Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAboutSubsoil Studyl(+rliiffi lfi'.ffifi rui*r'YÊü**' An Employcc Owncd Compqny 5020 County Road 154 Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 phone: (970) 945-7988 fax: (970) 945-8454 email: kaglenwood@kumarusa.com www'kumarusa.com Office Locations: Denver (HQ), Parker, Colorado Springs, Fort Collins, Glenwood Springs, and Summit County, Colorado RECËIVED F',Ëß [i $ ;lüti G.ARFIELD COUNTY COMMUNITY DEVELOÞMENT SUBSOIL STT]DY FOR FOT]IIDATION DESIGN PROPOSED RESIDENCE 2053 GRASS MESA ROAI) GARFIELD COUNTY, COLORADO PROJECT NO.20-7-691 JANUARY 19,2021 PREPARED FOR: MICIIAEL RITTER P.O. BOX 423 SILT, COLORADO 81652 mcritter(Dlive.com TABLE OF CONTENTS PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF STUDY PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION SITE CONDITIONS..... FIELD EXPLORATION SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS FOUNDATION BEARING CONDITIONS ....... DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOUNDATIONS FOUNDATION AND RETAINING WALLS ..... FLOOR SLABS I.INDERDRAIN SYSTEM ....... SURFACE DRAINAGE LIMITATIONS........... FIGURE 1 - LOCATION OF EXPLORATORY BORINGS FIGURE 2 - LOGS OF EXPLORATORY BORINGS FIGURE 3 - LEGEND AND NOTES FIGURES 4 &, 5 - SWELL-CONSOLIDATION TEST RESULTS FIGURE 6 - GRADATION TEST RESULTS TABLE 1- SUMMARY OF LABORATORY TEST RESULTS .........- 1 - -1 1 .-6- Kumar & Associates, lnc. o Proiect No. 20-7-691 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF STUDY This report presents the results ofa subsoil study for a proposed residence to be located at 2053 Grass Mesa Road, Garfield County, Colorado. The project site is shown on Figure 1. The pu{pose of the study was to develop recommendations for the foundation design. The study was conducted in accordance with our agreement for geotechnical engineering services to Michael Ritter dated November 10,2020. A field exploration program consisting of exploratory borings was conducted to obtain information on the subsurface conditions. Samples of the subsoils obtained during the field exploration were tested in the laboratory to determine their classification, compressibility or swell and other engineering characteristics. The results of the field exploration and laboratory testing were analyzed to develop recommendations for foundation types, depths and allowable pressures for the proposed building foundation. This report summarizes the data obtained during this study and presents our conclusions, design recommendations and other geotechnical engineering considerations based on the proposed conskuction and the subsurface conditions encountered. PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION The proposed residence will be a one-story wood frame strucfure with attached garage. Ground floors will be a combination of structural over crawlspace and slab-on-grade for the garage. Grading for the structure is assumed to be relatively minor with cut depths between about I to 5 feet. We assume relatively light foundation loadings, typical of the proposed type of construction. If building loadings, location or grading plans change significantly from those described above, we should be notified to re-evaluate the recommendations contained in this report. SITE CONDITIONS The subject site was vacant at the time of our field exploration. The ground surface is relatively flat with a slight slope down to the north. Vegetation consists of grass, weeds, sage brush, and pinyon trees. Kumar & Associates, lnc. @ Project No. 20.7-691 ,l F'IELD EXPLORATION The field exploration for the project was conducted on December 15,2020. Two exploratory borings were drilled at the locations shown on Figure I to evaluate the subsurface conditions. The borings were advanced with 4 inch diameter continuous flight augers powered by a truck- mounted CME-458 drill rig. The borings were logged by a representative of Kumar & Associates,Inc. Samples of the subsoils were taken with 1% inch and 2 inch I.D. spoon samplers. The samplers were driven into the subsoils at various depths with blows from a 140 pound hammer falling 30 inches. This test is similar to the standard penetration test described by ASTM Method D-l586. The penetration resistance values îre an indication of the relative density or consistency of the subsoils. Depths at which the samples were taken and the penetration resistance values are shown on the Logs of Exploratory Borings, Figure 2, The samples were returned to our laboratory for review by the project engineer and testing. SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS Graphic logs of the subsurface conditions encountered at the site are shown on Figure 2. The subsoils consist of about I foot of topsoil overlying hard, silty sandy clay soils to between 7 to 11 feet deep underlain by dense, silty sand and gravel to the maximum explored depth of 21 feet. Laboratory testing performed on samples obtained from the borings included natural moisture content, density, Atterberg limits testing and gradation anaþses. Results of swell-consolidation testing performed on relatively undisturbed drive samples of the clay, presented on Figure 4, indicate low to moderate compressibility under existing moisture conditions and light loading and a low collapse to moderate swell potential when wetted. Results of gradation analyses performed on small diameter drive samples (minus lYz-inch fraction) of the coarse granular subsoils are shown on Figure 5. The laboratory testing is summarized in Table 1. No free water was encountered in the borings at the time of drilling and the subsoils were slightly moist to moist. FOUNDATION BEARING CONDITIONS The upper clay soils possess low bearing capacity and low to moderate swell potential when wetted. The underlying sand and gravel soils possess moderate bearing capacity and typically low sefflement potential. Spread footings placed on a depth of compacted structural fill can be Kumar & Associates, lnc. @ Project No. 20-7-691 -J- used for support of the proposed residence with a risk of differential foundation movement possibly resulting in distress to the residence if the bearing soils become wetted. The structural fill should consist of a suitable granular imported material such as 34-inchroad base. If site grading or excavations expose a suffîcient quantity of granular material it can be processed and used as structural fitl. A lower risk option would be to extend the bearing level down to the underlying gravel soils using a deep foundation system such as helical piers or by constructing a basement level. DESIGN RECOMMEI\DATIONS FOUNDATIONS Considering the subsurface conditions encountered in the exploratory borings and the nature of the proposed construction, the building be founded with spread footings bearing on a minimum of 3 feet of compacted structural fill. The design and construction criteria presented below should be observed for a spread footing foundation system. 1) Footings placed on 3 feet of compacted structural {ill should be designed for an allowable bearing pressure of 2,000 psf. Based on experience, we expect movement of footings designed and constructed as discussed in this section will be about 1 inch or less. Additional, post conskuction, movement could occur if the underlying clay soils become wetted. The magnitude of the additional movement would depend on the depth and extent of wetting but could be on the order of 1 inch. 2) The footings should have a minimum width of 16 inches for continuous walls and 2 feet for isolated pads. 3) Exterior footings and footings beneath unheated areas should be provided with adequate soil cover above their bearing elevation for frost protection. Placement of foundations at least 36 inches below exterior grade is typically used in this atea. 4) Continuous foundation walls should be reinforced top and bottom to span local anomalies such as by assuming an unsupported length of at least 10 feet. Foundation walls acting as retaining strucíres should also be designed to resist lateral earth pressures as discussed in the "Foundation and Retaining Walls" section ofthis report. Kumar & Associates, lnc. @ Project No. 20-7-691 -4- Topsoil and any loose disturbed soils should be removed and the footing areas sub-excavated down 3 feet below proposed bearing grade and the sub-excavated depth backfilled with compacted skuctural fill. The exposed soils should be scarified to a depth of I inches moisture conditioned to near optimum and compacted. Structural fill should extend laterally beyond the edges of the footing a distance equal to the depth of fill below the footing. A representative ofthe geotechnical engineer should observe all footing excavations prior to concrete placement to evaluate bearing conditions. FOTINDATION AND RETAINING WALLS Foundation walls and retaining structures which are laterally supported and can be expected to undergo only a slight amount of deflection should be designed for a lateral earth pressure computed on the basis of an equivalent fluid unit weight of at least 55 pcf for backfill consisting of the on-site fine-grained soils and at least 45 pcf for backfill consisting of on-site or imported granular materials. Cantilevered retaining structures which are separate from the residence and can be expected to deflect sufficiently to mobilize the full active earth pressure condition should be designed for a lateral earth pressure computed on the basis of an equivalent fluid unit weight of at least 45 pcf for backfill consisting of the on-site fine-grained soils and at least 35 pcf for backfill consisting of on-site or imported granular materials. All foundation and retaining structures should be designed for appropriate hydrostatic and surcharge pressures such as adjacent footings, traffic, construction materials and equipment. The pressures recommended above assume drained conditions behind the walls and ahonzontal backfill surface. The buildup of water behind a wall or an upward sloping backfill surface will increase the lateral pressure imposed on a foundation wall or retaining structure. An underdrain should be provided to prevent hydrostatic pressure buildup behind walls. Backfill should be placed in uniform lifts and compacted to at least 90o/o of the maximum standard Proctor density at a moisture content slightly above optimum. Backfill in pavement and walkway areas should be compacted to at least95%o of the maximum standard Proctor density. Care should be taken not to overcompact the backfill or use large equipment near the wall, since this could cause excessive lateral pressure on the wall. Some settlement of deep foundation wall backfill should be expected, even if the material is placed correctly, and could result in distress to facilities constructed on the backfill. s) 6) Kumar & Associates, lnc. @ Project No. 20-7-691 5 The lateral resistance of foundation or retaining wall footings will be a combination of the sliding resistance of the footing on the foundation materials and passive earth pressure against the side of the footing. Resistance to sliding at the bottoms of the footings can be calculated based on a coeffìcient of friction of 0.45. Passive pressure of compacted backfill against the sides of the footings can be calculated using an equivalent fluid unit weight of 325 pcf. The coefficient of friction and passive pressure values recommended above assume ultimate soil strength. Suitable factors of safety should be included in the design to limit the strain which will occur at the ultimate strength, particularly in the case of passive resistance. Fill placed against the sides of the footings to resist lateral loads should be a nonexpansive material compacted to at IeastglYo of the maximum standard Proctor density at a moisture content near optimum. FLOOR SLABS The natural on-site soils, exclusive of topsoil, are suitable to support lightly loaded slab-on-grade construction. To reduce the effects of some differential movement, floor slabs should be separated from all bearing walls and columns with expansion joints which allow unrestrained vertical movement. Floor slab control joints should be used to reduce damage due to shrinkage cracking. The requirements for joint spacing and slab reinforcement should be established by the designer based on experience and the intended slab use. A minimum 4 inch layer of relatively well graded gtavel should be placed beneath basement level slabs for support. This material should consist of minus 2-inchaggregate with at least 50% retained on the No. 4 sieve and less thanl2%o passing the No. 200 sieve. All fill materials for support of floor slabs should be compacted to at least 95% of maximum standard Proctor density at a moisture content near optimum. Required fill can consist of the on- site granular soils or a suitable imported granular soil devoid of vegetation, topsoil and oversized rock. T]NDERDRAIN SYSTEM Atthough free water was not encountered during our exploration, it has been our expenence ln the area, and where clay soils are present, that local perched groundwater can develop during times of heavy precipitation or seasonal runoff. Frozen ground during spring runoff can create a perched condition. We recommend below-grade construction, such as retaining walls, crawlspace and basement areas, be protected from wetting and hydrostatic pressure buildup by an underdrain system. Kumar & Associates, lnc. o Project No. 20-7-691 -6- The drains should consist of drainpipe placed in the bottom of the wall backfill surrounded above the invert level with free-draining granular material. The drain should be placed at each level of excavation and at least 1 foot below lowest adjacent finish grade and sloped at a minimum 17o to a suitable gfavity outlet. Free-draining granular material used in the underdrain system should contain less than 2o/opassingthe No. 200 sieve, less than 50% passing the No. 4 sieve and have a maximum size of 2 inches. The drain gravel backfill should be at least lYzfeet deep. An impervious membrane such as 20 mllPVC should be placed beneath the drain gravel in a trough shape and attached to the foundation wall with mastic to prevent wetting of the bearing soils SURFACE DRAINAGE The following drainage precautions should be observed during construction and maintained at all times after the residence has been completed: 1) lnundation ofthe foundation excavations and underslab areas should be avoided during construction. 2) Exterior backfrll should be adjusted to near optimum moisture and compacted to at least 95Yo of the maximum standard Proctor density in pavement and slab areas and to at least 90Yo of the maximum standard Proctor density in landscape areas. 3) The ground surface surrounding the exterior of the building should be sloped to drain away from the foundation in all directions. We recommend a minimum slope of 12 inches in the first 10 feet in unpaved areas and a minimum slope of 3 inches in the first 10 feet in paved areas. Free-draining wall backfill should be capped with about 2 feet of the on-site finer-graded soils to reduce surface water infiltration. 4) Roof downspouts and drains should discharge well beyond the limits of all ' backfill. 5) Landscaping which requires regular heavy irrigation should be located at least l0 feet from foundation walls. LIMITATIONS This study has been conducted in accordance with generally accepted geotechnical engineering principles and practices in this area at this time. We make no warranty either express or implied. The conclusions and recommendations submitted in this report are based upon the data obtained from the exploratory borings drilled at the locations indicated on Figure 1, the proposed fype of Kumar & Associates, lnc. o Project No. 20-7-69'l 1 construction and our experience in the area. Our selices do not include determining the presence, prevention or possibility of mold or other biological contaminants (MOBC) developing in the future. If the client is concerned about MOBC, then a professional in this special field of practice should be consulted. Our finclings include interpolation and extrapolation of the subsurface conditions identified at the exploratory borings and variations in the subsurface conditions may not become evident until excavation is performed. If conditions encountered during construction appear different from those described in this report, we should be notified so that re-evaluation of the recommendations may be made. This report has been prepared for the exclusive use by our client for design purposes. We are not respo¡sible for technical interpretations by others of our information. As the project evolves, we should provide contin'ued consultation and field selices during construction to review and monitor the implementation of our recommendations, and to verifo that the recommendations have been appropriately interpreted. Significant design changes may require additional analysis or modifications to the recommendations presented herein. We recommend on-site obseruation of excavations and foundation bearing strata and testing of structural fill by a representative of the geotechnical engineer. Respectfully Subrnitted, l{us¡rar & AssceiaÉcs, årae. James H. Parsons, E.I. Reviewed by: Daniel E. JHPlkac Kumar & Associates, lnc. ii Project No, 20-7-691 .?' "t { ¡ I r.f. r û ¡ Í.f,t tíç f'r !.{;.i * * 1 50 300 APPROXIMATE SCALE-FEET MESA ROAD s 20-7 -691 Kumar & Associates LOCATION OF EXPLORATORY BORINGS Fig. 1 Ê ö è BORING I EL. 1 00' BORING 2 EL. 98' o 48/12 tNC=12.7 DD=83 -200=56 LL=81 Pl=46 0 48/ 12 WC=13.5 DD=81 5 5 50/12 WC=12.4 DD= 1 00 41/12 WC=19.0 DD=84 -200= l 8 10 10 FtJ L¡J LL I-Fo- t¡Jo 36/12 WC=6.3 50/ 1 ¡-]JLIt¡- I-F(L t¡JÕ +4=24 -2OO=32 15 50/ 4 15 50/ 4 20 20 so/1 25 25 20-7-691 Kumar & Associates LOGS OF EXPLORATORY BORINGS Fig. 2 3 LEGEND N TOPSOIL; CLAY, SANDY, ORGANICS, FIRM, MOIST, BROWN. CLAY (CL); SANDY, SILTY, HARD, SLIGHTLY MOIST, PALE BROWN. W SAND AND GRAVEL (GM-SM); SILTY, DENSE, SLIGHTLY MOIST' GRAY AND BROWN. F i DRIVE SAMPLE, 2_INCH I.D. CALIFORNIA LINER SAMPLE. DRTVE SAMPLE, 1 S/8-INCH l.D. SPLIT SPOON STANDARD PENETRATION TEST ,.T.^ DRIVE SAMPLE BLOW COUNT. INDICATES THAT 48 BLOWS OF A 140-POUND HAMMER4c'/ t¿ FALLTNc 30 TNCHES WERE REQUIRED To DRIVE THE SAMPLER f 2 lNcHES. NOTES 1. THE EXPLORATORY BORINGS WERE DRILLED ON DECEMBER 15,2O2O WITH A 4-INCH-DIAMETER CONTINUOUS_FLIGHT POWER AUGER. 2. lHE LOCATIONS OF THE EXPLORATORY BORINGS WERE MEASURED APPROXIMATELY BY PACING FROM FEATURES SHOWN ON THE SITE PLAN PROVIDED. 3. THE ELEVATIONS OF THE EXPLORATORY BORINGS WERE MEASURED BY HAND LEVEL AND REFER TO BORING 1 AS ASSUMED lOO' BENCHMARK. 4. THE EXPLORATORY BORING LOCATIONS AND ELEVATIONS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED ACCURATE ONLY TO THE DEGREE IMPLIED BY THE METHOD USED. 5. THE LINES BETWEEN MATERIALS SHOWN ON THE EXPLORATORY BORING LOGS REPRESENT THE APPROXIMATE BOUNDARIES BETWEEN MATERIAL TYPES AND THE TRANSITIONS MAY BE GRADUAL. 6. GROUNDWATER WAS NOT ENCOUNTERED IN THE BORINGS AT THE TIME OF DRILLING. 7. LABORATORY TEST RESULTS: WC = WATER CONTENT (%) (ASTM D2216); DD = DRY DENSITY (PCt) (ASTU D2216); +4 = PERCENTAGE RETAINED ON NO. 4 SIEVE (ASTM 06913); _2OO= PERCENTAGE PASSING NO. 2OO SIEVE (ASTM D1 1 4O); LL = LIQUID LIMIT (ASTM DA318); Pl = PLASTICITY INDEX (ASTM D4318). 20-7 -691 Kumar & Associates LEGEND AND NOTES Fig. 5 E SAMPLE OF; Sondy Cloy FROM:Boringl@5' WC = 1 2.4 %, DD = 100 pcf EXPANSION UNDER CONSTANT PRESSURE UPON WETTING t€#. ft. 5 4 JJ l¿¡ =Ø I zo t- â =oØzoo 3 2 1 0 -z -3 APPLIED PRESSURE - KSF 100 2A-7 -691 Kumar & Associates SWELL_CONSOLIDATION TEST RESULTS Fig. 4 € È SAMPLE OF: Very Sondy Cloy FROM:Boring2@2.5' WC = 13.5 %, DD = 81 pcf ADDITIONAL COMPRESSION UNDER CONSTANT PRESSURE DUE TO WETTING Èndidotid 1 0 -1 às JJ ¡¡¡ =an I zotr Õ =oØzoc) 2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 APPLIED PRESSURE - KSF t00 Fig. 5SWELL_CONSOLIDATION TEST RESULT20-7-691 Kumar & Associates HYDROMETER ANALYSIS SIEVE ANALYSIS ÎUÊ ffi^Dtf,Gs 24 HRS 7 HRS ttt¡at U.S. INDARO SEMES aia ¡to ¡a CLAR SOUARE OPENINGS afr. .t^- ,1tt' l I l l 1 l I IÍ I a roo 90 ao ,o 60 50 10 30 20 to o o to 20 30 æ s æ 70 EO 90 roo =tr -125 I DIAMETER OF IN MILLI CLAY TO SILT COBBLES GRAVEL 21 % SAND LIOUID LIMIT SAMPLE OF: Sllty Sond ond Grovel 11 % PLASTICITY INDEX SILT AND CLAY 32 % FROM:8oring1O10' lh.6c lcsl ¡.sulls opply only lo lhr somplês whlch w€ru lcsl.d. lh. tesllng rrport sholl nol bo r.produc€d, oxc.pf ln full, ullhout lh. wrlllon opprovol of Kuñor & AsÉocioloÊ, lnc. si.vâ ondlysls l.l¡ng ls pcrfomod ¡n occordonci rllh ^sTil D69f3, ASTM D7928, ASIM Cl!6 ond/or ASTM otl,ao. GRAVELSAND FINE COARSEFINEMEDTUM ICOARSE Fig. 6GRADATION TTST RESULTSKumar & Associates20-7-691 l(+rtiiçlå',ffifËtr*'"nË;*""'TABLE 1SUMMARY OF LABORATORY TEST RESULTSNo. 20-7-691Very Sandy ClayClayey SandVery Sandy ClaySOIL WPESandy ClaySilty Sand and Gravel3.9(%lSWELLlosflEXPANSIONPRESSURE461817,000MIPLASTICINDEXATTERBERG LIMITSt%ìLIQUID LIMIT81PERCENTPASSING NO,200 slR/E563244(%)SANDGRADATIONt%lGRAVEL24831001I84NATURALDRYDENSIWlncfl13.519.0t%)NATURALMOISTURECONTENT12.712.46.32Y25lfr)DEPTH2Y,50112SAMPLE LOCATIONBORING Ð qPublic.net'" Garfield County, CO Physical Address Owner Address 2053 GRASS MESA RD RIFLE 81ó50 RITTER, MICHAEL C & KENDRA M 414N GOLDEN DRIVE stLTco 81ó52 2O19Total Actual Value Overview Legend i ! earcels Roads Parcel/Account Numbers Highways - Limited Access - Híghway Major Road Local Road Minor Road Other Road Ramp *-. Ferry Pedestrian WaY Owner Name { i Lakes&Rivers - CountyBoundary Line $100,000 Last2Sales Date Price 6/t5/202O $100,000 3/27/2073 $O Account R247O24 Number Parcel 2177263æ324 Number Acres 40 LandSqFt O TaxArea I54 2019Mill Levy 67.0920 Date geated: 6/27 12O27 Lâst Data Uploaded: 6/2U2O27 2:Q2:21' lÙl Deve rooed bvGì F,"þg!"^idçt 6t2712021 qPubl¡c.net - Garfield County, CO - Property Record Card: R247O24 (ÐqPublic.net'"' Garfield County, CO 5ummary Account Parcel Property Address Legal Descr¡pt¡on Acres Land SqFt Tax Areâ MillLew SuMivision R247024 277726300324 2053 GRASS MESA RD, RIFLE,CO 81ó50 Section:2óTownship: ó Range: 93 SWSWSubdivision: GRASS MESA RANCH Lot: 22 39.9 ACRES 39.9 o l'54 67.0920 GRASS MESA RANCH View Map Owner RITTER, MICHAEL C & KENDRA M 414 N GOLDEÑ DRIVE stLï co 81ó52 Land Unit Type 35 AC TO L/T 100 AC - 0550 {VACANT LAND} Squâre Feet 0 Actual Values Assessed Year Land Aqtual lmprovement Actual Totãl Actual Assessed Values Assessed Year Land Assessed lmprovement Assessed Total Assessed Tax History Tax Year Taxes Billed 20.20 s479.72 CIick here to view the tax information for this parcel on the Garfreld Countv lleêlul€tbwþlilq Transfers 20.27 $100,000.00 $o.oo $100,000.00 202! $29.000.00 $o.oo $29,000.00 2079 $4s7.64 Grântor ANDERSON, GARLAND E; ANDERSON, DIANAM ANDERSON, GARLAND E; ANDERSON, DIANAM;... GRASS MESA HOA; GRASS MEsA RANCH ANDERSON, GARLAND E. & SAMMON, DIANAM. Grantee RITTER, MICHAEL C: RITTER, KENDRA M ANDERSON, GARLAND E; ANDERSON, DIANAM GRASS MESA RANCH GRASS MESA HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION GRASS MESA RÀNCH ANDERSON, GARLAND E; ANDERSON, DIANAM 20.20 $1oo,o0o.oo $o.oo $1æ,000.(x) 2020 $7,1so.oo $o.oo $7,150.O0 2018 $387.20 2019 $100,000.00 $o.oo $100,000.(x) 20t9 $7,15O.0o $o.oo $¿150.o0 2077 $346.4O Sale Date 6/15/2020 Deed Type WARRANTY DEED QUITCLAIM DEED DECLARATION DECLARAT¡ON Reception Number 93ó839 83341s Book Page 1522-A32 1352-962 0765- 0314 07a9- 0223 Sale Price $100,000 $o3/27/2013 2/27t20,09 8/t5/2003 787491 637370 $o $o 5/6/20'02 DECLARATION 70/6/7990 WARRANTY DEED 10/ó/79A9 QUtTCLA|M DEED QUITCLAIM DEED 602916 406698 4L7204 863997 $O ANDER5ON,GARLANDE.&SAMMON, DIANAM. $5o,ooo $o $0 ANDERSON,GARLAND E;ANDERSON, DIANAM;... No data avaílablefor the following modules: Buildings, Photos, Sketches. https://qpublic.schneidercorp.com/Appl¡cation.aspx?ApplD=1038&LayerlD=22381&PageTypelD=4&PagelD=9447&Q=2136400991&KeyValue=R247O24 112