Scabiosa•ochroleuca
Secum•spp.
Silene laciniata
Tanacetum niveum
Verbascum•chaxii
Zauschneria arizonica
Zinnia grandiflora
Hellebores
Daylilies
Hostas
Candytuft
Hardy Gloxinia
Buchara Iris
Bearded Iris varieties
Poker Plants
Various Lavenders
Dotted Gay Feather
Dryland Gayfeather
Wetland Gayfeather
Sea Lavenders
Blue Flax
Cardinal Flower
Great Blue Lobelia
Rose Campion
Hollyhocks
Native Four O'clock
Monardas
Daffodils
Faassen's Catnip
Peonies
Oriental Poppies
Pineleaf Penstemon
Rocky Mountain Penstemon
Russian Sage
Russel Phlomis
Moss Phlox
Garden Phlox
Platycodon
Primroses
Rue
Pitcher Sage
Cooking Sage
Salvias
Santolina
Soapwort
Rock Soapwort
Yellow Pincushion Flower
Yellow Scabiosa
Sedums
Mexican Campion
Silver Tansy
Nettle -leaf Mullein
Arizona Zauschneria
Prairie Zinnia
M -H
M -H
H
M+/-
M+/-
(M+/-)
(L- M)
M -H
(VL- M )
(VL -L)
VL- L
H
L- M
L -H
H
H
L -H
M+/-
(VL- L- M)
M -H
(L- M)
(L- M)
M+/ -
M -H
(L- M)
(L- M)
(VL -L)
(M+/-)
(M+/-)
H
H
H
M+/ -
(L -M)
(L- M)
M+/ -
(VL -M)
+/ -
(VL -M)
(L -M -H)
M+/ -
(L -M)
L -H
M+/-
(M+/-)
(L- M)
M+/ -
(L -M)
(VL -L)
App. A-48
Best Practices Manual
Page 46 of 71
WaterWise Landscaping
Best Practices
Section 4 — Natural Areas and Native Plants
A. Proactive Multi -Purpose Drainage Design
1. Introducing the Opportunity
The Front Range prairie is frequently characterized as a rolling grassy landscape folded
into meandering wooded drainages. The natural processes that developed this landscape
can support the erosion control goals of the drainage design while providing enhanced
recreational open space and habitat value. Proactively planned multipurpose drainage
design can deliver these goals while saving installation costs and maintenance effort by
working with the natural processes.
2. Natural Landscape and Generative Processes
Expanding Front Range developments are covering upland prairies with homes and
roads, but the regional landscape can still be seen in the natural drainages. The
fundamental character of these drainage areas is defined by the distribution of the thickets
of woody species. Wild Plum, Chokecherry, Golden Currant, Snowberry, Sandbar
willow and Three -leaf sumac are scattered along the native drainages among occasional
towering Plains cottonwoods and the smaller Peach -leaved willows. These species
generally occupy the sub -irrigated zones intermediate between the moist central channel
areas and the drier upland grasslands.
The natural processes by which woody vegetation expands into upland drainages depend
upon a connection to the larger riparian systems below. (Remember: nature abhors a
vacuum.) A shallow, young grassy drainage will eventually develop into a deeper,
wooded channel In natural systems normal precipitation cycles coupled with disturbance
(grazing, fire, or drought), eventually will lead to erosion and deposition along the grassy
channels. In development areas the process is accelerated by the installation of roads or
trails, pipelines, and drainage features. Any action that weakens a grassland root system
can provide an opening for change.
Seeds of woody species use either wind or wildlife to relocate into disturbed areas in
drainages. Native deciduous trees such as the Plain cottonwood and Peach -leaved willow
and the smaller Sandbar willows release seeds on the spring winds. When a newly
exposed moist soil deposit occurs within a few miles of a well -vegetated river, stream or
irrigation ditch, a few seeds from these species will blow into to the site. Once a tree has
taken root, it will attract birds as well as raccoons, fox, coyote, and skunks. All these
animals follow the drainages in their search for food. They eat the plums, chokecherries,
currants, snowberries, hawthorns, sumac or any other wild fruits. As they travel, they
rest in and under small trees. Seeds are dropped in these locations as the animals move
App. A-49
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on. Droppings from animals are concentrated near existing trees. The shade and leaf
litter beneath the trees provide a moist protected site favorable for establishment.
3. Choices
Engineers design channels for expected run off from the new paved surfaces (roofs and
pavement) and existing or proposed vegetation. When a natural channel contains a well-
developed woody plant community, the plans may accommodate the existing vegetation
conditions, allowing the woody vegetation to remain. Woody vegetation supports to
goals of the drainage program by decreasing peak flows, slowing flow rates, protecting
slopes channel edges from excess erosion.
New developments, lacking historic drainage channels, must make decisions related to
the establishment of woody vegetation. In a short time, windblown woody species will
find suitable sites in new drainages. Heavier seeded plants will eventually follow. If
plans do not create channels with adequate flow capacity for the natural process of woody
plant establishment, they will predetermine a maintenance program including expensive
woody vegetation control. The erosion control and recreational benefits possible from
woody vegetation will be diminished in the battle to prevent the inevitable. Channels can
be sized to accommodate woody vegetation to improve slope stabilization. If this is done
well, the maintenance program will be able to allow the natural process of woody
vegetation development to occur. This requires an approach acknowledging and working
with the natural processes typical of these riparian corridors.
4. Cost effectiveness
Proactive, multipurpose drainage design is more cost effective that rigorous maintenance
designed to remove all woody vegetation. The woody vegetation serves the underlying
purpose of slope stability and erosion control, becoming an ally to the drainage program,
instead of a problem. Installation costs of woody vegetation become part of the erosion
control program. Costly maintenance aimed at prevention or removal of woody
vegetation is no longer necessary. Mowing requirements may mostly be eliminated as
perennial vegetation becomes well established. Multipurpose corridors can become more
diverse, improving in habitat and passive recreational value, over time.
5. Lower water usage
In the interest of developing a more water efficient landscape, multipurpose designed
drainages within a development can provide a cool, shady wooded retreat area without
requiring installation and maintenance of a supporting irrigation system. Properly
selected and placed native woody species can be largely self sufficient once installed.
6. Urban Drainage and Flood Control Support
UDFCD encourages the natural channel concept in drainage design (V. 1, MD -3-9).
"Open channel planning and design objectives are often best met by using natural -like
vegetated channels". Guidance for planning and execution of this concept is included
within the Drainage Criteria manual (V. 2.) revegetation section. Native seed mixtures
for a variety of soil types as well as recommended uses and installation methods for trees
and shrubs within drainage designs, are included.
App. A-50
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7. Success
During the spring of the drought year of 2002, a number of drainage improvement
projects were installed. Native woody plantings of trees and shrubs were successfully
established in spite of limited or no irrigation. Marcy Gulch at Highlands Ranch, Niver
Creek in Thornton, Cottonwood Creek in Greenwood Village, and Lilly Gulch in
Littleton were successfully established in spite of many days of unseasonably hot dry
conditions.
B. Native Seed Mixes
1. Colorado Native Seed Mix Summary
a. Short Grass Prairie (grasses & wildflowers)
b. Mixed Grass Prairie (grasses & wildflowers)
c. Tall Grass Prairie (grasses & wildflowers)
d. Moist or Wetland Soils (grasses & wildflowers)
e. Sandy Loam Soils (grasses & wildflowers)
f. Clay Loam Soils (grasses & wildflowers)
g. Select Shrubs and Trees for natural areas
The complete Native Seed lists are provided on the following pages.
App. A-51
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Page 49 of 71
Shortgrass prairie species Easter daisy/Townsendia
grandiflorus
Heavily grazed native shortgrass prairie
Table 1. Native shortgrass mixture for loam to cloay loam dry upland sites. Some taller species included. Fall broadcast seed,
rake or harrow to cover 1/10 to 1/3 inch, mulch recommended.
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
VARIETY
MATURE
HEIGHT
SEEDS/LB
PLS
LBS/ACRE
SUGGESTIONS
GRASSES AND GRASS -LIKE PLANTS
Buffalograss
Buchloe dactyloides
Sharp's
4-6"
56000
6.5
Sideoats grama
Bouteloua curtipendula
Butte
18"
191000
3.0
Blue grama
Chondrosum gracile
Hachita
6-8"
825000
8.0
Western wheatgrass
Pascopyrum smithii
Barton
18"
110000
4.0
Sand dropseed
Sporobolus cryptandrus
Native
18"
5,200,000
2.0
TOTAL POUNDS/ACRE
23.5
1 acre=43560 square feet. Divide
this per acre seed quantity by 20 to
40 for each to 1000 square feet to
be seeded.
ADAPTED NATIVE WILDFLOWERS
OUNCES
/ACRE
Double wildflower seeding rate for
more color.
Purple prairieclover
Dalea purpurea
12"
210000
3.0
Blanket flower
Gailardia aristata
12-18"
132000
4.0
Golden aster
Heterotheca villosa
6-8"
920000
2.0
Gayfeather
Liatris punctata
12-18"
138000
4.0
Flax
Linum lewisii
18"
293000
2.0
Bluemist penstemon
Penstemon virens
8"
850000
3.0
Sidebells penstemon
Penstemon secundiflorus
18"
610000
2.0
Scarlet globemallow
Sphaeralcea coccinea
6-8"
500000
3.0
Easter daisy
Townswndia grandiflora
6-8"
1200000
0.5
TOTAL OUNCES/ACRE
23.5
AV - Arkansas Valley Seed 303-665-6642, WNS - Western Native Seed 719-942-3935. Prepared by The Restoration Group, Inc. 5/03.
Shortgrass Prairie
This vegetation type is typical of high plains areas with 10- 16 inches on annual precipitation. In native areas shallow soil depth,
clay soil, low precipitation, alkaline conditions, heavy grazing or compaction all may contribute to a
App. A-52
Best Practices Manual
Page 50 of 71
Prairie coneflower/Ratibida columnifera in restored mixed
grass prairie
Restored mixed grass prairie with wildflowers.
Table 2. Native mixed grass for sandy loam, loam, clay loam upland sites. Fall broadcast seed, rake or harrow to cover 1/10 to
1/3 inch, mulch recommended.
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
VARIETY
MATURE
HEIGHT
SEEDS/LB
PLS
LBS/ACRE
SUGGESTIONS
GRASSES AND GRASS -LIKE PLANTS
Sideoats Grama
Bouteloua curtipendula
Butte
18"
191000
4.8
Buffalograss
Buchloe dactyloides
Texoca
4-6"
56000
5.0
Blue Grama
Chondrosum gracile
Hachita
6-8"
825000
4.5
Switchgrass
Panicum virgatum
Blackwell
24-36"
389000
2.0
Western wheatgrass
Pascopyrum smithii
Ariba
18"
110000
3.0
Little bluestem
Schyzachrium scoparium
Pastura
18-24"
260000
2.0
Sand dropseed
Sporobolus cryptandrus
native
18"
5,200,000
0.5
Green needlegrass
Stipa viridula
native
24"
1.5
TOTAL POUNDS PLS/ACRE
23.3
1 acre=43560 square feet. Divide
this per acre seed quantity by 20 to
40 for each to 1000 square feet to
be seeded.
ADAPTED NATIVE WILDFLOWERS
OUNCES
/ACRE
Double wildflower seeding rate for
more color.
Smooth aster
Aster laevis
2.0
Purple prairieclover
Dalea purpurea
210000
3.0
Blanket flower
Gaillardia aristata
132000
6.0
Golden aster
Heterotheca villosa
2.0
Gayfeather
Liatris punctata
138000
4.0
Flax
Linum lewisii
293000
2.0
Penstemon
Penstemon angustifolia
24"
590000
2.0
Prairie coneflower
Ratibida columnifera
1230000
2.0
TOTAL OUNCES/ACRE
23.0
*AV - Arkansas Valley Seed 303-665-6642, WNS - Western Native Seed 719-942-3935. Prepared by The Restoration Group, Inc. 5/03.
Mixed grass midgrass Prairie
Native areas with richer clay -loam to loamy soil, 14-18 inches of precipitation, and less grazing impact may exhibit the hllbek-53
nr00000 +,r,.r nI r,f rr,�,rorl nr000 nroro I?oo+r,ror+ rr,,rorl nr000 nroro o r,r,oe�1 10 r,r, e,+eo ,n,+k n
Best Practices Manual
Page 51 of 71
Purple prairie clover/Dalea purpurea in restored tallgrass prairie. Grasses will later become 36" or more
in height.
Table 3. Native tallgrass mixture for north and east facing sites, low areas. Fall broadcast seed, rake or harrow to cover 1/10
to 1/3 inch, mulch recommended.
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
VARIETY
MATURE
HEIGHT
SEEDS/LB
TOTAL LBS
PLS/ACRE
SUGGESTIONS
GRASSES AND GRASS -LIKE PLANTS
Big bluestem
Andropogon gerardi
Pawnee
3-4'
130,000
1.5
Sideoats grama
Bouteloua curtipendula
Butte
18"
191000
2.8
Blue grama
Chondrosum gracile
Hachita
6-8"
825000
3.5
Switchgrass
Panicum virgatum
Blackwell
36"
389000
3.0
Western wheatgrass
Pascopyrum smithii
Ariba
18"
110000
6.0
Little bluestem
Schizachyrium scoparium
Pastura
24"
26000
3.4
Yellow Indiangrass
Sorghastrum avenaceum
Holt
3-4'
170000
2.1
TOTAL POUNDS PLS/ACRE
22.3
1 acre=43560 square feet. Divide
this per acre seed quantity by 20
to 40 for each to 1000 square feet
to be seeded.
ADAPTED NATIVE WILDFLOWERS
OUNCES
/ACRE
Double wildflower seeding rate for
more color.
Showy milkweed
Asclepias speciosa
native
Blue aster
Aster laevis
native
18"
2.0
Blanket flower
Gailardia aristata
native
12-18"
132000
2.0
Prairie coneflower
Ratibida columnifera
native
18-24"
1230000
4.0
Purple prairieclover
Dalea (Petalostemum) purpurea
native
12"
210000
4.0
Flax
Linum lewisii
native
18"
293000
3.0
Penstemon
Penstemon strictus
native
24"
590000
4.0
TOTAL OUNCES /ACRE
19.0
*AV - Arkansas Valley Seed 303-665-6642, WNS - Western Native Seed 719-942-3935. Prepared by The Restoration Group, Inc. 5/03.
Tallgrass seed mixture
The taller grasses are limited to areas of higher precipitation 16-18 inches along the foothills and moist bottomlands near
streams. Rocky soils may contribute to greater moisture availability and the presence of remnant tallgrass ADD. A-54
Best Practices Manual
Page 52 of 71
Restored wetland area in small drainage on school grounds with
nutrinnr c ssrnnm/hnarrlwalk
Restored floodplain meadow in Commons Park near downtown
Denver.
Table 4. Native wetland mix for drainages, swales or detention ponds soil is moist between precipitation events). Application
rate 1/2 - 1 pound PLS/1000 ft. sq. Broadcast, harrow or rake to cover with 1/10 - 1/3 inch soil.
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
VARIETY
MATURE
HEIGHT
SEEDS/LB
PLS
LBS/ACRE
SUGGESTIONS
ADAPTED NATIVE GRASSES AND GRASS -LIKE PLANTS
Wooly sedge
Carex lanuginosa
Native
18"
322,340
0.1
Nebraska sedge
Carex nebraskensis
Native
12"
534,100
0.1
Inland saltgrass
Disticlis stricta
Native
8"-10"
603,820
0.5
Baltic rush
Juncus balticus
Native
12-18"
12,300,000
0.1
Prairie cordgrass
Spartina pectinata
Native
24"+
183,000
9.5
Switchgrass
Panicum virgatum
Blackwell
36"+
389000
6.0
Western wheatgrass
Pascopyrum smithii
Arriba
24"
110,000
8.0
TOTAL POUNDS/ACRE
24.3
TOTAL
OZ/ACRE
1 acre=43560 square feet. Divide
this per acre seed quantity by 20 to
40 for each to 1000 square feet to
be seeded.
ADAPTED NATIVE WILDFLOWERS
Double wildflower seeding rate for
more color.
Aster
Aster laevis
native
18"
1216000
3.0
Showy milkweed
Asclepias speciosa
native
30"
58,112
2.0
Swamp milkweed
Asclepias incarnata
native
36"
68,100
2.0
Nuttall's sunflower
Helianthus nuttallii
native
6'+
250,000
1.0
Wild Bergamot
Monarda fistulosa
native
24"
1,400,136
3.0
TOTAL OUNCES/ACRE
11.0
* AV - Arkansas Valley Seed 303-665-6642, WNS - Western Native Seed 719-942-3935. Prepared by The Restoration Group, Inc. 5/03.
Moist /wetland seed mixture
Damp soils along streams, near seeps, and in drainage swales supports wet meadow vegetation. Drainage channels, areas
where water flows or pools after a storm are good sites for these moisture loving species. Using such speci
App. A-55
Best Practices Manual
Page 53 of 71
Scarlet globemallow/Sphaera/cea coccina and Western
wheatgrass/Agropyron smithii in mixed grass prairie
remnant along Coal Creek in Erie.
Restored shortgrass prairie with Sidebells
penstemon/Penstemon secundiflorus.
Table 5. Recommended native sand prairie for sandy to sandy loam soil. Fall broadcast seed, rake or harrow to cover 1/10 to
1/3 inch, mulch recommended.
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
VARIETY
MATURE
HEIGHT
SEEDS/LB
TOTAL
PLS
/ACRE
SUGGESTIONS
GRASSES AND GRASS -LIKE PLANTS
Sand bluestem
Andropogon hallii
Garden
36"
113300
2.0
Sideoats grama
Bouteloua curtipendula
Butte
18"
191000
3.2
Prairie sandreed
Calamovilfa longifolia
Goshen
24-36"
273000
2.1
Blue grama
Chondrosum gracile
Hachita
6-8"
825000
2.5
Switchgrass
Panicum virgatum
Blackwell
36"
389000
2.0
Western wheatgrass
Pascopvrum smithii
Arriba
18-24"
110000
6.5
Little bluestem
Schizachyrium scoparium
Pastura
24"
26000
3.0
Sand dropseed
Sporobolus cryptandrus
18"
1758000
0.5
TOTAL POUNDS/ACRE
21.8
1 acre = 43560 square feet.
Divide this per acre seed
quantity by 20 to 40 for each
loon sau re feet to he seeded
ADAPTED NATIVE WILDFLOWERS
TOTAL
OZ/ACRE
Double wildflower seeding rate
for more color.
Blue aster
Asterlaevis
18"
2.0
Blanket flower
Gailardia aristata
12-18"
132000
6.0
Prairie coneflower
Ratibida columnifera
24"
1230000
3.0
Purple prairieclover
Dalea (Petalostemum) purpurea
12"
210000
3.0
Flax
Linum lewisii
18"
293000
4.0
Penstemon
Penstemon strictus
18-24"
592000
4.0
TOTAL OUNCES/ACRE
22.0
* AV - Arkansas Valley Seed 303-665-6642, WNS - Western Native Seed 719-942-3935. Prepared by
The Restoration Group, Inc. 5/03.
i
Sandy loam seed mixture
Isolated areas of sandy soil are better suited to these deep rooted species. Some native shrubs such as Yucca/Yucca u
Rabbitbrush/Chrysothamnus nauseosus, and Sand sagebrush/Artemisia filifolia are well suited to these areas
Best Practices Manual
Page 54 of 71
Needle-and-threadgrass/Stipa comata with Blanketflower/Gaillardia aristata in mixedgrass prairie.
Table 6. Native seed mixture for use on clay loam soils. Application rate on clean seed bed 1/2-1 pound PLS/1000 sq. ft. Fall
broadcast seed, rake or harrow to cover 1/10 to 1/3 inch, mulch recommended.
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
VARIETY
MATURE
HEIGHT
SEEDS/LB
PLS
LBS/ACRE
SUGGESTIONS
GRASSES AND GRASS -LIKE PLANTS
Buffalograss
Buchloe dactyloides
Sharp's
6"
56000
7.6
Sideoats grama
Bouteloua curtipendula
Butte
18"
191000
3.5
Blue grama
Chondrosum gracile
Hachita
6-8"
825000
6.0
Western wheatgrass
Pascopyrum smithii
Barton
18"
110000
4.8
TOTAL POUNDS/ACRE
21.9
1 acre=43560 square feet. Divide
this per acre seed quantity by 20 to
40 for each to 1000 square feet to
be seeded.
ADAPTED NATIVE WILDFLOWERS
OZ/ACRE
Double wildflower seeding rate for
more color.
Purple prairieclover
Dalea purpurea
12"
210000
3.0
Blanket flower
Gailardia aristata
12-18"
132000
3.0
Gayfeather
Liatris punctata
12-18"
138000
3.0
Flax
Linum lewisii
18"
293000
4.0
Prairie coneflower
Ratibida columnifera
18-24"
3.0
Scarlet globemallow
Sphaeralcea coccinea
6"
4.0
TOTAL OUNCES/ACRE
20.0
* AV - Arkansas Valley Seed 303-665-6642, WNS - Western Native Seed 719-942-3935 Prepared by The Restoration Group, Inc. 5/03.
Clay loam seed mixture
The shortgrass prairie species are well adapted to clay loam soils.
App. A-57
Best Practices Manual
Page 55 of 71
Native woody shrubs and trees stabilize stream channel in Front range open space area.
Shade, habitat, and passive recreational value area also enhanced. No irrigation water is
required for this amenity.
Table 7. Native shrub and tree species adapted to the Front Range high plains area. Little
species if properly located on landscape. Useful for erosion control, shade, and habitat improvement
or no water is required for these
in drainages.
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
VARIETY
MATURE
HEIGHT
SEEDS/LB
PLS
LBS/ACRE
LOCATION
NATIVE WOODY VEGETATION
Rabbitbrush
Chrysothamnus nauseosus
Native
2-4'
Upland areas, establishment watering. Use
smaller plants or seed for best results.
Plains Cottonwood
Populus sargentii
Native
45-60'
Naturally subirrigated lowlands, moist areas,
open space drainages. Plant rootball 2-4' into
saturated soil, monthly deep watering if planted
in upland areas.
Chokecherry
Padus virginiana
Native
10-12'
Naturally subirrigated lowlands, shady sites,
northfacing slopes, open space drainages.
Deep water once a month in upland areas.
Wild plum
Prunus americana
Native
6-8'
Naturally subirrigated lowlands, shady sites,
northfacing slopes, open space drainages.
Deep water once a month in upland areas.
Golden current
Ribes aureum
Native
3-4'
Naturally subirrigated lowlands, shady sites,
northfacing slopes, open space drainages.
Deep water once a month in upland areas.
Three -leaf sumac
Rhus trilobata
Native
4-8'
Upland areas, water monthly 1 year to
establish
Peachleaf willow
Salix amygdaloides
Native
15-35'
Naturally subirrigated lowlands, moist
areas, open space drainages.
Sandbar willow
Salix exigua
Native
5-6'
Naturally subirrigated lowlands, moist
areas, open space drainages.
Snowberry
Symphoricarpos occidentalis
Native
2'
Naturally subirrigated lowlands, shady sites,
northfacing slopes, open space drainages.
Yucca
Yucca glauca
Native
2'
Upland areas, water 1 year to establish
TOTAL POUNDS PLS/ACRE
0
WaterWise
Landscaping
* AV - Arkansas Valley Seed 303-665-6642, WNS - Western Native Seed 719-942-3935. Prepared by The Restoration Group, Inc. 5/03.
Woody plants
Most native woody vegetation are adapted to drainages and sites with elevated moisture, such as springs or north -facing slopes.
These species provide critical habitat for wildlife, shade and diversity, and erosion control in drainage areas.
App. A-58
Best Practices Manual
Page 56 of 71
Best Practices
Section 4 — Natural Areas and Native Plants
C. Plants to Avoid — The 2003 State Noxious Weed List
The following noxious weed listings have been excerpted from the Rules and Regulations Pertaining to
the Administration and Enforcement of the Colorado Weed Management Act, as of May 2003. The full
text and current listing are available at <www.ag.state.co.us/DPI/weeds/weed.html>.
"Noxious weed" means an alien plant or parts of an alien plant that have been designated by rule as being
noxious or has been declared a noxious weed by a local advisory board, and meets one or more of the
following criteria:
(a) Aggressively invades or is detrimental to economic crops or native plant communities;
(b) Is poisonous to livestock;
(c) Is a carrier of detrimental insects, diseases, or parasites;
(d) The direct or indirect effect of the presence of this plant is detrimental to the environmentally
sound management of natural or agricultural ecosystems.
The following weed species, listed in alphabetical order, are identified as the State Noxious Weeds. They
have been identified by individual counties as problem weeds in the county's area or have been
recommended for management through public testimony. These weed species should be considered by
each local advisory board and local governing body in the development, adoption and enforcement of
their noxious weed list and noxious weed management plan. The State Noxious Weeds are:
Absinth wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)
African rue (Peganum harmala)
Black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum)
Blue mustard (Chorispora tenella)
Bouncingbet (Saponaria officinalis)
Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare)
Camelthom (Alhagi pseudalhagi)
Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Chicory (Cichorium intybus)
Chinese clematis (Clematis orientalis)
Coast tarweed (Madia sativa)
Common burdock (Arctium minus)
Common crupina (Crupina vulgaris)
Common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris)
Common mullein ( Verbascum thapsus)
Common St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum)
Common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)
Common teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)
Cypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias)
Dalmatian toadflax, broad-leaved (Linaria dalmatica)
Dalmation toadflax, narrow -leaved (L. genistifolia)
Dame's rocket (Hesperis matronalis)
Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa)
Downy brome (Bromus tectorum)
Dyer's woad (Isatis tinctoria)
Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)
Flixweed (Descurainia sophia)
Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta)
Green fo xtail (Setaria viridis)
Hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides)
Meadow knapweed (Centaurea pratensis)
Mediterranean sage (Salvia aethiopis)
Medusahead rye (Taeniatherum caput -medusae)
Moth mullein (Verbascum blattaria)
Musk thistle (Carduus nutans)
Myrtle spurge (Euphorbia myrsinites)
Orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum)
Oxeye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum)
Perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium)
Perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis)
Plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides)
Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum)
Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris)
Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens)
Redstem filaree (Erodium cicutarium)
Rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea)
Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens)
Russian -olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia)
Russian thistle (Salsola collina and S. iberica)
Saltcedar (Tamarixparvijlora and T. ramosissima)
Scentless chamomile (Anthemis arvensis)
Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium and O. tauricum)
Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata)
Shepherdspurse (Capsella bursa pastoris)
Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa)
Spurred anoda (Anoda cristata)
Squarrose knapweed (Centaurea virgata)
Sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta)
Swainsonpea (Sphaerophysa salsula)
Tansy ragwort (Seneciojacobaea)
Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
App. A-59
Best Practices Manual
Page 57 of 71
Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus)
Hoary cress (Cardaria draba)
Houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale)
Hydrilla (Hydrilla hydrilla)
Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)
Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica)
Kochia (Kochia scoparia)
Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)
Mayweed chamomile (Anthemis cotula)
Venice mallow (Hibiscus trionum)
Wild caraway (Carum carvi)
Wild mustard (Brassica kaber)
Wild oats (Avena fatua)
Wild proso millet (Panicum miliaceum)
Yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca)
Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)
Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)
Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)
The following weed species are recognized as the top ten prioritized weed species for the State of
Colorado. After analysis of a statewide survey of counties, these species are acknowledged to be
the most widespread and to cause the greatest economic impact in the State of Colorado. These
species shall be considered by each local advisory board and local governing body in the
development, adoption and enforcement of their noxious weed list and noxious weed
management plan. They are listed in alphabetical order:
Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Dalmation toadflax (Linaria dalmatica and L. genistifolia)
Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa)
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)
Hoary cress (Cardaria draba)
Houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale)
Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)
Musk thistle (Carduus nutans)
Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens)
Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)
The following weed species may not be present or are not yet widespread or causing great
economic impact within the State of Colorado. However, counties and local advisory boards are
encouraged to contain and eradicate these species before they proliferate and significantly impact
the economic and environmental values of the lands of the State. They are listed in alphabetical
order:
Absinth wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)
African rue (Peganum harmala)
Bouncingbet (Saponaria officinalis)
Camelthom (Alhagi pseudalhagi)
Coast tarweed (Madia sativa)
Common crupina (Crupina vulgaris)
Common teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)
Cypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias)
Dyer's woad (Isatis tinctoria)
Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)
Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta)
Hydrilla (Hydrilla hydrilla)
Meadow knapweed (Centaurea pratensis)
Moth mullein (Verbascum blattaria)
Myrtle spurge (Euphorbia myrsinites)
Orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum)
Rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea)
Sericea Iespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata)
Spurred anoda (Anoda cristata)
Squarrose knapweed (Centaurea virgata)
Sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta)
Tansy ragwort (Seneciojacobaea)
Venice mallow (Hibiscus trionum)
Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)
App. A-60
Best Practices Manual
Page 58 of 71
WaterWise Landscaping
Best Practices
Section 5 — Understanding Soils and Soil Preparation
A. Introduction to Soils (See Native Plant Revegetation Guide available at:
http//parks.state.co.us/cnap/revegetation-guide/reveg index.html)
Prairie soils have developed over thousands of years. Native topsoil is a living material
containing soil microorganisms, seeds, plant roots, and invertebrate animal in a matrix of
minerals (derived from rocks) and dead organic matter (developed from the breakdown of
dead plants and animals). Areas with adequate topsoil are better able to develop and
support healthy vegetation. Native drought tolerant vegetation may be adapted to a broad
or narrow range of soil types. Successful native and drought tolerant landscapes should
consider soil properties when designing planting areas. Soil properties include texture,
chemistry, and structure. Soil pH, salinity, and percent organic matter may be more
critical to the establishment of native and drought tolerant vegetation than soil
macronutrient levels (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). In order to better plan for
specific soils, consult the reference above.
Topsoil may be recognized in general by its darker color (very dark to deeper brownish
earth tones). The distinct transition to brighter earth tones may mark the boundary with
subsoil. Recent precipitation may color surface soils darker and should not be mistaken
for topsoil. In general topsoil may be 6 to 12 inches deep, deeper in drainages and
shallower on slopes and hilltops. Old agricultural fields may have less distinct
boundaries due to years of mixing of upper soils and accelerated erosional loss. Pits may
be dug to identify topsoil depths prior to removal
B. Salvage of Soils
Topsoil is a living material and must be handled carefully to preserve its quality. Planned
developments are frequently re -graded. Topsoil should be salvaged from all areas and
stockpiled prior to grading. Topsoil under roads and staging areas should also be
removed and stock piled. All salvaged topsoil should be reapplied to the portions of the
development site to be revegetated. Salvage topsoil in drainages before erosion of
denuded upland areas can contaminate them.
Topsoil is best if it can be removed and hauled directly to the placement site. If storage is
necessary it should be for as short a time as possible. The topsoil should be placed in a
low mound, in a weed free area, with side slopes of 7:1 or less. A ditch and berm
structure around the pile will help reduce loss to erosion. If the pile is to remain for more
than four weeks, it should be seeded with a sterile hybrid wheatgrass such as "Regreen".
The depth of the pile should be no greater than 2-3 feet to minimize loss of living
microbial components. In general it is best to move topsoil when it is moist. Avoid
moving wet soils (may harden to brick -like consistency) or overly dry soils. Dormant
hauled soils preserve residual native seed and propagules.
App. A-61
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C. Topsoil Sources
If topsoil is to be imported to a site a soil sample or recent soil test should be obtained
from the supplier. If possible the source site should be visited to check for weed
contamination. Soil sources should be free of noxious weed species. If a prepared soil is
to be used, the organic content should only be 2 percent for native seeding areas.
(Conventional lawns and higher water usage areas may utilize higher organic matter.)
D. Topsoil Testing
Imported topsoil should be a sandy loam or loam soil as defined by the USDA Soil
Conservation Service soil Classification system, as follows:
Textural Class % Total Weight Average %
Sand (0.05-2.0 mm dia. Range) 45 to 75 60
Silt (0.002-0.05 mm dia. range) 15 to 35 25
Clay (less than 0.002 mm dia. range) 5 to 25 15
Topsoil should be free of stones over 1" in diameter (lawns and gardens) or over 4"
(native seeded areas). Topsoil should be free of debris and excessive plant litter.
Topsoil should have a pH of 6-7.5 and salinity less than 4 mmhos/cm
Soil Testing is available through the Colorado State University Extension Service:
Contact Information: CSU Soil Testing Lab, Ft. Collins, Colorado
Phone: 970-491-5061
Fax: 970-491-2930
Web: www.colostate.edu/Depts/SoilCrop/soillab.html
Cost: Routine Analysis = $18.00 (as of 6/03)
Procedure: Application & Instruction Forms follow
E. Soil Amendments
It is best to plan native and drought tolerant vegetation around the existing soil
conditions. If extreme soil conditions exist, some amendments may improve the soil
conditions:
1. pH
If the pH is very high it may be possible to adjust by adding aluminum sulfate. Soil
in the Front Range tends to have a high pH and thus, does not generally require the
addition of lime, which would further elevate the pH value.
2. Texture
Soil texture effects water availability within soils. Very sandy soils do not retain
water well. Very clayey soils do not allow water to penetrate or drain easily. Organic
matter may improve both of these extreme soils. Native or to low water usage
landscapes generally no more than 2 percent organic matter. Generally, if sandy or
App. A-62
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clay soils are amended, 2 cubic yards of composted organic matter/1000 square feet is
adequate. To improve deep root penetration in a heavy clay or sandy subsoil (under
all water usage levels of landscape) apply 2 cubic yards of compost prior to re-
application of topsoil. All compost should be deeply ripped into the soil at least 12
inches. This helps with root penetration into the deeper layers of the soil and makes
all landscape types more drought tolerant. Avoid over-working the soil to preserve
the soil structure.
3. Organic Amendment
Organic amendments should be composted. Compost may be a mixture of manures
(not from stock yards, which may be high in salts), yard wastes (ground grass
clippings, leaves and branches), organic byproducts such as brewery wastes, and
sewage sludge (should not be used alone due to a high clay content.) Prepared topsoil
companies maintain sanitary controlled compost production and are a good source of
organic amendments.
4. Nutrient Amendment
Nutrient amendments may not be required for native vegetation. Macro nutrient
(N,P,K) levels are low in native prairies. Addition of nutrients to native and drought
tolerant planting areas may encourage weeds and damage root systems. If topsoil is
very poor or lacking, a slow release organic amendment such as Biosol may be added
at a rate of 800 to 1200 pounds per acre to improve plant growth.
App. A-63
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SUGGESTED INSTRUCTIONS FOR SUHF4ITTING SOIL SAMPLES
Use the following steps to submit sail samples:
1_ Obtain a spade, trowel, soil tube, or sail auger free of rust and soil.
Dig 5-10 samples (depending on the size of the area) from the soil depth where your plants
will be rootingthe samples should represent a uniform artavonsisting of land that is
similar in slope, texture, drainage, or other characteristics that make the soil the same. A
front and back yard would most Iikely be very similar to each other, however a garden area
maybe different Trona a turf gran area.
3. Place all of the samples into a plastic container and mix welt to get your ficial sample for
submittal to the lab. If possible, air dry the sample by spreading it out on paper towels.
4. Remove about 1 1/2 - 2 pints of soil from the container and place it in a plastic bag or sol
sample bag.
Seal the bag and label the sample with natne, address and location of the sample_
6. Complete this soil sample information form as much as possible and include it with the soil
sample_
7. Mail the sample to the lab using the following address:
Soil,' Water and Plant Testing Laboratory
Colorado Shute University
Room A 319 NESS
Fort Collins, CO 80523-1120
8. Be sure 10 keep samples Cool before mailingif samples heat up; the nitrogen readings can
change dramatically. Keeping the samples in the shade will prevent excessive heating..
9_ DQ NOT PREPAY, you volt be billed for the analysis.
10. The lab DOES NOT do herbicide or pesticide analysis.
11 • If you have additional questions please contact the lab at: (970) 491-5061 or your local
county Cooperative Extension agent,
SOIL TESTS AVAILABLE
TEST
ltoufi r p}l, soluble salts,
organic matter, name -
nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium,
zinc, iron, lime (estimate),
texture,
capper and manganese.
COMMENTS
Basic evaluation for characterizing the sail Fertility status for
growing crops. a fertilizer t+eoomendathan is given. Normally this
test is sufficient unless a special problem is suspected_
Subsoil Nitrate
Subsoil Salinity
Evaluation of nitrate supply below soil surface. Fertilizer nitrogen
recommendation based on routine soil test of surface soil is
adjusted
ifsubsoit nitrate is unusually high_
It is important to determine the salt content of subsoil for crop
• management_
Sodium Evaluation -
sodium adsorption ratio
(ratio of
sodium to calcium and
magnesium),gypsum, and
%a lime.
Routine plus Sodium
B+ alu antion
Some Colorado soils contain excess sodium. This test
determines whether or not chemical arnetitlmeals such as gypsum
or sulfur will he
e ffective and the amounts of these materials needed.
Huron, Sulfate and
Molybdenum
See above explanations.. A taeommendation for fertilizer and/or
amendments for sodium reclamation is given_
Colorado soils timidly have sufficient quantities of these
nutrients.
However, in some sails near mine sites, boron or molybdenum
maybe
found in toxic quantities.
Form from the CSU Soil -Water -Plant Laboratory website
<vvww.colostate.edu/Depts/SoilCrop/soillab.html>
App. A-64
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SOILSAMPLEINFORMATIONFORHORTICL-LTUR ALAPPLICATIONS - PLEASE PRINT ]N
LANDSCAPE MODE!
See the reverse side for sampling information SOIL, WATER & PLANT TESTING LABORATORY
CLIEN TYPE(Check One)
DATE: Homeowner
FELL NAIVE: Dealers!Distributor
SSN: Lawn Care Company
ADDRESS: Golf Course
Nursery /Garden Center
CITY: STATE: Other
ZIPCODE:
PHONE:
COUNTY:
SAMPLEID:
FAX:
The following information will help us give you a written
explanation of the laboratory results:
PL EASE CI RC L E. A I . L TH A TAP PLY.
1. The sample is from:
A. Lawn E. Golf course
B. Vegetable garden F. Container plantings
C. Flower bed G. Reclamation site
D. Greenhouse H. Other (please specify)
Operator
Extension Agent
Regulatory Agency
Consultant
GovenrmenvSchool
PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE
PLEASECIRCLE
ANALYSISDESIRED
Routine(pH, conductivity,
organic matter, NO,, P, K, Zn, Fe
Cu. Mn, lime estimate, texture estimate)
Routine + Sodium Evaluation (SAR)
Routine + Boron, Molybdenum,
Cadmium, Lead
Routine + Nitrate OR Salinity on Subsoil
Routine + Salinity + Nitrate on Subsoil
NOTE: A subsoil is a separate sample taken 6" underneath
your surface sample.
MINIMUM CHARGE
2. What do you plan to grow at the site or what is currently growing at the site?
A. Vegetables B. Flowers C. Turfgrass (How old is the lawn?) D. Trees
If you are growing turf please answer the following : lithe lawn is established was it:
Is this site to be Seeded Sodded? Seeded Sodded
E. Other
Ls it an existing lawn?
3. Will this site be 4.1f yes which method?
irrigated/watered? A. Sprinkler C. Drip
Yet or No B. Flood D. Other please specify
6. About how much water do you apply each time you irrigate/water?
A. Less than 1 inch. B. 1-3 inches C. 4-6 inches D. More than 6 inches
5.If sprinkler is used is it:
A. Automatic C. Hose end
B. In ground D. Other
7. How often do you irrigate/water'. Daily
Once per week Twice per week Other
8.If possible, indicate the types of previous crops or plants that grew at this site.
9. What have you added or plan to add to the soil?
10. Is there a specific problem with this site? Yes No
If yes, please describe the problem, what caused the problem and why you think it was the cause (use a separate sheet if necessary).
11. If you wish to have a fertilizer recommendation based on organic fertilizers please answer the following questions.
What is the type of material that will be used for organic fertilizer?
A. Composted manure B. Composted sludge C. Other
Do you know the nutrient levels in the organic fertilizer?Yes No
If so please supply the following information for the organic fertilizer.
nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium
pH
Salts (mmhosfcm)
Additional Comments:
By accepting service or goods, I agree to submit payment in full to Colorado State University upon receipt of invoice
or University Billing Statement.Late payment charges of 1.5% per month and other penalties specified may he
assessed for late payment.
Please call lab for prices. ressea to -1 t -tom
Form from the CSU Soil -Water -Plant Laboratory website
<www.colostate.edu/Depts/SoilCrop/soillab.html>
App. A-65
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WaterWise Landscaping
Best Practices
Section 6 — Irrigation Design Techniques and Equipment
The following information builds upon some of the Guidelines described above in Section 2,
Principle #5.
A. Consider plant water requirements in irrigation design schemes
1. Each valve should irrigate a landscape with similar site, slope and soil conditions and
plant material with similar watering needs.
2. Soil types, infiltration rate & slopes should be considered in order to avoid runoff, &
overspray, where water flows onto adjacent property, non -irrigated areas, walks,
roadways, or structures. Proper irrigation equipment, schedules, and repeat cycles should
be used to minimizing runoff.
3. Special attention should be given to avoid runoff from slopes, and to avoid overspray in
planting areas with a width less than ten feet, like medians.
4. Turf and non -turf areas should be irrigated on separate valves.
5. Drip emitters and sprinklers should be place on separate valves.
6. Bubblers for trees should be placed on a separate valve. Bubbler selected should not
exceed 1.5 gallons per minute (gpm) for each device.
7. Hand watering may be considered for Low and Very Low hydrozones.
B. Employ hydraulic principles when designing the irrigation system.
1. The irrigation system should be designed to provide peak season irrigation within a six
night, six hour per night watering period.
2. The tap size should be based on the water demand of the site and will take into
consideration the areas of each plant type (i.e., turf, native seed, perennials and annuals
and shrubs), the evapotranspiration for the site, the water demand of each plant type at
peak season, and the water window.
3. The maximum flow rate required for the site should be based on the tap size:
3/4" meter 15 gallons per minute
1" meter 25 gpm
1.5" meter 50 gpm
2" meter 80 gpm
4. The mainline system should be designed such that velocities within the mainline piping
do not exceed five feet per second.
5. A reduced pressure backflow preventer should be used on all systems. Where the
irrigation point of connection is from the domestic water service, the irrigation tap and
backflow preventer shall be installed after the water meter but before any backflow or
pressure -reducing valve for the building.
6. A pressure -reducing valve should be used when the static water pressure exceeds the
pressure needed by the system by 15 pounds per square inch (psi). Pressure reducing
valves can be installed within the project, on the mainline or at the valve, if elevation
changes require it.
App. A-66
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7. Turf and grass area design principles:
a. No single zone should mix head types, such as rotors and pop-up spray heads on
the same zone.
b. Sprinklers should be spaced for "head-to-head" coverage, where the spray pattern
from one head will reach to the next head. (Another way to describe this is that
all sprinkler heads should be spaced at a maximum of 50% of design
performance diameter of the sprinkler.) Spacing should be reduced below 50%
of design performance diameter when conditions demand.
c. No overhead sprinkler irrigation systems should be installed in strips less than 8
feet wide.
d. Small areas (25 ft wide or less) should be irrigated with fixed nozzle pop-up
spray heads with matched precipitation nozzles. Nozzles should be sized to
provide head to head coverage. Heads shall pop-up a minimum of 4" in turf
areas. Heads can be specified with pressure reducing features, where needed.
e. Large areas (wider than 25 ft) should be irrigated with gear driven rotor heads
with a minimum precipitation rate of 0.45" per hour for a full circle head. Heads
should pop-up a minimum of 4" in turf areas.
f. Check valves should be included in heads or valves where low -head drainage
will occur due to elevation changes. See irrigation head catalogs for elevation
change tolerances.
8. Shrub bed areas with plant material one gallon in size or larger should be irrigated with a
drip or subsurface system.
9. Perennial and annual beds should be spray irrigated with 12" pop-up spray heads with a
maximum spacing of 10' on center.
10. Booster pumps should be installed on systems where supply pressure does not meet
minimum recommended pressure of the irrigation system, based on hydraulic
calculations.
11. Where the water supplied will be from secondary or other non -potable water sources, the
use of non -potable color indicators on the equipment is recommended. This includes
purple handles on quick coupler valves and gate valve, caps for irrigation heads, valve
box lids and marker tape buried above the mainline
12. All systems should be equipped with an automatic rain shut-off device.
13. All wire connections should be made with watertight connectors and contained in a valve
box.
C. Employ irrigation control systems that offer flexibility in programming.
1. All irrigation systems should include an electric automatic controller with multiple
programs and multiple repeat and rest cycle capabilities and a flexible calendar program.
2. All controllers should be capable of temporarily shutting down the system by utilizing
internal/external options such as rain and wind sensors.
3. The controller should have the ability to adjust run times based on a percentage of
maximum ET (evapotranspiration) rate.
4. Each zone/valve should have its own station on the controller. The exception is drip
valves, which can be doubled on the controller.
D. Ensure installation of irrigation system is per plan and is accurate.
1. Irrigation system should be installed per plans.
App. A-67
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2. The irrigation system should be monitored during installation, especially to verify
mainline and lateral line depth, spacing of irrigation heads and construction of valve
clusters and quick coupler components.
3. Mainline should be tested to ensure its ability to maintain required pressure for 2 hours.
4. Before acceptance, each zone should be operated and each valve box opened to verify
accurate installation.
E. Provide "as -built" drawings of irrigation system after installation with dimensions shown
for irrigation components.
1. The "as -built" drawings should show all points of connection, including tap size, line size
and static water pressure of service. Dimensions that will be used to locate components
shall be shown on plans. Components to be located include meters, backflow preventers,
all valves, including quick coupler, control, gate, and manual drain valves, and controller
locations.
2. The drawings should also show zone number, valve size and gallons per minute.
F. Operate systems to maximize irrigation water efficiency.
1. Irrigation should be scheduled to operate between 10 PM and 8 AM to reduce water loss
from wind and evaporation and to take advantage of the better water pressure.
2. The target efficiency for rotor heads should be 70%, and 55% for spray heads.
3. Program valves for multiple repeat cycles to reduce runoff, especially on slopes and with
soils with slow infiltration rates.
4. All zone run times should be determined based on the precipitation rate of the heads on
that zone. The run times should be adjusted seasonally and at least once a month to
accommodate the ET rate.
5. System should be winterized in the fall using a compressor to remove water in the lines
and components. System should be reopened and adjusted for proper operation in the
spring.
6. After each mowing, each zone should be operated for a very short period of time to verify
the heads are operating as designed and no damage has occurred.
7. When repairs are made, the new components installed should match exactly those
damaged and removed.
8. Run times for zones should be adjusted based on exposure (north and east vs. south and
west), slope and soil types to reduce overwatering.
App. A-68
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WaterWise Landscaping
Best Practices
Section 7 — Water Budgeting
A. Calculating a Water Budget
A Water Budget is the target amount of water a landowner should use in a typical watering
season. This target provides simple -to -achieve, realistic goals for landscape irrigation. Water
Budgeting focuses less on watering time limits, and is more concerned with a user's water
allotment and reducing over -watering. This form can help any user create a target Water Budget
from which to work.
The information below will help guide you through the Water Budget Worksheet on the following
page.
Step 1. ET Reference Location:
Because climate conditions vary throughout Colorado, the rate at which water evaporates (evaporation)
and the rate at which plants use water (transpiration) varies in different areas of the state. Based on those
climatic differences, it is important to identify the general Evapo-Transpiration (ET) Reference Locations
in which you are located. The four largest regions can be categorized as: Denver, Colorado Springs,
Grand Junction and Pueblo.
Step 2. Gallons of Water Needed by Plant Category:
Different plants have different water needs. A plant list that identifies the water needs of landscape plants
(High, Moderate, Low, Very Low) is included in Section Three of this Best Practices Manual. The ET
Rates are provided on the worksheet, and will need to be applied in the calculations in Step 4 below.
Step 3. Irrigation Areas (zones) based on Plant Water Need Category:
Both automatic irrigation systems and hand -placed yard sprinklers deliver water to plants by watering
areas or "zones", and have set watering amounts determined by you, the user. If you have High water
need plants within Low or Very Low water plant groupings, the entire area must be considered a High-
water area and irrigated as such; however some plants may be over -watered if this occurs. The area of
each watering zone can be determined by physically measuring the zone, and multiplying Length (in feet)
by Width (in feet). The resulting areas (in square feet, or S.F.) can be entered in Step 4 below.
Step 4. Water -Use Calculations:
Fill in the blanks with area and water need per zone. For example, in the Denver region you might have
an area of 300 S.F. in a High Water Zone that would require 20 gallons of water per S.F. After
multiplying you would find that area requires 6,000 gallons of water per season.
After calculating the irrigation needs of all areas, determine your average overall water needs per season.
To do this, add the total gallons needed for all zones, and divide by the total Square Footage for all zones.
The average for the overall site needs to be no more than 15 gallons per S.F. per season. If your average
is more than this, you might consider modifyin g your planting layout to create more Low/Very Low
Water Zones that would balance your High/Moderate Water Zones, and reduce over -watering.
App. A-69
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Best Practices
B. Water Budget Worksheet
1. ET Reference Location:
Identify the general Evapo-Transpiration (ET) Reference Location in which you are located. The four largest regions are listed
below and include surrounding metropolitan areas:
Denver Colorado Springs Grand Junction
Pueblo
2. Gallons of Water Needed by Plant Category:
Determine the water needs of the various plants in your design. A plant list that identifies water needs (High, Moderate, Low,
Very Low) is included in Section Three of this Best Practices Manual.
Plant Water Need Category Gallons of Water used (ET Rate)*
H = High water plants (20 gallons/SF/season -- Denver)
M = Moderate water plants (10 gallons/SF/season -- Denver)
L = Low water plants (0-3 gallons/SF/season -- Denver)
VL = Very Low water plants (no irrigation needed; typical rainfall is sufficient)
The ET Rates for regions other than Denver are not yet accurate. One might assume that the ETR for Colorado Springs is 10%
less than Denver's, and those for Grand Junction and Pueblo may be as much as 25% higher than Denver's.
3. Irrigation Areas (zones) based on Plant Water Need Category:
Identify each zone requiring irrigation, and calculate the area (in square feet) of each zone. If plants are already installed
and/or not grouped together by water need, pick the highest water need category included in each zone.
4. Water -Use Calculations:
HIGH WATER ZONES: S.F. x ( gals./S.F.) = gals / season
MODERATE WATER ZONES: S.F. x ( gals. /S.F.) = gals / season
LOW WATER ZONES: S.F. x ( gals./S.F.) = gals / season
VERY LOW WATER ZONES: S.F. x ( gals./S.F.) = gals / season
TOTAL gallons needed by ALL ZONES: = gals / season
TOTAL Square Feet (S.F.) of ALL ZONES: = S.F.
*AVERAGE GALS./S.F./SEASON, ALL ZONES: Total Gals / Total SF = gals / season
*The average needs to be a maximum of 15 gals. /S.F. /season.
App. A-70
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WaterWise Landscaping
Best Practices
Section 8 — Additional Resources
Water Conservation Internet Sources
• Waterwiser, National Water Efficiency Clearinghouse, www.waterwiser.org
• Water Saver Home, www.h2ouse.org
• U.S. Geologic Survey, Water use in the United States, www.water.usgs.gov/watuse
• Western States Water Council, www.westgov.org/wswc
• Colorado Water Conservation Board, www.cwcb.state.co.us
• Colorado Nonpoint Source Program, www.ourwater.com
• Denver Water, www.water.denver.co.gov/indexmain.html
• WaterSaver from Denver Water, www.watersaver.org
WaterWise Landscaping Internet Sources
• GreenCO Best Management Practices, www.grennco.org/bmp_list.html
• National Association of Irrigation Design/ Certification, www.irrigation.org/certification.html
• American Nursery and Landscape Association, www.anla.org
• Associated Landscape Contractors of Colorado, www.alcc.com
• Smart Gardening, www.smartgardening.com
• Xeriscaping, www.xeriscape.org
• Colorado State University Horticulture Department, www.hla.agsci.coloradostate.edu
• CSU Cooperative Extension Service, www.ext.colostate.edu/garden
• Colorado Nurseries, www.colorado-nusery-assn.org
App. A-71
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Page 69 of 71
• Gardening Colorado, www.gardeningcolorado.com
• Xeriscape Gardening, www.xratedgardening.com
Seed and Plant Sources
• Garden Centers of Colorado, www.gardencentersofcolorado.org
• Colorado Native Plant Society, www.carbon.cudenver.edu/shill/conps.html
• High Country Gardens, www.highcountrygardens.com
• Arkansas Valley Seed Solutions, www.seedsolutions.com
• Rocky Mountain Sod Growers Association, www.rockymountainsodgrowers.com
Demonstration Gardens
• Colorado Xeriscape Demonstration Gardens, www.xeriscape.org/demogardens.html
Waterwise Gardening Books
• The Xeriscape Flower Gardener, Jim Knopf, Boulder, CO, Johnson Books, 2003
• Waterwise Landscaping with Trees, Shrubs, and Vines, Jim Knopf
• Xeriscape Plant Guide, Rob Proctor/David Winger, Fulcrum Publishing, 1996
• Xeriscape Handbook, Gayle Weinstein/ David Winger, Fulcrum Publishing, 2003
• Xeriscape Color Guide, David Winger/Denver Water, Fulcrum Publishing, 1998
• Western Garden Book, Kathleen Norris Brenzel, Sunset Publishing, 2001
• Water -Efficient Landscape Guidelines, Richard E Bennett/ Michael S. Hazinski, American
Water Works Association, 1993
• The Rocky Mountain Perennial Plant Guide, Colorado Nursery Association, 1995
• Rocky Mountain Plant Guide, Colorado Nursery Association, 1993
App. A-72