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HomeMy WebLinkAbout1.0 ApplicationCommunity Development Department 108 8th Street, Suite 401 Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 (970) 945-8212 www.garfield-county.com LAND USE CHANGE PERMIT APPLICATION FORM TYPE OF APPLICATION Administrative Review Development in 100-Year Floodplain Limited Impact Review Development in 100-Year Floodplain Variance Major Impact Review Code Text Amendment Amendments to an Approved LUCP LIR MIR SUP Rezoning Zone District PUD PUD Amendment Minor Temporary Housing Facility Administrative Interpretation Vacation of a County Road/Public ROW Appeal of Administrative Interpretation Location and Extent Review Areas and Activities of State Interest Comprehensive Plan Amendment Accommodation Pursuant to Fair Housing Act Pipeline Development Variance Time Extension (also check type of original application) INVOLVED PARTIES Owner/Applicant Name: ________________________________________________ Phone: (______)_________________ Mailing Address: ______________________________________________________________________ City: _______________________________________ State: _______ Zip Code: ____________________ E-mail:_______________________________________________________________________________ Representative (Authorization Required) Name: ________________________________________________ Phone: (______)_________________ Mailing Address: ______________________________________________________________________ City: _______________________________________ State: _______ Zip Code: ____________________ E-mail:_______________________________________________________________________________ PROJECT NAME AND LOCATION Project Name: _____________________________________________________________________________________ Assessor’s Parcel Number: ___ ___ ___ ___ - ___ ___ ___ - ___ ___ - ___ ___ ___ Physical/Street Address: ________________________________________________________________ Legal Description: ______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Zone District: ___________________________________ Property Size (acres): __________________ 2392 - 092 - 00 - 003 PROJECT DESCRIPTION REQUEST FOR WAIVERS Submission Requirements The Applicant requesting a Waiver of Submission Requirements per Section 4-202. List: Section: ______________________________ Section: _________________________________ Section: ______________________________ Section: _________________________________ Waiver of Standards The Applicant is requesting a Waiver of Standards per Section 4-118. List: Section: ______________________________ Section: _________________________________ Section: ______________________________ Section: _________________________________ I have read the statements above and have provided the required attached information which is correct and accurate to the best of my knowledge. ______________________________________________________ __________________________ Signature of Property Owner or Authorized Representative, Title Date OFFICIAL USE ONLY File Number: __ __ __ __ - __ __ __ __ Fee Paid: $_____________________________ Existing Use: ____________________________________________________________________________________ Proposed Use (From Use Table 3-403): ____________________________________________________ Description of Project: __________________________________________________________________ 1.The Decision you are appealing. 2.The date the Decision was sent as specified in the notice (date mailed). 3.The nature of the decision and the specified ground for appeal. Please cite specific code sections and/or relevant documentation to support your request. 4.The appropriate appeal fee of $250.00. 5.Please note a completed Appeal Application and fees must be received within 30 calendar days of the date of the final written Administrative Interpretation. For Appeal of Administrative Interpretation please include: February 17, 2021 Land Use Application Narrative Prepared for: Garfield County Community Development Ameresco HCE Solar LLC 108 8th Street, Suite 401 c/o Ameresco, Inc. Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 3095 South Parker Road, #200 Aurora, CO 80014 Prepared by: SGM Weston & Sampson, Inc. 118 West Sixth Street, Suite 200 55 Walkers Brook Drive, Suite 100 Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 Reading, MA 01867 970-384-9017 800-SAMPSON #2020-591.001 CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Garfield County, Colorado CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application i Table of Contents 1. Project Description 1 Consultant Team 1 Solar Array 6 Access 6 Construction Phase 6 Operations Phase and Staffing Needs 6 Permits 7 2. Demonstration of Submittal Requirements 7 Request for Waivers 8 Improvements Agreement 8 Development Agreement 8 Wastewater Treatment Plan 8 Water Supply and Distribution Plan 8 3. Project Setting 9 Zoning and Comprehensive Plan 9 Existing Traffic 10 Description of Existing Adjacent Development 10 4. Impact Analysis 13 Adjacent Land Use 13 Geology and Soils 13 Site Geology 13 Soils 14 Potential Impacts 14 Groundwater and Aquifer Recharge Areas 15 Environmental Impacts 16 Vegetation 16 Wildfire 18 Federally Listed Species 18 State-Listed Species 18 Bat Species 18 Bald Eagle 19 Big Game Species 19 Big Game Species & Traffic 19 Elk 20 Mule Deer 21 Black Bear 22 General Wildlife Impacts 23 Radiation Hazards 23 5. Nuisance 23 6. Hours of Operation 24 7. Relationship to Applicable Land Use Standards 24 Garfield County LUDC, Article 7 – Standards 24 Division 1: General Standards 24 Division 2: Resource Protection Standards 25 CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application ii Division 3: Site Planning and Development Standards 26 Divisions 4-10, and 12 26 Division 11. Additional Standards for Utilities 26 8. References Cited 27 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 –Demonstration of Submittal Requirements 7 Table 2 – Impacts by Soil Type 15 Table 3 – Impacts to Vegetation Types 17 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 – Vicinity Map 2 Figure 2 – Three-mile Radius Map 3 Figure 3 – Site Map 4 Figure 4 – Spring Valley Solar Site Plan 5 Figure 5 – Zoning Districts 11 Figure 6 – Future Land Use Designations 12 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A – Land Use Application Form Appendix B – Statement of Authority Appendix C – Letter of Authorization Appendix D – Title Commitment Appendix E – Adjacent Property Owners & Mineral Owners Appendix F – Vicinity and Zoning Maps Appendix G – Site Plans Appendix H – Geotechnical Report Appendix I – Grading, Drainage and Stormwater Plan Appendix J – Reclamation, Revegetation and Soils Plan Appendix K – Weed Management Plan Appendix L – Traffic Study Appendix M – Impact Analysis Report CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 1 1. Project Description Ameresco HCE Solar LLC (the “Applicant”) is seeking a Land Use Change Permit to develop the CMC Spring Valley Solar PV project (“Project”), an approximately 22-acre solar energy facility on a 151.69-acre parcel, in eastern Garfield County, Colorado (Figure 1). The parcel is located off Spring Valley Road (County Road 114), just south of the Colorado Mountain College (CMC) Spring Valley campus, in Section 9, Township 7 South, Range 88 West. The Project would be located on one parcel (Parcel ID number 239309200003), currently owned by CMC. This parcel currently supports the Spring Valley Sanitation wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and there are a few CMC-managed trails on the parcel, used by students at the Spring Valley Campus. Access to the site would be along an existing 0.6-mile road, which passes through another CMC parcel (2393042000034), and a small 350-foot segment of public lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Colorado River Valley Field Office (CRVFO; Figures 2 and 3). The project area is located approximately 5 miles southeast of Glenwood Springs, and approximately 4 miles North of the Town of Carbondale. The parcel is largely undeveloped, with sagebrush and other native vegetation dominating the site. CMC will receive Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) for the energy generated at the Project, which would be used at three CMC campuses including Spring Valley, Aspen, and Edwards campuses. For the benefit of each of the three campuses, CMC will receive RECs between 29% to 33% of the net total annual energy generated at this site (depending on the age of the system). The remaining energy generated at the site will provide clean energy for members of Holy Cross Energy. Although CMC is recognized as a public or quasi-public entity, CMC is not the primary beneficiary of this proposed solar facility, and as such, the application will be reviewed through the Major Impact Review process. Consultant Team Applicant: Ameresco HCE Solar LLC c/o Ameresco, Inc. Contact: Geri Kantor- Director, Distributed Energy Resources Project Development 3095 South Parker Road, #200 Aurora, CO 80014 651-231-9513 gkantor@ameresco.com Civil Engineering Weston & Sampson Contact: Rob Bukowski, PE 55 Walkers Brook Drive, Suite 100 Reading, MA 01867 918-621-8252 bukowski.rob@wseinc.com Solar Design and Construction Sunsense Solar Contact: Scott Ely 1629 Dolores Way, Suite E Carbondale, CO 81623 970-963-1420 scott@sunsensesolar.com Planning, Traffic, Survey & Environmental SGM Contact: Angie Fowler, PE 118 West Sixth Street, Suite 200 Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 970-384-9027 angief@sgm-inc.com Geotechnical Engineering CTL Thompson Inc. Contact: James Kellogg, PE 234 Center Drive Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 970-945-2809 JKellogg@ctlthompson.com CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 2 Figure 1 – Vicinity Map CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 3 Figure 2 – Three-mile Radius Map CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 4 Figure 3 – Site Map CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 5 Figure 4 – Spring Valley Solar Site Plan (see Appendix G for full sized plans) CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 6 Solar Array The Project is proposed to produce 5.38 megawatts (MW) DC of solar-generated electricity, using three arrays. The West Tracker Array would be 0.82 MW DC using a single axis tracker, with driven steel pile supports with poly-silicon modules mounted to a metal racking atop the supports. The tracking arrays will track the path of the sun across the sky, known as single-axis tracking. This allows for maximum efficiency in generating power. At maximum tilt, the leading edge of the solar module would be approximately 8-feet above grade. In the center of the facility, there would be a 2.5 MW DC Fixed Tilt Array, mounted on driven steel pile supports with metal racking atop the supports. The eastern side of the facility would contain the East Tracker Array, a 2.06 MW DC single axis tracker. The solar modules would produce DC power, which is converted to AC power at the inverter. Electricity generated by the panels would be collected by cable runs mounted on the racks, which are then buried and routed to a small facility substation, located on a concrete pad housing standard utility electrical equipment such as switchgear, production meters, transformers, a weather station, and equipment monitoring and control systems. At the northwest corner of the facility would be a lithium battery storage facility, consisting of four, 40-foot-long, 10-foot-wide battery units. From the solar substation and battery units, electricity would be delivered via an overhead electric power line approximately 0.5 miles in length, to an existing Holy Cross Energy transmission line, which would incorporate produced electricity into their existing grid for delivery to both the Spring Valley campus, as well as to other Holy Cross Energy members. Vegetation would be mowed and maintained at a minimum of once per year, to reduce the risk of fire. Because of the high voltage present in the facility, the entire site would be fenced with a 7-foot-tall woven- wire fence to keep out humans as well as most wildlife and gated for security; HCE and relevant local agencies such as the fire protection district and sheriff’s department would be provided with access details. Electrical hazard signage would be mounted on the perimeter fence and on the access gate, per LUDC requirements. Access Access to the project would be via CR-114, along the existing WWTP access road. The existing access road is mostly suitable for construction and maintenance use; however, there would need to be approximately 0.6 miles of new road construction to allow access to, and within, the site. Within the area occupied by the racks and substation, all weather gravel driveways would be constructed to each array and to equipment pads. Construction Phase This phase would include grubbing of shrubby vegetation, and minor grading. Portions of the project with tracking panels (which rotate through the day to track the path of the sun), would require very little grading. After grading to produce a relatively level access roadway, approximately 8-inch-thick gravel surface is proposed. This depth of gravel over compacted subgrades is sufficient to provide routine and emergency access to the project. The construction phase would take approximately 8 months, starting in the summer of 2021, and extending in the spring of 2022. Approximately 10 to 20 workers would be on site during the construction phase, during normal work times. Once construction is complete, the area within the perimeter fence will be re-seeded in accordance with the enclosed reclamation plan (Appendix J). Operations Phase and Staffing Needs During operation, the facility would be unmanned but monitored remotely. The tracking system will actuate automatically according to sensor input, and the inverters and electrical equipment will be in operation during daylight hours. No security lighting is proposed for the facility. Intermittent inspection visits on a by CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 7 maintenance personnel can be expected, in addition to as-needed visits to conduct maintenance or replace faulty equipment. Vegetation maintenance will occur on a regular basis during the growing season; the standard method of vegetation management would be mowing. The facility would operate for an initial term of 20 years, with the possibility of an extended operating life for up to 20 more years. Permits Expected permits (and non-ministerial approvals or consultations) for this development includes: • Garfield County: Land Use Change Permit (Major Impact Review, Solar Energy Systems – Large) • Garfield County: Fencing Construction Permit • Garfield County: Grading/Driveway Construction Permit • State of Colorado: Electrical Construction Permit • Colorado Department of Health & Environment (CDPHE): Construction Stormwater Discharge Permit and Stormwater Management Plan • Colorado Parks and Wildlife: Wildlife impact mitigation strategy with ongoing consultation 2. Demonstration of Submittal Requirements The following table demonstrates compliance with the required application submittal materials per LUDC for a Major Impact Review for a Land Use Change Permit. Table 1 –Demonstration of Submittal Requirements LUDC Land Use Change Permit Location in Application General Application Materials, Article 4-203 Application Forms Appendix A Statement of Authority Appendix B Letter of Authorization Appendix C Title Commitment/Evidence of Ownership Appendix D Adjacent Property Owners and Mineral Owners Appendix E Project Description Page 1, Land Use Application Article 4-203 Vicinity Maps Page 3 and 4, Land Use Application Site Plan Page 5, Land Use Application; Appendix G Grading and Drainage Plan Appendix I Reclamation, Revegetation and Soil Plan Appendix J Weed Management Plan Appendix K Traffic Study Appendix L Impact Analysis Page 12, Land Use Application; Appendix M Article 4-202.C Waivers Waiver for Improvements Agreement Page 8, Land Use Application Waiver for Development Agreement Page 8, Land Use Application Wastewater Plan Page 11, Land Use Application Water Supply Plan Page 11, Land Use Application Article 7 Standards Division 1, 2 and 3 Page 24-26, Land Use Application Division 11, Section 7-1101 Page 27, Land Use Application CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 8 Request for Waivers The Applicant is requesting a wavier for two agreements (Improvements Agreement and Development Agreement), and two standards (Water Supply and Distribution Plan standard (Article 7: 7-104 and 7-105) and Wastewater Treatment Plan standard (Article 7: 7-104 and 7-105)). Accompanying explanations as to the necessity for these waivers are described below. Improvements Agreement This project would not develop public improvements, as defined under 4-203. K. of the LUDC. Ameresco HCE Solar LLC will be the operator of the facility, operating under a lease agreement with CMC. The agreement between Ameresco HCE Solar LLC and CMC includes agreements for long term site management, including reclamation, and there would be no burden on the public to maintain facilities. As such, the applicant is requesting a waiver for the need to produce an Improvements Agreement. Development Agreement Development and operation of the project would be done by Ameresco HCE Solar LLC, in one phase; construction of the project is anticipated to occur in one less than 12-month period. As such, the applicant is seeking a waiver for the requirement of a Development Agreement (2-202. Establishment of Vested Property Rights). Wastewater Treatment Plan The Applicant is requesting a waiver from this standard. During the construction phase, the contractors will provide temporary portable toilets and facilities for construction workers. After construction is complete, the facility would have no employees on site, and therefore providing a wastewater/bathroom facility would not be necessary. Water Supply and Distribution Plan The Applicant is requesting a waiver from this standard. Justifications for this request are addressed per the requirements outlined in Section 4-203.M of the LUDC, as applicable. As the facility would not have employees on site, there is no need to provide potable water. During the construction phase, contractors would haul potable water to the construction site for employees. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 9 3. Project Setting The Project is located within a shallow valley, dominated by a 100-acre sagebrush meadow, surrounded by dense pinyon pine and Utah juniper woodlands; this meadow extends beyond the parcel boundaries. In the late 1990s or early 2000s, it appears large portions of the meadow were mowed, likely to reduce sagebrush cover and increase grass production for cattle grazing. At the time of this report, approximately 90 percent of the meadow is dominated by sagebrush shrublands, and approximately 10 percent is dominated by graminoids and forbs, primarily along the ephemeral draw and on previously impacted areas. At the northern end of the meadow is the Spring Valley Sanitation WWTP. The current facility occupies approximately 2.1 acres, but other settling ponds and disturbed areas occupy another 4 acres. These areas are in various stages of reclamation, and are now dominated by agricultural grasses, reclamation grasses, and weeds. There are no wetlands, creeks or streams, or other hydric features on the parcel. The draw running through the center of the valley does not show consistent flow and does not support bed-and-bank morphology or other indicators of consistent surface water. There are several seasonally used trails in the area, and during site visits in the winter of 2021, some low levels of mountain biking and hiking were evident on packed trails. Dog walking is also common in the area, and off-leash dogs were observed. Zoning and Comprehensive Plan The Official Zoning District Map of Garfield County designates the western portion of property as within the Rural Zone District (Garfield County Land Use and Development Code 2013 [LUDC 2013]; Figure 5). The following is a description of this Zoning District: • Rural (R). The Rural Zone District is comprised of the County’s rural residential areas, agricultural resource lands, agricultural production areas, and natural resource areas. Uses, densities, and standards established for this zone district are intended to protect the existing character of the area from uncontrolled and unmitigated residential, commercial, and industrial use. The zone district provides for the use of natural resources, recreational development, rural residential, and other uses. Within the Rural District, Large Solar Energy System is allowed, per a Major Impact Review process. Development coverage within a Rural District is limited to no more than 15% of the lot size; the current application would develop approximately 14% of the parcel. According to the Garfield County 2030 Comprehensive Plan, the future land use designated for this area is within the Institutional Land Use Overlay, and the far eastern portion of the project would be within the Residential Medium designation (6 to 10 Acres per Dwelling; Figure 6). The following are descriptions of these land use designations: Sagebrush shrublands with reclaimed settling ponds in background. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 10 • Institutional Land Use Overlay. Major public, quasi-public, institutional, and civic uses such as schools, community colleges, and major health service facilities/hospitals. May include residential uses for employees of the business/entity, such as live work and employee housing. The proposed solar facility is consistent with this guidance. • Residential Medium. This would include small farms, estates, residences, and clustered residential subdivisions. The density of residential uses is one dwelling unit per six to 10 acres. The proposed solar facility is consistent with this guidance. Existing Traffic County Road 114 (Spring Valley Road, also called CMC Road) is the main access road to the Project, and currently provides primary access to the Spring Valley Campus, the Elk Springs subdivision, as well as access to Coulter Creek and other low-density subdivisions. The most recent data from 2019 available from Garfield County Road and Bridge department showed average daily traffic counts of approximately 2,135 vehicles per day (VPD)1 CR 114 has little pass-through traffic, but this road is sometimes used to access Cottonwood Pass, in more emergency situations when Glenwood Canyon is closed, and for wider ranging public lands access. Much of the existing traffic on CR 114 is generated during the morning and evening rush hours, associated with daily commuter traffic between bedroom communities in the Spring Valley area and work destinations in the Glenwood Springs and Aspen areas. Where the access road meets CR 114, CR 114 is approximately 25-feet wide, and has a posted speed limit of 35 miles per hour. The current WWTP access road is gated and locked and is paved for the first 330 feet. Description of Existing Adjacent Development The nearest residences are students housed at the CMC Spring Valley Campus, located approximately 0.3 miles to the north of the project, within the larger PUD-zoned parcel. The next nearest residence is a single- family home, approximately 0.46 miles to the northwest of the Project. There are 15 single family residences within one mile of the proposed facility, primarily associated with the Elk Springs subdivision. Most of these homes are approximately 0.8 miles away. In summary, there are no existing housing developments and associated anthropogenic disturbance within or in proximity to the project area, aside from the WWTP. Existing impacts are limited to WWTP operations, and intermittent trail use during the spring, summer, and fall months. The existing meadow system has seen past impacts, primarily from cattle grazing and sagebrush mowing. Surrounding the project area are portions of the larger sagebrush meadow, and then dense, extensive stands of pinyon-juniper woodlands. 1 https://www.garfield-county.com/road-bridge/filesgcco/sites/28/2019/11/2019-Traffic-Count-Study.pdf CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 11 Figure 5 – Zoning Districts CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 12 Figure 6 – Future Land Use Designations CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 13 4. Impact Analysis Per article 4-203.G of the LUDC, the Applicant shall describe both the existing conditions and the potential changes created by the project, including any potential impact mitigation strategies. Adjacent Land Use The adjacent uses within a 1,500-foot radius of the site consist of open rangelands within the sagebrush meadow complex, extensive pinyon-juniper woodlands (these community types occur both on lands held in private ownership and as public lands managed by the BLM), the WWTP, and a portion of the Spring Valley campus. There are a few existing trails in the area, used seasonally by CMC students and the immediately adjacent private residences. This project proposes a commercial grade solar electricity generating facility, which would be fenced off from trespass and from most wildlife species (due to high voltage equipment). The proposed project is not incompatible with surrounding uses and impacts to surrounding uses would not be considered significant. West and North Sides: The parcel to the west and on the north is owned by CMC (parcel ID 239304200034), and is a large 539-acre, irregularly shaped parcel which supports the CMC Spring Valley Campus. Approximately 0.25 miles of the existing access road bisect the parcel. This parcel abuts CR-114. The proposed solar facility would be compatible with the adjacent land uses. East Side: the parcel to the east is an undeveloped, 90-acre privately owned parcel. This parcel currently has a conservation easement on it. This parcel is zoned Rural, but the but it is unknown if the conservation easement would allow development per the Residential Medium overlay. There is no vehicle access to this parcel, aside from access through the CMC parcels. The solar facility’s fence is currently set back approximately 10-feet from the property boundary, which is the minimum setback for Residential Medium zoning. The development is compatible with current land uses and zoning. South Side: The parcel to the south is public land managed by the BLM, Colorado River Valley Field Office. No development of BLM lands is contemplated by this application. Geology and Soils Site Geology CTL Thompson (CTL) performed preliminary geotechnical investigations of the project area in 2019 and 2020, with the purpose of evaluating the subsurface conditions and to provide geotechnical engineering design and construction criteria for solar panel support structures. This section of the report tiers to the CTL report (Appendix H). The overburden soils below the site are mapped as undivided alluvium and colluvium from the Holocene and late Pleistocene Epochs. These deposits are generally described as interbedded sand and sandy gravel or poorly stratified clayey, silty sand and sandy silt. Bedrock immediately below the site is basalt formed by multiple flows during the Miocene Epoch. Bedrock of the Maroon, Eagle Valley, and Eagle Valley Evaporite Formations is below the basalt layer. The approximate location of a synclinal sag or subsidence trough is mapped through the central part of the site on general east-west alignment (this is the gentle swale bisecting the parcel). Several sinkholes are mapped near the site. CTL did not observe surficial evidence of significant ground surface subsidence during their field investigation. Snow cover can mask these features. Surface subsidence in the geologic environment in the area of the site can be due to consolidation of surficial soil deposits and/or solution cavities that form in the underlying Eagle Valley Evaporite bedrock. The Evaporite CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 14 minerals in the bedrock formation can be dissolved and removed by circulating groundwater. Over-burden soils can then collapse into the solution cavities. When caving propagates to the ground surface, ground subsidence and/or sinkholes occur. CTL is not aware of any buildings in the immediate vicinity of the site that have experienced recent subsidence-related damage. They believe the potential risk of sinkhole development at the site is generally low, and that the risk of subsidence and/or sinkholes is similar to and no greater than the risk at other nearby sites. Subsurface conditions found in their exploratory borings generally consisted of about 4 inches of topsoil and 6 to 23 feet of sandy clay, underlain by silty gravel with cobbles and boulders. Groundwater was not found in the borings during drilling. Soils The soils on this site are dominated by Empedrado loams, derived from regional alluvium. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Soils Map shows the area soil types, and the following soil units are within the proposed project area. None of these soil types are hydric, and none are considered Farmlands of Statewide Importance, however two soil types are considered prime farmlands if irrigated. 34 – Empedrado loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes: These soils consist of deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered mainly from rhyolite, andesite, and trachite, and in places, in alluvium and eolian material. Empedrado soils are on upland hills, toe slopes, benches, and alluvial fans, ranging in elevation from 6,200 to 9,300 feet. This soil is well drained and can be classified as prime farmland if irrigated. 36 – Empedrado loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes: Please see previous description. 87 – Morval-Tridell complex, 12 to 50 percent slopes: These loamy to stony sandy loams formed on alluvial fans and mesa side-slopes from reworked sandstone and basalt and/or colluvium derived from sandstone and basalt. 106 – Tridell-Browntso stony sandy loams, 12 to 50 percent slopes, extremely stony: These gravelly-sandy loams to very stony loams are derived from sandstone and/or colluvium derived from sandstone and/or alluvium derived from basalt and/or colluvium derived from basalt. They are well drained, and occur on sideslopes, treads, and on terraces. According to the Garfield County Soil Hazard Profile Map, the project is not within any Moderate or Major Soil Hazard Areas. The project area is also not within any mapped slope Hazard Areas. Potential Impacts The site is dominated by soils that have few construction constraints, and typical road construction and rack placement should be without major issues. Excavation into the underlying bedrock (basalt) would be very difficult, and the eastern portions of the project area have shallower depths to bedrock. Other constraints are related to soil properties. CTL anticipates the soils at this site will classify as Type B or Type C soils, depending upon the percentage of gravel, cobbles and boulders. CTL has provided recommendations for piles, slab-on- grade foundations, and other construction needs. Excavations for the proposed development at the site are not anticipated to penetrate the free groundwater table. CTL recommend that excavations be sloped to temporary sumps where water from precipitation can be removed by pumping. A drainage plan has been prepared by Weston & Sampson to ensure proper drainage around rack systems, access roads, and battery terminals (Appendix I). CTL has recommended that sloping around the racks occur to promote good drainage from the racks, and onsite surface water sources be investigated, and regrading CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 15 occur to ensure that flows are not concentrated towards racks. Because of anticipated grading, a Stormwater Management Plan (SWMP) and CDPHE stormwater construction permit would be necessary and will be prepared prior to construction commencing. The light grading and grubbing out of larger shrubs would result in minor impacts to topsoil, but the majority of the area would see little long-term soil impacts. Grubbing materials will be spread on site for soil retention, erosion control, and dust mitigation. Total soil impacts by soil type and development type are summarized in Table 2. Topsoil removed for development purposes will be redistributed, but not stockpiled for future reclamation, given the length of time the facility would be in operation. Topsoil will not be used for fill material. Reclamation of disturbed soils would be done as soon as possible after grading to minimize topsoil movement, reduce the risk of noxious weed infestations, and to reduce the risk of soil movement. Installation of stormwater and erosion control Best Management Practices (BMPs), prior to ground disturbance, and continued inspection and maintenance of BMPs during construction, will be necessary to prevent soil movement off site. Intermittent watering of disturbed areas may be needed during drier periods to prevent wind-blown dust events from occurring. Temporary seeding of disturbed areas is also recommended to minimize erosion and control dust. Table 2 – Impacts by Soil Type Soil Disturbance Soil Type Name Map Unit Symbol Total Area (acres) Empedrado loam, 2 to 6% slopes 34 13.44 Empedrado loam, 12 to 25% slopes 36 8.14 Morval-Tridell complex, 12 to 50% slopes 87 0.25 Tridell-Brownsto stony sandy loams, 12 to 50% slopes, extremely stony 106 0.17x Total Project Components Disturbance 22 Groundwater and Aquifer Recharge Areas The project area is not located in any floodplains. There are no wetlands, creeks, streams, or other hydrologic features on the parcel. The nearest stream is Cattle Creek, approximately 3,500 feet to the south. The elevation of the parcel is about 6,660 to 6,700 feet above mean sea level, approximately 520 feet higher than Cattle Creek. The land on the project area slopes gently to the southwest, collecting in a draw which eventually discharges to Cattle Creek. The draw running through the center of the valley does not show consistent flow but may occasionally convey stormwater. SGM reviewed water well construction and test reports for information about subsurface geology and groundwater levels utilizing data from two monitoring wells, Well Permit Nos. 207151 and 207152, which are owned by Spring Valley Sanitation District and are in the project area. Groundwater is located about 80 feet below ground surface. The subsurface for the entire depth of the two wells (100 and 160 feet) is comprised of volcanic rocks and flows, ash, tuff, and clays which tend to have low hydraulic conductivity (Darcy’s k value in the range of 10-3 to 10). Any infiltration and recharge to the aquifer is expected to occur slowly, over months CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 16 to years. No significant change in the amount or rate of infiltration will occur as a result of the project, given areas underneath panels would still be able to absorb precipitation and runoff; some additional runoff could be expected from access roads and staging areas. The project would not result in an appreciable change in the amount of surface runoff, streamflow, or groundwater recharge. While the solar panels would increase the impermeable surfaces in the site, the area under the solar panels will not be converted to impervious areas, so the same ground surface area will be available for infiltration, with the exception of access roads and other surfaced areas. The project would not introduce new sources of pollution to surface water runoff. There would be no proposed wastewater disposal of any kind associated with the project, as the project has no onsite water uses. The project area is located adjacent to the Spring Valley Sanitation District wastewater treatment plant, but operations of the plant are not connected with the proposed project and would not change. Environmental Impacts Vegetation The Property generally has three separate vegetation communities (and accordingly three corresponding habitat types; see Appendix M for more information). The majority of the Property, including the area proposed for development, is dominated by sagebrush shrublands areas with gently sloping topography, located on alluvial/colluvial material, some of which has been historically impacted by mowing and seeding to promote cattle grazing opportunities. This 100-acre sagebrush shrubland meadow is surrounded by relative dense pinyon pine and Utah juniper woodlands. Previously disturbed areas, primarily around the WWTP, are dominated by seeded grasses and invasive weeds, primarily cheatgrass (Anisantha tectorum; see Appendix K for Weed Management Plan). Sagebrush Shrublands. The dominant vegetation type in the project area is sagebrush shrubland, with a relatively dense herbaceous understory dominated by crested wheatgrass. These shrublands vary greatly in the density of sagebrush, likely because of mowing/grubbing which occurred approximately 30 years ago (according to aerial photo interpretation). The noxious weed cheatgrass is common, and weedy adventitious species such as tumble mustard (Sisymbrium spp.) are also prevalent. In the spring, the introduced purple mustard (Chorispora tenella) and storkbill filaree (Erodium cicutarium) are also common. Introduced Grass Meadows. Primarily around the WWTP, vegetation is dominated by introduced grasses, including crested wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass. The noxious weed cheatgrass is also very common, and Denser stands of sagebrush in project area. More patchy areas of sagebrush. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 17 there are patches of what appears to be plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides), and possibly musk thistle (Carduus nutans); these areas appeared to have been sprayed with herbicide, so accurate identification was challenging. Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands. Surrounding the large meadow is a relatively dense, mature stand of pinyon pine and Utah juniper. Understory vegetation is varied, but in general understory vegetation density is inversely correlated to the density of the woodland overstory. The majority of the proposed project (85 percent) would occur within sagebrush shrublands, and 12 percent would occur in previously disturbed areas, currently dominated by agricultural grasses and other ruderal species. These vegetation types provide year-round habitat for a variety of wildlife species, including nesting birds, small mammals, elk, mule deer, carnivores, and other wildlife groups. Due to wildfire and safety concerns, grass among the racks needs to be kept mowed and maintained, which will be performed by mowing at least once per year. A smaller area (1.5 acres) would see long-term conversion to access roads, staging and maintenance areas, and for the battery facilities. As the area already has noxious weeds, new ground disturbing activities including grubbing, grading, road and staging construction, and racking areas development will undoubtedly allow noxious weeds to expand their cover. Seasonal herbicide treatments will need to be aggressive and persistent, with ongoing efforts being conducted throughout the growing season in order to control existing and new infestations as specified in the Weed Management Plan (Appendix K). Without aggressive and persistent weed management, it is highly likely that weeds could move beyond the boundaries of the project area and into adjacent lands (public and private) and into native, and undisturbed habitats. Table 3 – Impacts to Vegetation Types Vegetation Disturbance Vegetation Community Type Total Acres Percent Sagebrush Shrublands 21.73 85% Meadows 2.69 12% Pinyon-Juniper woodlands 0.58 3% Total Project Components Disturbance 25 100% Disturbed areas around WWTP. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 18 Wildfire The project occurs within an area mapped as Fire Regime Condition Class II and III, which translates to hazard ratings of High and Severe. The project area also occurs within an area of Very High Wildland Fire Susceptibility (Garfield County CWPP 2012). The applicant will offer a site training for first responders and Safety Data Sheets (SDS) on materials on site. Federally Listed Species Information on species status, distribution, and ecology was derived from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) recovery plans, geographic information system (GIS) databases including iPAC 2, various scientific studies and reports, and field reviews. The wildlife species assessments have been mapped and described following all applicable practices of USFWS. Listed or candidate wildlife species considered and evaluated for this assessment include those identified by the USFWS as potentially occurring in the development areas of the proposed Project area. While all listed species were initially considered, species where there would be No effect from the project were eliminated from further consideration. The decision to eliminate a species from consideration was based on known range distributions and/or complete habitat incompatibility (see Appendix M). After careful review of the federally listed species and their habitat requirements, it was determined that the Property does not support suitable habitat and is not within the range of any listed species. This project would have no effect on any Federally listed species. The project is not within any Proposed or existing Critical Habitats; this project would have no effect on any Proposed or existing Critical Habitats. State-Listed Species Information on species status, distribution, and ecology was derived from Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) habitat mapping, Colorado Natural Heritage Program maps and reports, geographic information system (GIS) databases, various scientific studies and reports, and field reviews. The wildlife species assessments have been mapped and described following all applicable practices of CPW. CPW’s list of Threatened and Endangered species and Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN; Tier 1 and Tier 2 species; State Wildlife Action Plan 2015) was reviewed to determine if any species had potential habitat in or adjacent to the Project Area (Appendix M). While all listed species were initially considered, an elimination of unlikely species from further consideration occurred. These decisions are based on known range distributions being either outside of the Project Area or complete habitat incompatibility. Bat Species CPW lists the fringed myotis (Myotis thysanodes), little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus), spotted bat (Euderma maculatum), and Townsend’s big-eared bat (Plecotus townsendii townsendii) as having ranges and suitable habitats that encompass the Project area. These four bat species are all considered SGCN (please see Appendix M for more species information). Impact Analysis. The Project area does not support rock outcrops, caves, cliffs, or other features that could provide hibernacula, larger roosting areas, or other congregation sites. Therefore, no impacts to hibernacula, maternity sites or other congregation areas would be expected from this project. During the construction phase, activities would be primarily limited to the daylight hours, when bats are not active. Grubbing, grading, 2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Information for Planning and Consultation (IPaC), available at https://ecos.fws.gov/ipac/. Accessed February 2021. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 19 and clearing of vegetation in the project area will reduce foraging opportunities in the 25-acre disturbance area, and there would be some very minor decreases in prey species (insects) availability in the project area during the construction phase. After construction, the presence of the solar panels should not have any meaningful negative impacts on bats foraging in the area during the nighttime hours, aside from the fact that there would be less open shrublands available for foraging, and bats would be anticipated to avoid foraging among the solar panels, given a likely lower density of prey. The incorporation of revegetation mixes incorporating forbs could help increase insect densities, offsetting the impacts of development. Nighttime lighting at the facility is anticipated to be limited to only critical or emergency maintenance operations. Wintertime operation would have no impact on bats, as most bats would have migrated out of the area or would be hibernating and would not be active. In summary, the project is anticipated to create minor reductions in currently available open meadow and shrubland foraging habitats. However, foraging habitat is not limited in the surrounding area, and this project is not anticipated to have any significant impact to critical habitat components such as hibernacula or maternity sites. Therefore, the project is not expected to have a significant impact on the local populations of these four bat species. Incorporation of forbs into reclamation seed mixes would help offset habitat impacts. Bald Eagle Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) are federally protected by the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940. They are also protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918. However, in Colorado CPW tracks bald eagle populations, nesting sites, roosting habitat, and foraging areas and has taken the lead on developing protective stipulations for the species, with specific recommendations for nests, winter night roosts, and hunting perches. As currently mapped, the Project is located within bald eagle Winter Range and in Winter Foraging habitats which generally coincide with big game winter ranges, where bald eagles opportunistically forage on winter- killed big game. The Project is approximately three miles from the nearest roost sites, and 4 miles from the nearest nesting areas along the Roaring Fork River. No nests are currently located within or adjacent to the Project area. There are no habitats of the type preferred by nesting eagles (large deciduous tree adjacent to flowing water) on the Property. Bald eagles occurring the Project area would likely be limited to scavenging on winter-killed big game species, which are available in the larger meadow area. No significant impacts to eagles are anticipated given there are no suitable perching sites or nesting trees in the project area, and development of the project is not anticipated to change the potential availability of winter-killed big game species. The presence of the solar facility would not deter bald eagles from scavenging on winter killed big game in the meadow system; the facility would not make noise or have large moving components and would be infrequently visited by maintenance staff. Bald eagles would still be able to scavenge with little disturbance. Therefore, the project is anticipated to have no impact to local bald eagle populations. Big Game Species Big Game Species & Traffic According to the SGM traffic study (Appendix L), CR-114 carries commuter traffic from residential subdivisions in Coulter Creek, Elk Springs, and other smaller subdivisions, as well as students, faculty and staff to the Spring Valley campus (and associated construction and service traffic to those areas), all located north of the Project area. Much of the existing traffic is generated during the morning and evening rush hours, coinciding with daily commuter traffic between the Spring Valley area, and work destinations in the Glenwood Springs and Aspen areas. This results in daily traffic volumes of approximately 2,135 VPD along CR-114, peaking in the morning and evening commute times. As detailed in the SGM traffic report, these peak traffic periods are relatively short-lived, and during much of the day and especially at night, traffic patterns would be relatively low. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 20 The construction phase would generate approximately 24-46 VPD, which includes workers, equipment delivery, and infrastructure delivery (Appendix L). More traffic is expected in the summer and fall, as larger construction and equipment components are completed; as the construction phase moves into winter, construction traffic would diminish. The construction phase and its associated traffic are expected to continue into March 2022. After construction is complete, one VPD is expected, aside from during the summer months, when any more significant maintenance activities would be completed on an as-needed basis. The construction traffic would add approximately 1-2 percent VPD over current levels, which is still well below traffic levels at which wildlife begin to notably avoid crossing attempts. Further, given the 25 mph road speeds, traffic impacts are also mitigated by the slower road speeds. The proposed construction traffic increases added to the existing traffic volume on CR-114 would not likely create a significant barrier to wildlife movement across CR-114 but would contribute to a small increase in the hazard posed to wildlife by crossing the road. However, as the construction phase is only approximately eight months long, the increase in traffic is temporary, and during much of that time, and especially at night, wildlife would easily be able to cross CR-114. Once construction is complete traffic on CR-114 would return to current levels. Elk CPW staff have indicated that most elk herds near mountain communities have decreased in size between 50 to 60 percent since the mid- to late-1990s. While direct habitat loss has slowed from the 2000s, there has been a widespread increase in outdoor uses around mountain communities, primarily through increased trail construction, and now almost year-round outdoor recreation associated with trail use (C. Wescoatt and B. Andree, CPW District Wildlife Managers, as cited in Vail Daily, 6/16/2018; J. Mao, CPW Terrestrial Biologist, pers. comm. 10/10/2018, M. Yamashita 12/10/2020). There is no single definitive activity or habitat impact that can be strongly linked to elk population declines, but the current hypothesis is that the long-term reduction in winter ranges and increased year-round human pressure (primarily through recreation) in a variety of habitats are having cumulative impacts at a level where elk are unable to produce a sufficient number of viable calves to replace yearly mortality (J. Mao pers. comm. 10/10/2018). The Project area occurs within a large area of CPW-mapped Severe Winter Range and a Winter Concentration Area (Appendix M) that encompasses much of the greater Spring Valley area, as well as the Cattle Creek drainage. CPW has indicated that the meadow system in the Project area can see significant elk use (P. Boyatt and D. Neumann pers. comm. 1/26/2021). At this time, elk use of these pastures is mostly limited to the winter, with elk moving to higher elevations to the north and east as summer progresses. The presence of the WWTP evidently has not diminished the ability for elk to continue using adjacent habitats, likely as the WWTP has very low levels of outside human activity in the winter months. The trails in the area have a wintertime closure to protect wintering big game (D. Neumann pers. comm. 1/26/2021). Impact Analysis. Development of the solar facility would not impact elk summer range habitats, or any elk Production (calving) areas; during the summer elk utilize much higher elevations. The primary impacts would be during the winter months, as discussed below. The construction period would begin in the summer of 2021, when elk are not in the area. Therefore, up until early winter, construction activities should have no impact on elk. Once elk begin to filter into the area (in November and early December), the daily human activities at the site, including noise, motion, equipment operations, traffic, lighting, snowplowing, etc., would preclude most elk use in and around the project site. While elk are known to occasionally display avoidance behavior from areas of high human activity at distances of up to 0.5 miles, they can also become accustomed to some levels of regular or “anticipatory” human activities, especially when those activities are limited to a relatively confined area, such as the solar facility. Regardless, for the purpose of this report, it is assumed that most available winter ranges in and around the CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 21 100-acre meadow would be see greatly diminished elk use during the one winter season of construction. However, elk would still likely migrate through, and even linger in the pinyon-juniper woodlands around the facility, similar to how they linger on the busy CMC campus nearby. After development, the presence of the safety fence around the solar facility would equate to approximately 22-acres of winter range habitats being permanently unavailable for elk use; road construction, and other permanent surface disturbances would result in another 3-acres of winter range habitats being impacted. After construction, the solar facility would see relatively low levels of human activity in the winter months, when elk would be in the area. Most more intensive maintenance activities would occur in the summer, when the site is snow free. Snow plowing and general light-maintenance and operation work would occur in the winter, similar to the current levels at the adjacent WWTP. This low level of human activity, confined to the solar facility, may produce some temporary avoidance of otherwise available habitats in the immediate vicinity of the solar facility, but elk would likely resume foraging or loafing around the facility upon cessation of the human activity, as they currently do around the WWTP and CMC campus. While it is unlikely that development of the Project would result in any noticeable or significantly detrimental impacts to elk at the herd level, the development would cumulatively reduce winter range foraging areas, which is a very important habitat component given the poor condition most elk are in during the winter season and would cumulatively reduce available elk winter range habitats. Mitigation Planning. In response to these concerns, Ameresco HCE Solar representatives met with CPW Land Use Specialist Danielle Neumann and District Wildlife Manager (Peter Boyatt) on January 26, 2021 to discuss the potential impacts of the project and develop mitigation measures to reduce impacts. Ms. Neumann and Mr. Boyatt indicated that as this project occurs in Severe Winter Range and a Winter Concentration Area, CPW is required to seek mitigation from the application to help offset permanent and temporary habitat impacts. Through these discussions with CPW, and with other input Ameresco HCE Solar staff will work to develop the following items as part of a Wildlife Mitigation Plan. Items put forth by CPW included wildlife impact minimization measures, or “wildlife best management practices” that could include: • Winter timing and activity stipulations to avoid and minimize more extensive maintenance activities disturbance to elk. • Aggressive weed management within, and around the solar facility. More extensive mitigation efforts could include the following, as suggested by CPW: • Financial contributions for conservation easements, research, and elk management • Habitat improvement project sponsorship Ongoing discussions with CPW are occurring. Through the development of the mitigation plan with CPW, impacts to elk would be minimized and mitigated. The project’s cumulative impacts would therefore be mitigated, and should not result in significant, long-term detrimental impacts resulting in reductions in herd size or significant impacts to habitat. Mule Deer Historically, mule deer would have utilized a wide swath of habitat throughout the Roaring Fork and Spring Valley areas, but development and conversion of rangelands to pastures has constrained most movement to areas with less disturbance, where natural topography, native shrublands and an absence of development creates preferable conditions. While conversion of shrublands to meadows and pastures has removed some important habitat components, mule deer can continue to use the edges of pastures from grazing. The presence of existing residential developments adjacent to the project have compounded a situation where mule deer movement and migration in the immediate vicinity has been impacted. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 22 Mule deer use of the project area occurs year- round (Appendix M). Similar to elk, the presence of other development within and adjacent to the project area likely has reduced habitat effectiveness across portions of the Property, and mule deer likely avoid areas with high levels of human activity. Trail use can create large areas of “empty habitat” where mule deer avoid areas near trails, or at least reduce use to nighttime hours when human activities are absent. CPW has mapped the project as being within a Resident Population area, Winter Range, and is just outside a Severe Winter Range area (Appendix M). However, mule deer are subject to snow depth limitations; snow accumulations deeper than a foot can preclude significant utilization. Winter habitat utilization would be concentrated on more southerly slopes which retain significantly less snowpack due to greater wind scour and greater solar exposure and are preferred habitat for mule deer in the winter. Impact Analysis. Mule deer are likely in the area year-round, and therefore summertime construction would cause mule deer to avoid the immediate project area, at least during the daytime hours (deer may still use areas near the construction zone at night). After construction, site visits by staff would not result in a significant impact. Development of the Project would convert approximately 22-acres of native and previously disturbed habitats to “non-habitat”, within mapped Winter Range and a Resident Population Area. While it is unknown how many mule deer utilize winter range habitats in the area, any losses of winter range habitat can be concerning, and would have cumulatively negative impacts on mule deer winter range. Mitigation Planning. Please see previous discussions regarding elk; elk mitigations would have the same beneficiary results to mule deer as well. Black Bear Black bear (Ursus americanus) has become a significant wildlife management issue in the State of Colorado. Bears are commonly supplementing their diets by raiding garbage cans, breaking into homes, and becoming a hazard and a nuisance. Habitat on the Property itself is dominated by sagebrush shrublands and pinyon-juniper woodlands which do not currently provide quality foraging opportunities for bears. However, the mixed mountain shrublands and oakbrush habitats approximately 1 mile to the north do provide good habitat. The Project area is outside of Human Conflict Areas but is within a Fall Concentration area (Appendix M). Elk and deer crossing a downed section of old fence. Old fences like this can be very restrictive to big game movements and hazardous to individuals. Pinyon-juniper trees invading sagebrush meadow. Over time, trees can take over ecologically important sagebrush shrublands. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 23 Impact Analysis. This development would have minor to insignificant impacts on bear populations or bear habitat availability, but black bears are likely to be in the area. The Project will need to ensure trash is not available during the construction, or operations phase of this project. The following measures will be implemented to reduce potential bear problems: 1) There should be no dumps that have edible materials associated with construction and post- construction activities. 2) Garbage should be placed in bear-proof dumpsters, individual bearproof trash containers, or kept in trash cans inside closed buildings. General Wildlife Impacts The following section discusses considerations to minimize the potential impacts to wildlife from the proposed development. Many of these recommendations are considered to be “best management practices” for wildlife, which would allow for continued wildlife use of areas within the development. Lighting: Because the area may still see use by mule deer and elk around the periphery at night, nighttime lighting of the Property is not planned. Down-cast lighting would be available if needed but would not be illuminated under normal operating conditions. Fencing: The facility is required to utilize minimum seven-foot-tall “no climb” fencing for safety reasons. Landscaping & Revegetation: Because the surrounding area may still see some use as winter range, reclamation of road cuts, infrastructure routes and temporarily disturbed areas would occur per the Reclamation, Revegetation and Soil Plan (Appendix J). Noxious weeds would be treated aggressively in the first few years after construction to minimize weed spread and thus minimize impacts on winter range and increase the success of revegetation activities (Appendix K). Domestic Dogs: Dogs can have a significant impact on wildlife and the ability for wildlife to effectively use otherwise-available habitats. Dogs can chase and kill wildlife, or so exhaust and injure wildlife that it dies later. Although there will be no resident or regularly commuting workers associated with the facility, during the construction phase contractors would be prohibited from allowing their dog to run loose on the property, to minimize any potential wildlife interactions during construction. Radiation Hazards Eighty percent of counties in Colorado are at high risk for radon, including Garfield County. Radon is an odorless, tasteless, colorless gas that results from the radioactive decay of uranium in the soil. Garfield County’s 2010 - 2011 radon program indicated that 44% of homes tested had radon values above the EPA’s “Action Limit” of 4 pCi/L (pico-curies/liter) (Source: Garfield County website). The facility is not known to be utilizing constituents which may be radioactive. No excavated facilities are planned, and thus no radon risks should be present. 5. Nuisance The solar facility is not expected to produce any abnormal toxic or noxious substances, smoke, odors, gas, wastes, steam, or dust. Detailed erosion control and construction plans (e.g., Stormwater Management Plan) will guide development of the site during all construction phases, with a goal of minimizing fugitive dust emissions from the project site (see Appendix G – Site Plan, Appendix I – Grading and Drainage Plan, and Appendix J – Reclamation, Revegetation and Soil Plan). Contractors will employ dust control, and CDPHE stormwater permitting will require vehicle tracking (mud) control before they track mud onto CR-114. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 24 There will likely be an increase in the potential for airborne particulate matter as a result of equipment operations producing fugitive dust during construction access improvements, vegetation clearing, and during earthwork phases of construction. The proposed land uses are anticipated to integrate well with neighboring existing land uses. For the above stated reasons, the project is considered to have minimal nuisance impacts on adjacent lands and is generally consistent with those adjacent uses and their associated impacts. 6. Hours of Operation The construction phases of the proposed facility would be limited to daytime hours, from approximately 7am to 7pm. During operation, the facility would be unmanned. The tracking system will actuate automatically according to sensor input, and the inverters and electrical equipment will be in operation during daylight hours. No security lighting is proposed for the facility; there will be a single task light at each equipment pad should nighttime repairs or maintenance be necessary. Intermittent visits on a monthly or quarterly basis by utility personnel can be expected, or as needed to replace faulty equipment. 7. Relationship to Applicable Land Use Standards The parcel is currently zoned Rural, and the parcel supporting the existing access road is zoned PUD (as it also contains the CMC Spring Valley Campus). The application seeks approval for Land Use Change, and to approve a Major Impact Review for the development of a 22-acre solar energy facility. Garfield County LUDC, Article 7 – Standards Division 1: General Standards 7-101. Zone District Use Regulations. The property is currently zone Rural, and the access road is zoned PUD; the proposed project is consistent with intended use of the zone districts. 7-102. Comprehensive Plan and Intergovernmental Agreements. The Land Use Change demonstrates general conformance with the Garfield County Comprehensive Plan as discussed in section 3.1 of this report. 7-103. Compatibility. The nature, scale, and intensity of the proposed solar facility is compatible with adjacent land uses, as discussed in section 4.1 of this report. 7-104. Source of Water. This project would not need potable water; temporary water for dust control and construction (road base compaction, etc.) would be trucked in from outside sources. 7-105. Central Water Distribution and Wastewater Systems. This project would not have consistent staffing, and therefore water distribution and wastewater systems would not be necessary. During the construction phase, potable toilets would be provided by the contractor. 7-106. Public Utilities. The only public utility that would be needed would be electric, which would be provided by Holy Cross Energy. Other site communication needs (such as remote site monitoring, etc.) would be through the local cellular network. 7-107. Access and Roadways. All access roads will meet or exceed County standards for adequate and safe access. CR-114 will support the 1-2 percent increase in traffic during the construction phase and will support the intermittent maintenance work, which is anticipated to be a less than 1 percent increase over current AADT. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 25 7-108. Use of Lands Subject to Natural Hazards. The project is not located within any known natural hazard areas, as discussed in sections 3 and 4 of this application. 7-109. Fire Protection. The facility is located within the Carbondale and Rural Fire Protection District. The applicant has discussed the project with the District to discuss emergency access. Division 2: Resource Protection Standards 7-201. Agricultural Lands. No land use changes are proposed that would adversely affect any adjacent agricultural lands. The majority of the project area would see little surface disturbance, and restoration to pre- development conditions would be relatively simple given the minor amounts of topsoil impacts. 7-202. Wildlife Habitat Areas. The Applicant proactively reached out the CPW to discuss this project and potential impacts to elk Severe Winter Range and Winter Concentration Areas (see section 4.4.5 Big Game Species in this report, and Appendix M Impact Report). Buffers. After construction, the facility would be mostly unattended, with little noise, moving parts, or lighting. Therefore, there would be little indirect impact from the facility. Locational Control of Land Disturbance. The location of the solar facility would not create hard or impermeable barriers to migrating wildlife. The facility would require the use of a 7-foot-tall no-climb fence given the presence of high voltage equipment on the site; this would cause wildlife to detour around the facility, which given the small size of the facility, should have very minor impacts to seasonal wildlife movements. Preservation of Native Vegetation. The existing sagebrush shrublands within the facility would be mowed and only grasses and forbs would be allowed to persist in the site. The height of the solar panels will allow for most grasses and forbs to persist, providing some habitat components. Noxious weeds will be treated annually. For smaller wildlife species (smaller mammals, reptiles, birds, etc.) the solar facility would still provide some habitat needs. For larger mammals (carnivores, big game species), the presence of the exclusion fence would preclude any use. The applicant is currently in discussions with CPW to offset the long-term (20+ years) of habitat loss from development of the site, primarily focused on mitigating impacts to elk habitats. CPW has indicated there may be regional habitat improvement projects which the applicant can provide financial assistance to help increase the size or scope of these projects, which would be consistent with the “Habitat Compensation” guidance in the LUDC. 7-203. Protection of Waterbodies. There are no waterbody features on the property or in proximity to the project. 7-204. Drainage and Erosion. The applicant has prepared a Grading and Drainage Plan (Appendix I) and will be implementing a Stormwater Management Plan (SWMP) consistent with CDPHE’s Construction Stormwater Discharge permitting. Ameresco’s practice is to prepare a stormwater management plan regardless of project size. 7-205. Environmental Quality. Air Quality. The project would have no significant impact on air quality, as established by the Colorado Air Pollution Control Division. Water Quality. No hazardous materials would be stored on site. The lithium-ion batteries will be in an enclosure and there will be dry fire suppression material within the enclosure. 7-206. Wildfire Hazards. The project is located within Moderate and Severe Hazard areas, with the majority of the project being in Moderate Hazard areas; the project will not occur on slopes >30 percent. The project CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 26 would incorporate management of fuels within the facility (through mowing). The facility is further constructed of primarily non-combustible materials. The project would introduce new potential ignition sources to the area but is engineered to reduce the potential for sparking or creating other kinds of ignitions. 7-207 Natural and Geologic Hazards. The project is not located within an avalanche hazard area, a landslide hazard area, a rockfall hazard area, an alluvial fan hazard area, or on slopes greater than 20 percent. The project is not located within corrosive or expansive soils or rock, is not within a mudflow area. Development over Faults. The project is located immediately north of a minor fault line (see Appendix H – Geotechnical Report), but the geotechnical engineer has provided guidance indicating this minor fault would not pose an unacceptable risk or prevent development of the project, given the type of racking and solar panel mounting methods. 7-208. Reclamation. The applicant has prepared a Reclamation, Revegetation and Soil Plan (Appendix J). The project will incorporate contouring and revegetation, weed management, and preservation of topsoil. Division 3: Site Planning and Development Standards 7-301. Compatible Design. The project is consistent with the current land use around the site (which is undeveloped sagebrush shrublands and pinyon-juniper woodlands, on both private and BLM lands). The project would not have impacts to local roads, parking, or access to common areas. Some of the single-track trails in the area would need to be relocated, which would be at the discretion of the landowner (CMC). The operation would not produce odors, gas, fumes, and any glare from the panels would not be visible to adjacent, or nearby landowners. The facility does not emit any noise (aside from a low-level hum which is inaudible at the site perimeter), and is well within the limits of C.R.S., Article 12 of Title 25. 7-302. Off Street Parking and Loading Standards. The site will provide off street parking. 7-303. Landscaping Standards. Not applicable. 7-304. Lighting Standards. The site would not be regularly illuminated; illumination would only be turned on for more critical maintenance activities. 7-305. Snow Storage Standards. Not applicable. 7-306. Trail and Walkway Standards. Not applicable. Divisions 4-10, and 12 These Division standards are not applicable to the project. Division 11. Additional Standards for Utilities 7-1101. Solar Energy Systems. The facility will install signs warning of electrical shock on the access gate and at regularly spaced intervals around the perimeter fence. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 27 8. References Cited Boyatt, P. 2021 Personal communications, 1/26/2021. CPW District Wildlife Manager. Glenwood Springs, CO. Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), Online Transportation Information System. 2021. Highway Data Explorer, Highway 070A b/w MM 105 and 115. Available at: http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/otis/HighwayData, accessed January 2021. Colorado Parks and Wildlife. 2015. State Wildlife Action Plan. Denver, CO. CTL Thompson. 2020. Geotechnical Engineering Investigation, CMC Spring Valley Solar Array, CMC Spring Valley Campus, Garfield County, CO. Glenwood Springs, CO. Garfield County. 2012. Community Wildfire Protection Plan Walsh Environmental. Boulder, CO. Garfield County. 2013. Land Use and Development Code. Glenwood Springs, CO. Garfield County. 2014. County Road Traffic Statistics. Available at: https://www.garfield-county.com/road- bridge/documents/Traffic_Counts.pdf, accessed February 2021. Garfield County. 2020. Comprehensive Plan 2030, 2020 Update. Glenwood Springs, CO. Mao, J. 2018. Personal Communications, 10/10/2018. Colorado Parks and Wildlife Terrestrial Biologist. Glenwood Springs, CO. Mao, J. 2018. Personal Communications. Colorado Parks and Wildlife Terrestrial Biologist. Glenwood Springs, CO. 10/10/2018. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). 2021. Soil Survey Staff, NRCS United States Department of Agriculture. Web Soil Survey. Available online at the following link: http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Accessed January 2021. Neumann, D. 2021. Personal communications, 1/26/2021. CPW Land Use Specialist, Norwest Region. Glenwood Springs, CO. SGM. 2020c. Reclamation Plan, CMC Spring Valley Solar PV. Glenwood Springs, CO. SGM. 2021a. Level III Traffic Impact Study. D. Cokley, Glenwood Springs, CO. SGM. 2021b. Weed Management Plan, CMC Spring Valley Solar PV. Glenwood Springs, CO. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. National Wetlands Inventory website. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/ Weston & Sampson. 2021. Grading and Drainage Plan, CMC Spring Valley Solar PV. Reading, MA. Yamashita, M. 2020. Personal communications, 12/10/2020. CPW Area Wildlife Manager. Glenwood Springs, CO. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application 1    March 29, 2021  Vince Hooper, Planner III  Garfield County Community Development  108 8th Street, Suite 401  Glenwood Springs, CO 81601    RE: MIPA – 02‐21‐8832, CMC Spring Valley Solar PV, Addendum to Address Initial County Review  Dear Vince,  This addendum addresses the requested items identified from the County’s initial review of the Major  Impact Review Land Use Change Permit application for the CMC Spring Valley Solar PV project.  General Application Materials  1. Certification of Mineral Owner Research: Please see attached form.  2. Authority Issues ‐ Please see the attached documents:  a. Statement of Authority for Julie Hanson  b. Statement of Authority for Geri Kantor  3. Title Commitment:  a. Please see attached  4. Payment Agreement Form:  a. Please see attached  Section 7‐107 Compliance  5. BLM ROW Grant:  a. CMC is pursuing acquisition of a Bureau of Land Management (BLM) right‐of‐way grant  for the section of road that crosses approximately 400‐feet of BLM lands.  Neither CMC  nor  the  BLM  realized  that  the  old  road  did  not  have  a ROW  grant to either the  Sanitation District or to CMC.  b. A SF‐299 application has been submitted to the BLM, and are being processed by Joe  Fazzi, Realty Specialist.  Mr. Fazzi has indicated that the BLM will send a letter to CMC  indicating the processing fees and rental fees which will be due, that the NEPA review  will be a Categorical Exclusion, and that the ROW grant process should be complete by  May 2021.    c. Attached is a letter of commitment from CMC authorizing CMC Spring Valley Solar PV  to use their road.   6. Road Standards  a. Please see attached Roadway Waiver request for continued use of the private road as‐ is, which meets the requirements of a Primitive/Driveway road.  CMC Spring Valley Solar PV  MIPA – 02‐21‐8832  2 7. New Roads  a. Please see attached figure depicting new roads and where road improvements would  occur.  All  new  roads  and  improved  roads  will  meet  the  requirements  of  Primitive/Driveway roads.  Landscape Plan  8. Per  discussions  with  County  staff  (P.  Waller,  3/17/2021)  the  submitted Appendix  J  ‐  Reclamation, Revegetation and Soils Plan meets the technical requirements of a Landscape  Plan, and no further submittals are needed at this time.  Wildlife Information  9. Ameresco and CMC have proactively met with CPW staff on a number of occasions to discuss  mitigation for direct and indirect impacts to big game winter ranges due to the construction  and operation of the solar facility.  Based on these discussions, CPW has identified a habitat  improvement project occurring on National Forest lands near the project area, which would  meet their mitigation requirements.  The Aspen‐Sopris Ranger District is currently in the final stages of planning and is acquiring  contractors  to  complete  the  Toner  Creek  habitat  improvement  project.  Through  CPW,  Ameresco will provide additional funding to this project to help the Forest Service treat  additional acres.  CPW will provide the County a formal letter detailing these mitigation efforts, as well as other  additional requests to help avoid and minimize impacts to wildlife during the County’s agency  referral process.  Contact information with CPW and the USFS for the mitigation efforts are:  Danielle Neumann, Land Use Specialist  CPW, Northwest Region  0088 Wildlife Way  Glenwood Springs CO 81601  970‐366‐1223  danielle.neumann@state.co.us  Taylor Elm, NW Regional Energy Liaison  CPW, Northwest Region  711 independent Ave.  Grand Junction, CO 81505  970‐255‐6100  taylor.elm@state.co.us  Peter Boyatt, District Wildlife Manager  CPW, Basalt District  0088 Wildlife Way  Glenwood Springs, CO 81601  peter.boyatt@state.co.us  Philip Nyland, District Wildlife Biologist  Aspen‐Sopris Ranger District  CMC Spring Valley Solar PV  MIPA – 02‐21‐8832  3 White River National Forest  620 Main Street  Carbondale, CO 81623  970‐404‐3156  pnyland@fs.fed.us  Battery Storage Structures  10. Battery storage structures will be 40‐feet long, 8‐feet wide, and 9‐feet 6‐inches tall.  Some  storage structures will be 53‐feet long, but same width and height.    Please feel free to email if you have any questions.    On behalf of CMC Spring Valley Solar PV,        Eric Petterson  ericp@sgm‐inc.com        Attachments:  A. Certification of Mineral Owner Research  B. Julie Hanson Statement of Authorization  C. Geri Kantor Statement of Authorization  D. Garfield County Statement of Authority and Authorization  E. Title Commitment  F. Payment Agreement Form  G. Road Waiver Request  H. Drawing Depicting Existing, New and Improved Roads  CERTIFICATION OF MINERAL OWNER RESEARCH This form is to be completed and submitted with any application for a Land Use Change Permit. Mineral interests may be severed from surface right interests in real property. C.R.S. § 24-65.5-101, et seq, requires notification to mineral owners when a landowner applies for an application for development from a local government. As such, the landowner must research the current owners of mineral interests for the property. The Garfield County Land Use and Development Code of 2013 (“LUDC”) Section 4-101(E)(1)(b)(4) requires written notice to owners of mineral interests in the subject property in accordance with C.R.S. § 24-65.5-101, et seq, “as such owners can be identified through the records in the office of the Clerk and Recorder or Assessor, or through other means.” This form is proof of applicant’s compliance with the Colorado Revised Statutes and the LUDC. The undersigned applicant certifies that mineral owners have been researched for the subject property as required pursuant to C.R.S. § 24-65.5-101, et seq, and Section 4-101 (E)(1)(b)(4) of the Garfield County Land Use and Development Code, as amended. As a result of that research, the undersigned applicant certifies the following (Please initial on the blank line next to the statement that accurately reflects the result of research): I own the entire mineral estate relative to the subject property; or Minerals are owned by the parties listed below The names and addresses of any and all mineral owners identified are provided below (attach additional pages as necessary): Name of Mineral Owner Mailing Address of Mineral Owner I acknowledge I reviewed C.R.S. § 24-65.5-101, et seq, and I am in compliance with said statue and the LUDC. _____________________________________________ _________________________________ Applicant’s Signature Date GK Herman Edwina R & Westbrook, Ladawn K 434 N. 26th Street, Grand Junction, CO 81501 March 22, 2021 COMMITMENT FOR TITLE INSURANCE Issued by Stewart Title Guaranty Company Stewart Title Guaranty Company, a Texas Corporation (“Company”), for a valuable consideration, commits to issue its policy or policies of title insurance, as identified in Schedule A, in favor of the Proposed Insured named in Schedule A, as owner or mortgagee of the estate or interest in the land described or referred to in Schedule A, upon payment of the premiums and charges and compliance with the Requirements; all subject to the provisions of Schedules A and B and to the Conditions of this Commitment. This Commitment shall be effective only when the identity of the Proposed Insured and the amount of the policy or policies committed for have been inserted in Schedule A by the Company. All liability and obligation under this Commitment shall cease and terminate six months after the Effective Date or when the policy or policies committed for shall issue, whichever first occurs, provided that the failure to issue the policy or policies is not the fault of the Company. The Company will provide a sample of the policy form upon request. This commitment shall not be valid or binding until countersigned by a validating officer or authorized signatory. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Stewart Title Guaranty Company has caused its corporate name and seal to be hereunto affixed by its duly authorized officers on the date shown in Schedule A. Countersigned by: Stewart Title Guaranty Company ALTA Commitment (6/17/06) COMMITMENT FOR TITLE INSURANCE CONDITIONS 1. The term mortgage, when used herein, shall include deed of trust, trust deed, or other security instrument. 2. If the proposed Insured has or acquired actual knowledge of any defect, lien, encumbrance, adverse claim or other matter affecting the estate or interest or mortgage thereon covered by this Commitment other than those shown in Schedule B hereof, and shall fail to disclose such knowledge to the Company in writing, the Company shall be relieved from liability for any loss or damage resulting from any act of reliance hereon to the extent the Company is prejudiced by failure to so disclose such knowledge. If the proposed Insured shall disclose such knowledge to the Company, or if the Company otherwise acquires actual knowledge of any such defect, lien, encumbrance, adverse claim or other matter, the Company at its option may amend Schedule B of this Commitment accordingly, but such amendment shall not relieve the Company from liability previously incurred pursuant to paragraph 3 of these Conditions. 3. Liability of the Company under this Commitment shall be only to the named proposed Insured and such parties included under the definition of Insured in the form of policy or policies committed for and only for actual loss incurred in reliance hereon in undertaking in good faith (a) to comply with the requirements hereof, or (b) to eliminate exceptions shown in Schedule B, or (c) to acquire or create the estate or interest or mortgage thereon covered by this Commitment. In no event shall such liability exceed the amount stated in Schedule A for the policy or policies committed for and such liability is subject to the insuring provisions and Conditions and the Exclusions from Coverage of the form of policy or policies committed for in favor of the proposed Insured which are hereby incorporated by reference and are made a part of this Commitment except as expressly modified herein. 4. This Commitment is a contract to issue one or more title insurance policies and is not an abstract of title or a report of the condition of title. Any action or actions or rights of action that the proposed Insured may have or may bring against the Company arising out of the status of the title to the estate or interest or the status of the mortgage thereon covered by this Commitment must be based on and are subject to the provisions of this Commitment. 5. The policy to be issued contains an arbitration clause. All arbitrable matters when the Amount of Insurance is $2,000,000 or less shall be arbitrated at the option of either the Company or the Insured as the exclusive remedy of the parties. You may review a copy of the arbitration rules at https://www.alta.org/ All notices required to be given the Company and any statement in writing required to be furnished the Company shall be addressed to it at P.O. Box 2029, Houston, Texas 77252. ALTA Commitment (6/17/06) COMMITMENT FOR TITLE INSURANCE SCHEDULE A File Number: 21000330266 1. Effective Date: March 15, 2021 2. The policy or policies to be issued are: a) ALTA Owner’s Policy (06) Amount $1,000.00 Proposed Insured: b) ALTA Mortgagee’s Policy Amount $ Proposed Insured: 3. The estate or interest in the land described or referred to in this Commitment and covered herein is: Fee Simple as to Parcel 1 Easement as to Parcels 2-3 4. Title to said estate or interest in said land is at the effective date hereof vested in: Colorado Mountain Junior College District, a Colorado junior college district, as to Parcel 1 Colorado Mountain Junior College District, a Colorado junior college district, as to Parcel 2 The United States of America, acting by and through the Bureau of Land Management, as to Parcel 3 (There have been no patents issued for Parcel 3) 5. The land referred to in this Commitment is described as follows: See Exhibit “A” attached hereto and made a part hereof. ALTA Commitment (6/17/06) COMMITMENT FOR TITLE INSURANCE Exhibit “A” Legal Description Parcel 1: All of Lots 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Section 9, Township 7 South, Range 88 West of the 6th P.M., Garfield County, Colorado, being more particularly described as follows: Beginning at the Northeast corner of Lot 5 of said Section 9, being the same as the Northwest corner of Lot 4 of said Section 9; thence North 89°41’57” East 1366.29 feet along the Northerly line of said Lot 4 to the Northeast corner of said Lot 4; thence South 00°38’41” West 2198.27 feet along the Easterly lines of Lots 4 and 7 of said Section 9 to the Southeast corner of said Lot 7; thence South 88°42’41” West 361.02 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 7; thence North 317.99 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 7; thence South 69°57’ West 988.46 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 7; thence South 88°42’41” West 1601.16 feet along the Southerly lines of Lots 7 and 6 of said Section 9 to the Southwest corner of said Lot 6; thence Northerly along the Westerly lines of Lots 6 and 5 to the Northwest corner of said Lot 5; thence Easterly along the Northerly line of Lot 5 to the Northeast corner of said Lot 5 and the point of beginning. Parcel ID: 239309200003 Parcel 2: Parcel ID: 239304200034 consists of the following seven (7) parcels: Parcel 2A: A tract or parcel of land in Lot 6 and in Lot 7 of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West of the 6th P.M., Garfield County, Colorado, being more particularly described as follows: Beginning at a point on the West line of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, 6th P.M., from which point the Northeast corner of Section 8, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, 6th P.M. bears South 9°28’ West a distance of 1,139.4 feet; thence North 0°20’ East along the West line of Section 4, a distance of 1,442.7 feet to the North line of Lot 6 of Section 4; thence South 89°55’30” East along the North line of Lot 6 of Section 4, a distance of 1,341.5 feet to the East line of Lot 6 of Section 4; thence South 0°13’30” East along the East line of Lot 6 and Lot 7 of Section 4, a distance of 768.8 feet to the Northwesterly line of the County road; thence South 72°45’ West along the Northwesterly line of the County road, a distance of 112.7 feet; thence South 61°35’30” West along the Northwesterly line of the County road, a distance of 658.6 feet; thence South 57°46’ West along the Northwesterly line of the County road, a distance of 271.8 feet; thence South 61°58’30” West along the Northwesterly line of the County road, a distance of 214.2 feet; thence South 72°07’30” West along the Northwesterly line of the County road, a distance of 259.5 feet, more or less, to the point of beginning, containing 34.459 acres, more or less. Parcel 2B: A tract or parcel of land in Lot 1 and in the South half of the Northeast quarter of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West of the 6th P.M., Garfield County, Colorado, being more particularly described as follows: Beginning at a point in Lot 1 of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, 6th P.M., from which point the Northeast corner of Section 4 bears North 33°20’30” East, a distance of 995.7 feet; thence South 0°30’30” East a distance of 514.4 feet to the North line ALTA Commitment (6/17/06) of the South half of the Northeast quarter of Section 4; thence South 0°30’30” East a distance of 1,346.1 feet to the South line of the South half of the Northeast quarter of Section 4; thence North 89°55’30” West along the South line of the South half of the Northeast quarter of Section 4, a distance of 2,128.3 feet to the West line of the South half of the Northeast quarter of Section 4; thence North 0°30’30” West along the West line of the South half of the Northeast quarter of Section 4, a distance of 1,344.4 feet to the North line of the South half of the Northeast quarter of Section 4; thence South 89°58’ East along the North line of the South half of the Northeast quarter of Section 4, a distance of 1,343.3 feet to the West line of Lot 1 of Section 4; thence North 0°35’ West along the West line of Lot 1 of Section 4, a distance of 514.4 feet; thence South 89°58’ East a distance of 785.7 feet, more or less, to the point of beginning, containing 75.000 acres, more or less. Parcel 2C: A tract of parcel of land in the Northeast quarter of the Southwest quarter and in the Northwest quarter of the Southeast quarter of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West of the 6th P.M., Garfield County, Colorado, being more particularly described as follows: Beginning at a point on the North line of the Northwest quarter of the Southeast quarter of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, 6th P.M., from which point the Southeast corner of Section 4 bears South 30°52’30” East a distance of 2,933.8 feet; thence South 0°30’30” East a distance of 1,264.9 feet to the South line of the Northwest quarter of the Southeast quarter of Section 4; thence South 89°49’ West along the South line of the Northwest quarter of the Southeast quarter of Section 4, a distance of 1,214.1 feet to the West line of the Northwest quarter of the Southeast quarter of Section 4; thence South 89°49’ West along the South line of the Northeast quarter of the Southwest quarter of Section 4, a distance of 1,360.0 feet to the West line of the Northeast quarter of the Southwest quarter of Section 4; thence North 0°13’30” West along the West line of the Northeast quarter of the Southwest quarter of Section 4, a distance of 1,276.6 feet to the North line of the Northeast quarter of the Southwest quarter of Section 4; thence South 89°55’30” East along the North line of the Northeast quarter of the Southwest quarter of Section 4, a distance of 1,353.7 feet to the East line of the Northeast quarter of the Southwest quarter of Section 4; thence South 89°55’30” East along the North line of the Northwest quarter of the Southeast quarter of Section 4, a distance of 1,214.2 feet, more or less, to the point of beginning, containing 75.000 acres, more or less. Except a parcel of land in the Northeast quarter of the Southwest quarter of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West of the 6th P.M., being more particularly described as follows: Beginning at the Southeast corner of said Section 4; thence North 72°21’48” West 4,226.11 feet to the Southwest corner of said Northeast quarter of the Southwest quarter; thence South 89°53’11” East 281.52 feet along the South line of said Northeast quarter of the Southwest quarter to the true point of beginning; thence North 15°58’59” East 137.70 feet; thence North 83°50’11” West 233.03 feet; thence North 00°01’47” West 244.20 feet; thence South 89°54’26” East 551.22 feet; thence South 82°27’14” East 65.88 feet; thence South 01°16’01” East 393.00 feet; thence North 89°53’11” West 431.33 feet along the South line of said Northeast quarter of the Southwest quarter to the true point of beginning, containing 5.00 acres, more or less. Parcel 2D: Lots 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 11 of the Northwest quarter of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West of the 6th P.M., Garfield County, Colorado, containing 160.00 acres, more or less. Parcel 2E: Beginning at a point on the East line of Section 5, Township 7 South, Range 88 West of the 6th P.M., Garfield County, Colorado, from which point the Northeast corner of Section 8, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, 6th P.M. bears South 9°28’West a distance of 1,139.4 feet; ALTA Commitment (6/17/06) thence South 72°07’30” West along the Northwesterly line of the County road, a distance of 195.8 feet; thence North 0°12’ West a distance of 4,187.5 feet to the North line of Section 5; thence North 0°12’ West into Section 32, Township 6 South, Range 88 West, 6th P.M., a distance of 823.5 feet; thence South 89°57’ East a distance of 201.0 feet to the East line of Section 32; thence South 89°57’ East a distance of 177.4 feet to the East line of Lot 18 of Section 33, Township 6 South, Range 88 West, 6th P.M.; thence South 0°07’30” East along the East line of Lots 18 and 19 of Section 33, a distance of 823.5 feet to the South line of Section 33; thence North 89°57’ West along the South line of Section 33, a distance of 177.4 feet to the corner common to Section 32 and Section 33, Township 6 South, Range 88 West, 6th P.M., and Section 4 and Section 5, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, 6th P.M.; thence South 0°12’ East along the East line of Section 5, a distance of 2,684.6 feet to the East quarter corner of Section 5; thence South 0°20’ West along the East line of Section 5, a distance of 1,442.7 feet, more or less, to the point of beginning, containing 26.00 acres, more or less. Parcel 2F: Lot 12 of the Southwest quarter of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West of the 6th P.M., Garfield County, Colorado. Parcel 2G: Part of Lots 6 and 7 of Section 4, part of Lot 11 of Section 5, all of Lot 8 and part of Lots 3 and 4 of Section 8, and all of Lots 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Section 9, all in Township 7 South, Range 88 West of the 6th P.M., Garfield County, Colorado, lying Southeasterly of a County road as constructed and in place, being more particularly described as follows: Beginning at the Southwest corner of Lot 3 of said Section 8, being the same as the Southeast corner of Lot 4 of said Section 8, whence the Northeast corner of said Section 8 bears North 52°35’14” East 1,572.97 feet; thence South 88°43’38” West 426.39 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 4 to a point on the Westerly line of said road; thence North 03°12’18” East 242.69 feet along the Westerly line of said road; thence North 14°58’08” East 144.01 feet along the Westerly line of said road; thence North 32°07’00” East 1,473.78 feet along the Westerly line of said road; thence North 43°58’38” East 132.65 feet along the Westerly line of said road; thence North 64°10’20” East 392.30 feet along the Northwesterly line of said road; thence North 72°07’36” East 885.11 feet along the Northwesterly line of said road; thence North 61°58’39” East 214.19 feet along the Northwesterly line of said road; thence North 57°45’47” East 271.83 feet along the Northwesterly line of said road; thence North 61°35’17” East 658.56 feet along the Northwesterly line of said road; thence North 72°45’00” East 112.70 feet along the Northwesterly line of said road to a point on the Easterly line of Lot 6 of said Section 4; thence South 00°09’39” West 1,787.80 feet along the Easterly lines of Lots 6 and 7 of said Section 4 to the Northeast corner of Lot 5 of said Section 9, being the same as the Northwest corner of Lot 4 of said Section 9; thence North 89°41’57” East 1,366.29 feet along the Northerly line of said Lot 4 to the Northeast corner of said Lot 4; thence South 00°38’41” West 2,198.27 feet along the Easterly lines of Lots 4 and 7 of said Section 9 to the Southeast corner of said Lot 7; thence South 88°42’41” West 361.02 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 7; thence North 317.99 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 7; thence South 69°57’ West 988.46 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 7; thence South 88°42’41” West 1,601.16 feet along the Southerly lines of Lots 7 and 6 of said Section 9 to the Southwest corner of said Lot 6, being the same as the Southeast corner of Lot 8 of said Section 8; thence South 88°46’10” West 1,245.83 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 8 to the Southwest corner of said Lot 8; thence North 00°05’49” West 1,319.90 feet along the Westerly line of said Lot 8 to the Northwest corner of said Lot 8, being the same as the Southwest corner of Lot 3 of said Section 8, the point of beginning. ALTA Commitment (6/17/06) Except a strip of land sixty (60) feet in width which is the County road as now situate and in place and which extends along the entire Northwesterly portion thereof in said Lots 3 and 4, Section 8; Lot 11, Section 5 and Lots 6 and 7, Section 4. Except All of Lots 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Section 9, Township 7 South, Range 88 West of the 6th P.M., Garfield County, Colorado, being more particularly described as follows: Beginning at the Northeast corner of Lot 5 of said Section 9, being the same as the Northwest corner of Lot 4 of said Section 9; thence North 89°41’57” East 1366.29 feet along the Northerly line of said Lot 4 to the Northeast corner of said Lot 4; thence South 00°38’41” West 2198.27 feet along the Easterly lines of Lots 4 and 7 of said Section 9 to the Southeast corner of said Lot 7; thence South 88°42’41” West 361.02 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 7; thence North 317.99 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 7; thence South 69°57’ West 988.46 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 7; thence South 88°42’41” West 1601.16 feet along the Southerly lines of Lots 7 and 6 of said Section 9 to the Southwest corner of said Lot 6; thence Northerly along the Westerly lines of Lots 6 and 5 to the Northwest corner of said Lot 5; thence Easterly along the Northerly line of Lot 5 to the Northeast corner of said Lot 5 and the point of beginning. Parcel 3: The Southwest quarter of the Northeast quarter of Section 8, Township 7 South, Range 88 West of the 6th P.M., Garfield County, Colorado. Parcel ID: part of 239308200955 ALTA Commitment (6/17/06) COMMITMENT FOR TITLE INSURANCE SCHEDULE B – I Requirements File No.: 21000330266 The following are the requirements to be complied with: 1. Instruments necessary to create the estate or interest to be insured must be properly executed, delivered and duly filed for record. 2. Pay the full consideration to, or for the account of, the grantors or mortgagors. 3. Pay all taxes, charges, assessments, levied and assessed against subject premises, which are due and payable. 4. Satisfactory evidence should be had that improvements and/or repairs or alterations thereto are completed that contractor, sub-contractors, labor and materialmen are all paid; and have released of record all liens or notice of intent to perfect a lien for labor material. 5. Evidence of the good standing of the Owner and, as appropriate, of the Insured, and of the incumbency, and the authority of the officer(s) of Owner, and of the Insured who will execute the instrument(s) of conveyance. 6. Lease Agreements by Colorado Mountain Junior College District, a Colorado junior college district, and The United States of America, acting by and through the Bureau of Land Management. NOTE: The Company reserves the right to make any additional requirements and/or exceptions to this commitment and any subsequent Endorsements thereto upon review of all required documents or in otherwise ascertaining further details of the transaction. ALTA Commitment (6/17/06) COMMITMENT FOR TITLE INSURANCE SCHEDULE B – II Exceptions File No.: 21000330266 Schedule B of the policy or policies to be issued will contain exceptions to the following matters unless the same are disposed of to the satisfaction of the Company: Standard Exceptions: 1. Defects, liens, encumbrances, adverse claims or other matters, if any, created first appearing in the public records or attaching subsequent to the effective date hereof, but prior to the date of the Proposed Insured acquires for value of record the estate or interest or mortgage thereon covered by this Commitment. 2. General Exceptions: a. Rights or claims of parties in possession not shown by the public records. b. Easements, or claims of easements, not shown by the public records. c. Encroachments, overlaps, boundary line disputes, or other matters which would be disclosed by an accurate survey and inspection of the premises. d. Any lien, or right to a lien, for services, labor, or material heretofore or hereafter furnished, imposed by law and not shown by the public records. e. Unpatented mining claims, reservations or exceptions in patents or in acts authorizing the issuance thereof. f. Minerals of whatsoever kind, subsurface and surface substances, including but not limited to coal, lignite, oil, gas, uranium, clay, rock, sand and gravel in, on, under and that may be produced from the Land, together with all rights, privileges, and immunities relating thereto, whether or not appearing in the Public Records or listed in Schedule B. The Company makes no representation as to the present ownership of any such interests. There may be leases, grants, exceptions or reservations of interests that are not listed. g. Any inaccuracy in the area, square footage, or acreage of land described in Schedule A. The Company does not insure the area, square footage, or acreage of the land. h. Water rights, claims or title to water. Special Exceptions: 3. Taxes for 2020 are Exempt. Parcel 1 - ID: 239309200003 Taxes for 2020 are Exempt. Parcel 2 - ID: 239304200034 Taxes for 2020 are Exempt. Parcel 3 - ID: 239308200955 ALTA Commitment (6/17/06) 4. Reservations or exceptions contained in U.S. Patents, or in Acts authorizing the issuance thereof, dated or recorded July 30, 1895 at Filing No. 18569, August 6, 1895 at Filing No. 18588, September 23, 1912 at Filing No. 45158, October 7, 1916 at Patent No. 549206, March 2, 1922 at Patent No. 852665, November 27, 1940 at Filing No. 141655 and November 15, 1951 at Patent No. 1133295, in Official Records of Garfield County, Colorado or in General Land Office Records of the U.S Bureau of Land Management, reserving (1) Rights of the proprietor of a vein or lode to extract and remove his ore therefrom and/or (2) rights of way for ditches and canals constructed under the authority of the United States. (Parcels 1-3) 5. Reservation of all coal and other minerals with the right to prospect for, mine and remove the same in the United States Patent recorded November 27, 1940 at Filing No. 141655, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2, Sec. 4) 6. Reservation of all uranium, thorium or any other material which is or may be determined to be peculiarly essential to the production of fissionable materials, together with the right to prospect for, mine and remove the same in the United States Patent dated November 15, 1951 at Patent No. 1133295, Land Office Records, U.S Bureau of Land Management. (Parcel 2, Sec. 8 ) 7. Easements in favor of Public Service Company of Colorado recorded August 13, 1959 in Book 319 Page 446 and in Book 319 Page 447, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2) 8. Reservation of a life estate in an undivided 1/2 of the oil, gas and other minerals, as contained in deeds recorded October 22, 1962 in Book 345 Page 115 and March 8, 1963 in Book 347 Page 457, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado, together with the appurtenant rights to use the surface of the land. The Company makes no representation as to the present ownership of any such interests. There may be leases, grants, exceptions or reservations of interests that are not listed. (Parcels 1-2) 9. Reservation of all oil, gas and other minerals, as contained in deed recorded August 1, 1968 in Book 396 Page 36, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado, together with the appurtenant rights to use the surface of the land. The Company makes no representation as to the present ownership of any such interests. There may be leases, grants, exceptions or reservations of interests that are not listed. (Parcel 2C) 10. Easements for ingress, egress and utilities as granted and reserved in deed recorded August 1, 1968 in Book 396 Page 36, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2C) 11. Reservation of all oil, gas and other minerals, as contained in deeds recorded August 1, 1968 in Book 396 Page 39 and December 13, 1972 in Book 438 Page 542, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado, together with the appurtenant rights to use the surface of the land. The Company makes no representation as to the present ownership of any such interests. There may be leases, grants, exceptions or reservations of interests that are not listed. (Parcel 2D) 12. Reservation of a spring situated in Lot 4, near the Northeast corner thereof, together with the right to construct ditches or pipelines to convey water to adjoining lands owned by grantor, as contained in deeds recorded August 1, 1968 in Book 396 Page 39 and December 13, 1972 in Book 438 Page 542, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2D) ALTA Commitment (6/17/06) 13. Reservation of a right of way to and from a spring to and onto the SE1/4 NE1/4 of Section 4, T. 7 S., R. 88 W. as contained in deed recorded June 21, 1967 in Book 385 Page 325, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2B) 14. Right of Way Easement in favor of Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company recorded October 16, 1968 in Book 397 Page 269, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2) 15. Easements in favor of David T. Watts and James W. Watts as conveyed in deed recorded September 22, 1972 in Book 435 Page 522, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2) 16. Right of Way Easements in favor of Holy Cross Electric Association, Inc. recorded September 10, 1980 in Book 555 Page 545 and in Book 555 Page 546, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcels 1-2) 17. Right of Way Easement in favor of Rocky Mountain Natural Gas Company recorded May 30, 1995 in Book 942 Page 171, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2) 18. Right of Way Easement in favor of Holy Cross Electric Association, Inc. recorded October 16, 1996 in Book 996 Page 464, and Trench, Conduit and Vault Agreement in Book 996 Page 466, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2) 19. Right of Way Easement in favor of Holy Cross Electric Association, Inc. recorded June 2, 1998 in Book 1070 Page 577, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2) 20. Right of Way Easement in favor of Holy Cross Electric Association, Inc. recorded October 5, 1998 in Book 1091 Page 636, and Trench, Conduit and Vault Agreement in Book 1091 Page 638, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2) 21. Right of Way Easement in favor of Holy Cross Electric Association, Inc. recorded July 5, 2000 in Book 1195 Page 938, and Trench, Conduit and Vault Agreement with Holy Cross Energy in Book 1195 Page 940, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2) 22. Lease and Agreement in favor of Spring Valley Sanitation District, for a term of 29 years with an option for an additional 50 year term, as evidenced in Memorandum of Lease recorded August 29, 2001 in Book 1281 Page 492, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 1) 23. Right of Way Easement in favor of Holy Cross Energy recorded September 10, 2010 at Reception No. 791180, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2) 24. Easement in favor of Spring Valley Sanitation District recorded February 16, 2011 at Reception No. 798916, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcels 1-2) 25. Easement in favor of Rocky Mountain Natural Gas LLC recorded December 5, 2011 at Reception No. 811568, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2) 26. Right of Way Easement in favor of Holy Cross Energy recorded January 29, 2016 at Reception No. 873032, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2) ALTA Commitment (6/17/06) 27. Easements in favor of Pinon Pines Holdings, LLC recorded March 8, 2016 at Reception No. 874565, Reception No. 874566, Reception No. 874567 and Reception No. 874568, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2) 28. Right of Way Easement in favor of Holy Cross Energy recorded December 26, 2018 at Reception No. 915673, and Trench, Conduit and Vault Agreements at Reception No. 915674 and at Reception No. 914473, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcels 1-2) 29. Right of Way Easement in favor of Holy Cross Energy recorded June 19, 2019 at Reception No. 921709, Official Records, Garfield County, Colorado. (Parcel 2) 30. Rights of Way for County roads as now used and/or established. GLENWOOD SPRINGS 118 West Sixth St, Suite 200 | Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 | 970.945.1004 Memorandum To: Patrick Waller, Senior Planner Glenn Hartmann, Senior Planner Garfield County Community Development From: Dan Cokley, PE, PTOE Re: CMC Spring Valley Solar PV - Roadway Waiver The purpose of this memo is to provide a description and demonstrate compliance for a road waiver request for the above referenced project access driveway. The access is described and shown in Figure 1 below and in more detail in the Basic Traffic Analysis (TA) completed February 18, 2021 by SGM. Figure 1 – Site Access Driveway Long Term Traffic Volumes The existing access driveway serves the CMC wastewater facility and has a minimum amount faciity maintenance traffic, on the order of 1-2 vehicles per day. Upon opening of the project, Solar PV operators may generate up to 2 to 4 trips per day on the very few days per year when maintenance of the solar facility is required. The long-term traffic volumes would not result in any significant impact to existing traffic patterns. The long-term traffic volumes will require a Primitive / Driveway roadway standard based on Table 7-107 of the Garfield County LUC. Construction Traffic Volumes Construction of the proposed project is anticipated to generate approximately 24 to 46 vehicle trips per day (passenger car equivalent) lasting approximately 8 months. The volume is not anticipated to result in any adverse impact to traffic patterns during the construction period and the existing access driveway can adequately handle the temporary volume. Project Access CR 114 Project Site Existing CMC WW Facility 3.18.21 2 Existing Access Driveway The current access driveway is paved for the first 330 feet, including paved radii at CR 114. The access road is gated and accesses private property. The access pre-existed the current County Road Standards defined in Table 7-107. A portion of the Table 7-107 design standards and the corresponding project access road characteristics are shown below: The access meets or exceeds all the criteria for the Primitive / Driveway Standard considering long- term volumes. The temporary construction volumes will exceed the same Standard, requiring this waiver request. The construction vehicle types and volumes by phase are provided in detail in the Basic Traffic Analysis. When considering the temporary construction volume meets the Semi-Primitive standard, the access geometry is deficient only in width. Management of construction traffic by the contractor will include 10-15 mph speed limits, radio communication and scheduled deliveries that will limit potential conflicts. Those measures will also provide safety during construction. Additional safety measures include truck turning signage placed on CR 114 on both sides of the access to make drivers aware of the increased activity at the typically very low volume road during construction. The contractor will be responsible for maintaining the access immediately prior to, during and immediately following construction to ensure accessibility to the construction site to facilitate construction and will deliver the access in the same or better condition following construction. That maintenance may include structurally improving the road to carry the proposed construction traffic. The construction traffic described above for the proposed solar facility is not unlike the previous construction traffic for the CMC wastewater facility which used the same access driveway for the construction of that facility. The existing access can serve the construction traffic in terms of its width and drainage. The Contractor will be responsible for maintaining the access road during construction and restoring the access road to its pre-construction condition in the event of any deterioration. The existing access is adequate in its current configuration for both long-term and temporary construction traffic volumes. SITE BENCHMARK ELV. = 6,718.60'FOUND REBAR WITH 2.5" ALLOY CAPOEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX X X XXXXXXXXXMHMH IVR SS SS SS SS W SPRIN G V A L L E Y S A NI T A TI O N, B O O K 5 4 5 P A G E 1 3 4 12" CMP 666066656670667566806685669066956700 6705 6710 6715 6720 67256730 6735 674067456670 6675 6680 6685 6690 6695 6700 6705 6710 6715 6720 6725 6730 6735 6740 6745 6750 6755 6760 6765 6680 668 5 66 9 0 669 5 6700 6705 6710 66656670667566806685 6690669567006705 6675 6675 6660 66756680 6685 6690 6695 6700 6705671067156720 67256730 673567406745 6750 67556760676566756680668566906695 6700 6705 6710 6715 6690 6685 6680 6675 66606665667066756680668566906695670067056710 6715 6720 6725 66606660666566656670667066756675668066806685668566906690669566956700 67006705 67056710 671067156715 67206720 67256725 6730668566906695670067056710 671567206725 6665 6680 6685 6665 6670 6675 66806685 6690 669567006705671067156720672567306735674067456750675567606765668 5 6680 66 9 0 2 C501 6 C502 1 C501 11 C502 10 C502 5 C501 4 C501 4 C501 2 C501 11 C502 11 C502 11 C502 LOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOW LOWLOW LOWLOW LOW LOW LOW LOWLOW LOW LO W L O W LO W LO W LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLO WLOWLOW LOWLO WLOW LOW LOW 6 C502 3 C501 EXISTING OVERHEAD ELECTRICAL WIRES SITE PROPERTY LINE EXISTING ACCESS ROAD CENTERLINE OF EXISTING 2' WIDE BIKE PATH EXISTING DIRT ROAD CENTERLINE OF EXISTING 2' WIDE BIKE PATH EXISTING WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT SBSBEXISTING ACCESS ROAD FIXED TILT SOLAR ARRAY NEW UTILITY POLES NEW GRAVEL ACCESS ROAD ACCESS GATE (TYP) PERIMETER FENCE (TYP) PAD-MOUNTED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (SEE CONSTRUCTION NOTE 1) STABILIZED CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE SEDIMENT BARRIER (SEE CONSTRUCTION NOTE 2) ACCESS GATE (TYP) WEST TRACKER ARRAY EAST TRACKERARRAYIMPROVED ACCESS ROAD PAD-MOUNTED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (SEE CONSTRUCTION NOTE 1) PAD-MOUNTED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (SEE CONSTRUCTION NOTE 1) PAD-MOUNTED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (SEE CONSTRUCTION NOTE 1) BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (SEE CONSTRUCTION NOTE 1) STAGING/CONSTRUCTION PARKING AREA (DASHED OUTLINE) STABILIZED CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE UNDERGROUND ELECTRICAL CONDUIT (TYP) NEW REVENUE METER POLE NEW PROJECT DISCONNECT SWITCH POLE, GOAB NEW TANGENT POLE, POI C101 PROPOSED SITE PLAN RJB MRC/ETR RWG \\wse03.local\WSE\Projects\Private\Ameresco\CMC Spring Valley, CO\Design\CAD\03 Sheet\FOR PERMITTING\C101.dwgCOPYRIGHT © 2021 WESTON & SAMPSON, INC. Project: Applicant: Seal: Revisions: No. Date Description Issued For: Drawing Title: Sheet Number: Scale: W&S File No.: W&S Project No.: Approved By: Date: Reviewed By: Drawn By: CMC SPRING VALLEYSOLAR PV DEVELOPMENT COUNTY ROAD 114GLENWOOD SPRINGS, CO 81601 0 02/17/2021 PERMITTING PERMITTING AS SHOWN Ameresco CMC ENG21-0016 02/17/2021 Ameresco HCE Solar LLC 3095 S. Parker Road, Suite 200Aurora, CO 80014Tel: (720) 627-8772 www.ameresco.com 0 GRAPHIC SCALE 1" = 30020010050100 100' GENERAL NOTES: 1.BASE MAPPING SHOWN HEREIN DERIVED FROM A PLAN ENTITLED "COLORADO MOUNTAIN COLLEGE GARFIELD COUNTY TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY SPRING VALLEY CAMPUS SURVEY", PREPARED BY HIGH COUNTRY ENGINEERING, INC., DATED 12/05/2019. 2.AREAS OF GRAY SHADING REPRESENT SLOPES WITH GRADES EXCEEDING 20%. SITE PLAN NOTES: 1.SOLAR ARRAY LAYOUT SHOWN HEREIN DERIVED FROM A PLAN ENTITLED, "SITE PLAN", PREPARED BY SUNSENSE, INC. AND AMERESCO, DATED 11/10/2020. 2.ELECTRICAL DESIGN, INCLUDING UTILITY POLES, PERFORMED BY OTHERS. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS SHOWN TO ILLUSTRATE LOCATIONS ONLY. REFER TO ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS FOR DETAILED ELECTRICAL SYSTEM INFORMATION. 3.SOLAR ARRAY LAYOUT IS SUBJECT TO FINAL DESIGN BUT WILL REMAIN WITHIN THE PROPOSED LIMIT OF WORK. CONSTRUCTION NOTES: 1.MAJOR GRADING AT THE SITE IS NOT PROPOSED. LOCALIZED LEVELING OF ALL BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT PADS/CONTAINERS SHALL BE PROVIDED AS NEEDED. FINAL GRADING WILL REMAIN CONSISTENT WITH EXISTING TOPOGRAPHY SHOWN ON THIS PLAN. 2.CONTRACTOR SHALL RELOCATE SEDIMENT BARRIERS AS NEEDED FOR FENCE CONSTRUCTION, HOWEVER, SEDIMENT BARRIERS MUST BE PLACED AS SHOWN ON THE PLANS AT THE END OF EACH WORK DAY. PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) TABLES 7' TALL WILDLIFE FENCE EQUIPMENT PAD LOW LOW LIMIT OF WORK PROPOSED LEGEND SB SB SB SEDIMENT BARRIER NEW GRAVEL ACCESS ROAD UTILITY POLE/POWER POLE ELECTRICAL CONDUIT EXISTING SANITARY MANHOLESS MANHOLEMH WELLW UTILITY POLE / POWER POLE GUY ANCHOR BOUNDARY OR LOT LINE WIRE FENCE LINEX CHAIN LINK FENCE LINE GRAVEL ROAD DIRT ROAD CENTERLINE OF 2' WIDE BIKE PATH MAJOR CONTOUR LINE MINOR CONTOUR LINE 6070 FLOW LINE BENCHMARK / CONTROL POINT OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINEOE 1 03/18/2021 REVISED PER COUNTY REVIEW COMMENTS ACCESS ROAD IMPROVED ACCESS ROAD 1620 Grand Avenue Bldg Main Floor 1 Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 Phone: 970-945-1169 Fax: 844-269-2759 www.titlecorockies.com Commitment Ordered By: Julie Hanson Colorado Mountain College 802 Grand Ave Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 Phone: 970-947-8402 Fax: email: jshanson@coloradomtn.edu Inquiries should be directed to: Mary Scheurich Title Company of the Rockies 1620 Grand Avenue Bldg Main Floor 1 Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 Phone: 970-945-1169 Fax: 844-269-2759 email: MScheurich@titlecorockies.com Commitment Number:0601089-C Buyer's Name(s):A Buyer To Be Determined Seller's Name(s):Colorado Mountain Junior College District Property:TBD Vacant Land, Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 Section: 9 Township: 7 Range: 88, County of Garfield, State of Colorado. , , CO Tract: 34 Section: 6 Township: 88, County of Garfield, State of Colorado. , , CO Section: 4 Township: 7 Range: 88, County of Garfield, State of Colorado. TITLE CHARGES These charges are based on issuance of the policy or policies described in the attached Commitment for Title Insurance, and includes premiums for the proposed coverage amount(s) and endorsement(s) referred to therein, and may also include additional work and/or third party charges related thereto. If applicable, the designation of “Buyer” and “Seller” shown below may be based on traditional settlement practices in Garfield County, Colorado, and/or certain terms of any contract, or other information provided with the Application for Title Insurance. Owner’s Policy Premium: Loan Policy Premium: Additional Lender Charge(s): Additional Other Charge(s): Tax Certificate: Total Endorsement Charge(s): TBD Charge(s): TOTAL CHARGES: $0.00 $0.00 $625.00 $75.00 $370.00 $1,070.00 Service Beyond Expectation in Colorado for: Eagle, Garfield, Grand, Pitkin and Summit Counties. (Limited Coverage: Jackson, Lake, Park and Routt Counties) Locations In: Avon/Beaver Creek, Basalt, Breckenridge, Granby, and Winter Park. (Closing Services available in Aspen and Glenwood Springs). CM-2 (ALTA Commitment for Title Insurance (6-17-06)(WLTIC Edition (9/26/07) Westcor Land Title Insurance Company, a California corporation ("Company"), for a valuable consideration, commits to issue its policy or policies of title insurance, as identified in Schedule A, in favor of the Proposed Insured named in Schedule A , as owner or mortgagee of the estate or interest in the land described or referred to in Schedule A, upon payment of the premiums and charges and compliance with the Requirements; all subject to the provisions of Schedules A and B and to the Conditions of this Commitment. This Commitment shall be effective only when the identity of the Proposed Insured and the amount of the policy or policies committed for have been inserted in Schedule A by the Company. All liability and obligation under this Commitment shall cease and terminate six (6) months after the Effective Date or when the policy or policies committed for shall issue, whichever first occurs, provided that the failure to issue the policy or policies is not the fault of the Company. The Company will provide a sample of the policy form upon request. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, WESTCOR LAND TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY has caused its corporate name and seal to be hereunto affixed and by these presents to be signed in facsimile under authority of its by-laws, effective as of the date of Commitment shown in Schedule A. Issued By: The Title Company of the Rockies 1620 Grand Avenue Bldg Main, Floor 1 Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 Phone: 970-945-1169 ALTA Commitment Form (6-17-06) COMMITMENT FOR TITLE INSURANCE ISSUED BY WESTCOR LAND TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY 201 N. New York Avenue, Suite 200 Winter Park, Florida 32789 Telephone: (407) 629-5842 WESTCOR TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY HOME OFFICE CONDITIONS The term mortgage, when used herein, shall include deed of trust, trust deed, or other1. security instrument. If the proposed Insured has or acquired actual knowledge of any defect, lien,2. encumbrance, adverse claim or other matter affecting the estate or interest or mortgage thereon covered by this Commitment other than those shown in Schedule B hereof, and shall fail to disclose such knowledge to the Company in writing, the Company shall be relieved from liability for any loss or damage resulting from any act of reliance hereon to the extent the Company is prejudiced by failure to so disclose such knowledge. If the proposed Insured shall disclose such knowledge to the Company, or if the Company otherwise acquires actual knowledge of any such defect, lien, encumbrance, adverse claim or other matter, the Company at its option may amend Schedule B of this Commitment accordingly, but such amendment shall not relieve the Company from liability previously incurred pursuant to paragraph 3 of these Conditions and Stipulations. Liability of the Company under this Commitment shall be only to the named3. proposed Insured and such parties included under the definition of Insured in the form of policy or policies committed for and only for actual loss incurred in reliance hereon in undertaking in good faith (a) to comply with the requirements hereof, or (b) to eliminate exceptions shown in Schedule B, or (c) to acquire or create the estate or interest or mortgage thereon covered by this Commitment. In no event shall such liability exceed the amount stated in Schedule A for the policy or policies committed for and such liability is subject to the insuring provisions and Conditions and Stipulations and the Exclusions from Coverage of the form of policy or policies committed for in favor of the proposed Insured which are hereby incorporated by reference and are made a part of this Commitment except as expressly modified herein. This Commitment is a contract to issue one or more title insurance policies and is not4. an abstract of title or a report of the condition of title. Any action or actions or rights of action that the proposed Insured may have or may bring against the Company arising out of the status of the title to the estate or interest or the status of the mortgage thereon covered by this Commitment must be based on and are subject to the provisions of this Commitment. The policy to be issued contains an arbitration clause. All arbitrable matters when5. the Amount of Insurance is $2,000,000 or less shall be arbitrated at the option of either the Company or the Insured as the exclusive remedy of the parties. You may review a copy of the arbitration rules at< http://www.alta.org/>. Westcor Land Title Insurance Company Joint Notice of Privacy Policy of Westcor Land Title Insurance Company and The Title Company of the Rockies Westcor Land Title Insurance Company (“WLTIC”) and The Title Company of the Rockies value their customers and are committed to protecting the privacy of personal information. In keeping with that philosophy, we each have developed a Privacy Policy, set out below, that will endure the continued protection of your nonpublic personal information and inform you about the measures WLTIC and The Title Company of the Rockies take to safeguard that information. This notice is issued jointly as a means of paperwork reduction and is not intended to create a joint privacy policy. Each company's privacy policy is separately instituted, executed, and maintained. Who is Covered We provide our Privacy Policy to each customer when they purchase a WLTIC title insurance policy. Generally, this means that the Privacy Policy is provided to the customer at the closing of the real estate transaction. Information Collected In the normal course of business and to provide the necessary services to our customers, we may obtain nonpublic personal information directly from the customer, from customer-related transactions, or from third parties such as our title insurance agent, lenders, appraisers, surveyors and other similar entities. Access to Information Access to all nonpublic personal information is limited to those employees who have a need to know in order to perform their jobs. These employees include, but are not limited to, those in departments such as closing, legal, underwriting, claims and administration and accounting. Information Sharing Generally, neither WLTIC nor The Title Company of the Rockies shares nonpublic personal information that it collects with anyone other than those individuals necessary needed to complete the real estate settlement services and issue its title insurance policy as requested by the consumer. WLTIC or The Title Company of the Rockies may share nonpublic personal information as permitted by law with entities with whom WLTIC or The Title Company of the Rockies has a joint marketing agreement. Entities with whom WLTIC or The Title Company of the Rockies have a joint marketing agreement have agreed to protect the privacy of our customer's nonpublic personal information by utilizing similar precautions and security measures as WLTIC and The Title Company of the Rockies use to protect this information and to use the information for lawful purposes. WLTIC or The Title Company of the Rockies , however, may share information as required by law in response to a subpoena, to a government regulatory agency or to prevent fraud. Information Security WLTIC and The Title Company of the Rockies, at all times, strive to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of the personal information in its possession and has instituted measures to guard against its unauthorized access. We maintain physical, electronic and procedural safeguards in compliance with federal standards to protect that information. The WLTIC Privacy Policy can be found on WLTIC's website at www.wltic.com C O M M I T M E N T f o r T I T L E I N S U R A N C E issued by as agent for WESTCOR LAND TITLE INSURANCE COMPANY Reference:Commitment Number: 0601089-C Commitment Ordered By: Julie Hanson Colorado Mountain College 802 Grand Ave Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 Phone: 970-947-8402 Fax: email: jshanson@coloradomtn.edu Inquiries should be directed to: Mary Scheurich Title Company of the Rockies 1620 Grand Avenue Bldg Main Floor 1 Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 Phone: 970-945-1169 Fax: 844-269-2759 email: MScheurich@titlecorockies.com Reference Property Address: TBD Vacant Land, Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 , , CO , , CO SCHEDULE A 1.Effective Date: October 18, 2017, 7:00 am Issue Date: October 30, 2017 2. Policy (or Policies) to be issued: ALTA Owner's Policy (6-17-06)Policy Amount:Amount to be Determined Premium:Amount to be Determined Proposed Insured:A Buyer To Be Determined 3.The estate or interest in the Land described or referred to in this Commitment is: Fee Simple and Title to said estate or interest is at the Effective Date vested in: Colorado Mountain Junior College District 4.The Land referred to in this Commitment is located in the County of Garfield, State of Colorado, and is described as follows: FOR LEGAL DESCRIPTION SEE SCHEDULE A CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE Alta Commitment - 2006 Schedule A LEGAL DESCRIPTION The Land referred to herein is located in the County of Garfield, State of Colorado, and described as follows: Parcel A: A tract or parcel of land in Lot 5 and Lot 6 of Section 9 and in Lot 6 and in Lot 7 of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian, in Garfield County, Colorado, said tract or parcel being more particularly described as follows: Beginning at a point which is the SW corner of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian, from which point the NW corner of said Section 9 bears S. 89°42' W., a distance of 180.8 feet; Thence N. 89°42' E., along the south line of said Section 4, a distance of 683.1 feet; Thence N. 0°25'30" W., a distance of 1,414.7 feet, to the northwesterly line of the county road; Thence N. 61°35'30" E., along the northwesterly line of the county road, a distance of 658.6 feet; Thence N. 72°45' E., along the northwesterly line of the county road, a distance of 112.7 feet, to the east line of Lot 6 of said Section 4; Thence S. 0°13'30" E., along the east line of Lot 6 and Lot 7 of said Section 4, a distance of 1,787.8 feet to the south line of said Section 4; Thence S. 0°07'30" E. , along the east line of Lot 5 and Lot 6 of said Section 9, a distance of 1,044.4 feet; Thence S. 89°42' W., a distance of 1,374.6 feet; Thence N. 0°20' E., a distance of 1,044.5 feet, more or less, to the point of beginning. Excepting therefrom the strip of land 60 feet in width, which is the county road now situated and in place and which extends along the northerly portion of the above described parcel. Parcel B: A tract or parcel of land in Lot 6 and in Lot 7 of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian, in Garfield County, Colorado, said tract or parcel being more particularly described as follows: Beginning at a point on the West line of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian, from which point the NE corner of Section 8, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian, bears S. 9°28' W. a distance of 1,139.4 feet; Thence N. 0°20' E. along the West line of Section 4, a distance of 1,442.7 feet to the North line of Lot 6 of Section 4; Thence S. 89°55'30" E. along the North line of Lot 6 of said Section 4 a distance of 1,341.5 feet to the East line of Lot 6 of said Section 4; Thence S. 0°13'30" E. along the East line of Lot 6 and Lot 7 of said Section 4, a distance of 768.8 feet, to the Northwesterly line of the County Road; Thence S. 72°45' W. along the Northwesterly line of the County road, a distance of 112.7 feet; Thence S. 61°35'30" W. along the Northwesterly line of the County road a distance of 658.6 feet; Thence S. 57°46' W. along the Northwesterly line of the County road a distance of 271.8 feet; Thence S. 61°58'30" W. along the Northwesterly line of the County road, a distance of 214.2 feet; Thence S. 72°07'30" W. along the Northwesterly line of the County road, a distance of 259.5 feet, more or less, the point of beginning. Parcel C: Beginning at a point, which point is the SW corner of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian, from which point the NW corner of Section 9, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian, bears S. 89°42' W. a distance of 180.8 feet; Thence N. 0°20' E., along the west line of said Section 4, a distance of 1123.0 feet, to the northwesterly line of the County road; Thence N. 72°07'30" E., along the northwesterly line of the County road, a distance of 259.5 feet; Thence N. 61°58'30" E., along the northwesterly line of the County road, a distance of 214.2 feet; Thence N. 57°46' E., along the northwesterly line of the County road, a distance of 271.8 feet; Thence S. 0°25'30" E., a distance of 1,444.7 feet; to the south line of said Section 4; Thence S. 89°42' W., along the south line of said Section 4, a distance of 683.1 feet, more or less, to the Point of Beginning. Parcel D: A tract or parcel of land in Lot 1 and in the S1/2 NE1/4 of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian, said tract or parcel of land being more particularly described as follows: Beginning at a point in Lot 1 of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian, from which point the NE corner of said Section 4 bears N. 33°20'30" E., a distance of 995.7 feet; Thence S. 0°30'30" E., a distance of 514.4 feet, to the North line of the S1/2 NE1/4 of said Section 4; Thence S. 0°30'30" E, a distance of 1,346.1 feet, to the South line of the S1/2 NE1/4 of said Section 4; Thence N. 89°55'30" W., along the South line of the S1/2 NE1/4 of said Section 4, a distance of 2,128.3 feet, to the West line of the S1/2 NE1/4 of said Section 4; Thence N. 0°30'30" W., along the West line of the S1/2 NE1/4 of said Section 4, a distance of 1,344.4 feet, to the North line of the S1/2 NE1/4 of said Section 4; Thence S. 89°58' E., along the North line of the S1/2 NE1/4 of said Section 4, a distance of 1,343.3 feet, to the West line of Lot 1 of said Section 4; Thence N. 0°35' W., along the West line of Lot 1 of said Section 4, a distance of 514.4 feet; Thence S. 89°58' E., a distance of 785.7 feet, more or less, to the point of beginning. Parcel E: A tract or parcel of land in the NE1/4SW1/4 and in the NW1/4SE1/4 of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian, in Garfield County, Colorado, said tract or parcel being more particularly described as follows: Beginning at a point on the north line of the NW1/4SE1/4 of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian, from which point the SE corner of said Section 4 bears S. 30°52'30" , a distance of 2,933.8 feet; Thence S. 0°30'30" E., a distance of 1,264.9 feet, to the south line of the NW1/4SE1/4 of said Section 4; Thence S. 89°49' W., along the south line of the NW1/4SE1/4 of said Section 4, a distance of 1,214.1 feet to the west line of the NW1/4SE1/4 of said Section 4; Thence S. 89°49' W., along the south line of the NE1/4SW1/4 of said Section 4, a distance of 1,360.0 feet, to the west line of the NE1/4SW1/4 of said Section 4; Thence N. 0°13'30" W., along the west line of the NE1/4SW1/4 of Section 4, a distance of 1,276.6 feet, to the north line of the NE1/4SW1/4 of said Section 4; Thence S. 89°55'30" E., along the north line of the NE1/4SW1/4 of said Section 4, a distance of 1,353.7 feet, to the east line of the NE1/4SW1/4 of said Section 4; Thence S. 89°55'30" E., along the north line of the NW1/4SE1/4 of said Section 4, a distance of 1,214.2 feet, more or less, to the point of beginning. Parcel F: Lots 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 11 of Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian EXCEPTING THEREFROM Lot 10 in the South one-half of said Section 4 NOTE: The Company commits to insure Lot 10 in the North one-half of said Section 4 NOTE: See Requirement No. 2 Parcel G: Beginning at a point on the east line of Section 5, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, 6th Principal Meridian, from which point the NE corner of Section 8, Township 7 South, Range 88 West, 6th Principal Meridian, bears S. 9°28' W., a distance of 1,139.4 feet; 1. Thence S. 72°07'30" W., along the northwesterly line of the County road, a distance of 195.8 feet; 2. Thence N. 0°12' W., a distance of 4,187.5 feet, to the north line of said Section 5; 3. Thence N. 0°12' W., into Section 32, Township 6 South, Range 88 West, 6th Principal Meridian, a distance of 823.5 feet; 4. Thence S. 89°57' E., a distance of 201.0 feet, to the east line of said Section 32; 5. Thence S. 89°57' E., a distance of 177.4 feet, to the east line of Lot 18, Section 33, Township 6 South, Range 88 West, 6th Principal Meridian 6. Thence S. 0°07'30" E., along the east line of Lots 18 and 19 of said Section 33, a distance of 823.5 feet, to the South line of said Section 33; 7. Thence N. 89°57' W., along the South line of said Section 33, a distance of 177.4 feet to the corner common to said Sections 32 and 33, and Sections 4 and 5 of Township 7 South, Range 88 West, 6th Principal Meridian; 8. Thence S. 0°12' E., along the East line of said Section 5, a distance of 2,684.6 feet, to the East IA corner of said Section 5; 9. Thence S. 0°20' W., along the East line of said Section 5, a distance of 1,442.7 feet, more or less, to the point of beginning. Parcel H: A tract or parcel of land in the NW1/4SW1/4 of Section 34, Township 6 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian, in Garfield County, Colorado, said tract or parcel being more particularly described as follows: Beginning at a point on the west line of Section 34, Township 6 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian, from which point the SW corner of said Section 34 bears S. 4°07'E., a distance of 1,236.0 feet; 1. Thence N. 4°07' W., along the west line of said Section 34, a distance of 1,236.0 feet, to the west 1/4 corner of said Section 34; 2. Thence S. 89°57' E., along the north line of the NW1/4SW1/4 of said Section 34, a distance of 376.7 feet; 3. Thence S. 2°00' E., a distance of 1,230.4 feet, to the south line of the NW1/4SW1/4 of said Section 34; 4. Thence S. 89°30'30" W., along the south line of the NW1/4SW1/4 of said Section 34, a distance of 330.9 feet, more or less, to the Point of Beginning. Parcel I: A tract or parcel of land in the NW1/4SW1/4 of Section 34, Township 6 South, Range 88 West, of the Sixth Principal Meridian, in Garfield County, Colorado, said tract or parcel being more particularly described as follows: Beginning at a point on the north line of the NW1/4SW1/4 of Section 34, Township 6 South, Range 88 West, 6th Principal Meridian, from which point the West 1/4 corner of said Section 34 bears N. 89°57' W., a distance of 376.7 feet; 1. Thence S. 89°57' E., along the north line of the NW1/4SW1/4 of said Section 34, a distance of 354.8 feet; 2. Thence S. 2°00' E., a distance of 1,227.0 feet, to the south line of the NW1/4SW1/4 of said Section 34; 3. Thence S. 89°30'30" W., along the south line of the NW1/4SW1/4 of said Section 34, a distance of 354.6 feet; 4. Thence N. 2°00' W., a distance of 1,230.4 feet, more or less, to the point of beginning. Parcel J: Lot 12 in Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West of the 6th Principal Meridian Parcel K: Parts of Lots 6 and 7 of Section 4, part of Lot 11 of Section 5, all of Lot 8 and part of Lots 3 and 4 of Section 8 and all of Lots 4, 5, 6, and 7 of Section 9, all in Township 7 South, Range 88 West of the 6th Principal Meridian, Garfield County, Colorado, lying Southeasterly of a County road as constructed and in place , described as follows: Beginning at the Southwest corner of Lot 3 of said Section 8, being the same as the Southeast corner of Lot 4 of said Section 8, whence the Northeast corner of said Section 8 bears N. 52°35'14" E. 1572.97 feet; Thence S. 88°43'38" W. 426.39 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 4 to a point on the Westerly line of said road; Thence N. 03°12'18" E. 242.69 feet along the Westerly line of said road; Thence N. 14°58'08" E. 144.01 feet along the Westerly line of said road; Thence N. 32°07'00" E. 1473.78 feet along the Westerly line of said road; Thence N. 43'58" 38" E. 132.65 feet along the Westerly line of said road; Thence N. 64°10'20" E. 392.30 feet along the Northwesterly line of said road; Thence N. 72°07'36" E. 885.11 feet along the Northwesterly line of said road; Thence N. 61°58'39" E. 214.19 feet along the Northwesterly line of said road; Thence N. 57°45'47" E. 271.83 feet along the Northwesterly line of said road; Thence N. 61°35'17" E. 658.56 feet along the Northwesterly line of said road; Thence N. 72°45'00" E. 112.70 feet along the Northwesterly line of said road to a point on the Easterly line of Lot 6 of said Section 4; Thence S. 00°09'39" W. 1787.80 feet along the Easterly lines of Lots 6 and 7 of said Section 4 to the Northeast corner of Lot 5 of said Section 9, being the same as the Northwest corner of Lot 4 of said Section 9; Thence N. 89°41'57" E. 1366.29 feet along the Northerly line of said Lot 4 to the Northeast corner of said Lot 4; Thence S. 00°38'41" W. 2198.27 feet along the Easterly lines of Lots 4 and 7 of said Section 9 to the Southeast corner of said Lot 7; Thence S. 88°42'41" W. 361.02 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 7; Thence North 317.99 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 7; Thence S. 69°57' W. 988.46 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 7; Thence S. 88°42'41" W. 1601.16 feet along the Southerly lines of Lots 7 and 6 of said Section 9 to the Southwest corner of said Lot 6, being the same as the Southeast corner of Lot 8 of said Section 8; Thence S. 88°46'10" W. 1245.83 feet along the Southerly line of said Lot 8 to the Southwest corner of said Lot 8; Thence N. 00°05'49" W. 1319.90 feet along the Westerly line of said Lot 8 to the Northwest corner of said Lot 8, being the same as the Southwest corner of Lot 3 of said Section 8, the point of beginning. Excepting therefrom a strip of land sixty (60) feet in width which is the County road as now situate and in place and which extends along the entire Northwesterly portion thereof in said Lots 3 and 4, Section 8; Lot 11, Section 5; and Lots 6 and 7, Section 4 NOTE: See Requirement No. 2 Parcel L: The N1/2SW1/4, SE1/4SW1/4, Section 34, Township 6 South, Range 88 West of the 6th Principal Meridian Parcel M: That portion of the SE1/4NW1/4, Section 34, Township 6 South, Range 88 West of the 6th Principal Meridian, Garfield County, Colorado, lying southerly of a 60-foot wide strip of land having a centerline as described on Exhibit A to a deed recorded in the Office of the Clerk and Recorder for Garfield County, Colorado on April 10, 1980 in Book 546, Pages 699-702, Reception No. 302961, said 60-foot wide strip also known as County Road 115. Parcel N: That land, if any, acquired via vacation Resolution No. 98-112 recorded December 23, 1998 in Book 1105 at Page 970 as Reception No. 537791. EXCEPTING FROM ANY AND ALL OF THE ABOVE, THE FOLLOWING EIGHT (8) EXCEPTING PARCELS: Excepting Parcel A: That property conveyed via Quitclaim Deed recorded June 3, 1929 in Book 159 at Page 84 as Reception No. 104495. Excepting Parcel B: That property conveyed via Quitclaim Deed recorded June 3, 1929 in Book 159 at Page 87 as Reception No. 104498. Excepting Parcel C: That property conveyed via Quitclaim Deed recorded February 6, 1931 in Book 159 at Page 225 as Reception No. 109224. Excepting Parcel D: That property conveyed via Deed recorded September 22, 1972-in Book 435 at Page 522 as Reception No. 255382. Excepting Parcel E: That property conveyed via Deed recorded April 10, 1980 in Book 546 at Page 699 as Reception No. 362961. Excepting Parcel F: That property conveyed via Deed recorded October 21, 1986 in Book 697 at Page 500 as Reception No. 375603. Excepting Parcel G: That property conveyed via Quitclaim Deeds recorded August 28, 1997 in Book 1031 at Page 798 as Reception No. 512958 and recorded December 23, 1998 in Book 1105 at Page 978 as Reception No. 537792. Excepting Parcel H: That property conveyed via Quitclaim Deed recorded December 23, 1998 in Book 1105 at Page 980 as Reception No. 537793. FURTHER EXCEPTING THEREFROM any portion of Parcels 1-14 which lies within County Road 114, 115, or any other public right-of-way. Commitment No. 0601089-C Schedule B-I Requirements COMMITMENT FOR TITLE INSURANCE SCHEDULE B - SECTION I REQUIREMENTS THE FOLLOWING ARE THE REQUIREMENTS TO BE COMPLIED WITH: Item (a) Payment to or for the account of the grantors or mortgagors of the full consideration for the estate or interest to be insured. Item (b) Proper instrument(s) creating the estate or interest to be insured must be executed and duly filed for record, to wit: Certificate of Incorporation, Certificate of Authority or Limited Partnership Agreement, as certified1. by the Colorado Secretary of State, or Trade Name Affidavit or Partnership Agreement, whichever is appropriate for . NOTE: This requirement is necessary due to the fact that the Company has not been advised as to the nature of business organization of the Colorado Mountain Junior College District. The Company requires a new, certified legal description prepared by a Colorado Licensed Surveyor2. which accurately describes the land to be insured hereunder. NOTE: This Requirement is necessary because the lands in Section 4 are subject to dubious legal description. The GLO map for Section 4, Township 7 South, Range 88 West has duplicate Lots 5, 6, 7, 10, 8, and 9. The Company requires clarification from a Colorado Licensed Surveyor. Deed from Colorado Mountain Junior College District to A Buyer To Be Determined.3. NOTE: Duly executed real property transfer declaration, executed by either the Grantor or Grantee, to accompany the Deed mentioned above, pursuant to Article 14 of House Bill No. 1288-CRA 39-14-102. THE COMPANY RESERVES THE RIGHT TO CONDUCT AN ADDITIONAL SEARCH OF THE RECORDS IN THE OFFICE OF THE CLERK AND RECORDER FOR GARFIELD COUNTY, COLORADO FOR JUDGMENT LIENS, TAX LIENS OR OTHER SIMILAR OR DISSIMILAR INVOLUNTARY MATTERS AFFECTING THE GRANTEE OR GRANTEES, AND TO MAKE SUCH ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS AS IT DEEMS NECESSARY, AFTER THE IDENTITY OF THE GRANTEE OR GRANTEES HAS BEEN DISCLOSED TO THE COMPANY. NOTE: THIS COMMITMENT IS ISSUED UPON THE EXPRESS AGREEMENT AND UNDERSTANDING THAT THE APPLICABLE PREMIUMS, CHARGES AND FEES SHALL BE PAID BY THE APPLICANT IF THE APPLICANT AND/OR ITS DESIGNEE OR NOMINEE CLOSES THE TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED BY OR OTHERWISE RELIES UPON THE COMMITMENT, ALL IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE RULES AND SCHEDULES OF RATES ON FILE WITH THE COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE. Alta Commitment - 2006 Schedule B-I Requirements Commitment No. 0601089-C Schedule B-I Requirements (continued) Alta Commitment - 2006 Schedule B-I Requirements (continued) Commitment No. 0601089-C Schedule B-II Exceptions COMMITMENT FOR TITLE INSURANCE SCHEDULE B - SECTION II EXCEPTIONS Schedule B of the policy or policies to be issued will contain exceptions to the following matters unless the same are disposed of to the satisfaction of the Company. Any loss or damage, including attorney fees, by reason of the matters shown below: Any facts, rights, interests, or claims which are not shown by the Public Records but which could be1. ascertained by an inspection of said Land or by making inquiry of persons in possession thereof. Easements or claims of easements, not shown by the Public Records.2. Any encroachment, encumbrance, violation, variation, or adverse circumstance affecting the Title that3. would be disclosed by an accurate and complete land survey of the Land. Any lien, or right to a lien for services, labor or material heretofore or hereafter furnished, imposed4. by law and not shown by the Public Records. Defects, liens, encumbrances, adverse claims or other matters, if any created, first appearing in the5. Public Records or attaching subsequent to the effective date hereof, but prior to the date of the proposed insured acquires of record for value the estate or interest or mortgage thereon covered by this Commitment. (a) Taxes or assessments that are not shown as existing liens by the records of any taxing authority6. that levies taxes or assessments on real property or by the Public Records; (b) proceedings by a public agency that may result in taxes or assessments, or notices of such proceedings, whether or not shown by the records of such agency or by the Public Records. Right or the proprietor of a vein or lode to extract and remove his ore therefrom, should the same be7. found to penetrate or intersect the premises hereby granted, as reserved in United States Patents recorded July 30, 1895 in Book 12 at Page 376 as Reception No. 18569; and recorded August 6, 1895 in Book 12 at Page 378 as Reception No. 18588. Right of way for ditches or canals constructed by the authority of the United States, as reserved in8. United States Patent recorded July 30, 1895 in Book 12 at Page 376 as Reception No. 18569; recorded August 6, 1895 in Book 12 at Page 378 as Reception No. 18588; recorded September 23, 1912 in Book 71 at Page 560 as Reception No. 45158; recorded November 11, 1916 in Book 92 at Page 297 as Reception No. 55335; recorded July 3, 1923 in Book 112 at Page 568 as Reception No. 83588; recorded July 27, 1927 in Book 112 at Page 598 as Reception No. 99155; recorded November 27, 1940 in Book 194 at Page 633 as Reception No. 141655; recorded February 18, 1952 in Book 263 at Page 169 as Reception No. 178567; and recorded February 26, 1952 in Book 263 at Page 239 as Reception No. 178635. Excepting and reserving, however, to the United States all the coal and other minerals in the lands9. so entered and patented together with the right to prospect for, mine, and remove the same pursuant to the provisions and limitations of the Act of December 29, 1916 (39 Stat., 862) as disclosed by United States Patents recorded November 27, 1940 in Book 194 at Page 633 as Reception No. 141655; and recorded February 26, 1952 in Book 263 at Page 239 as Reception No. 178635, and any and all assignments of record, or otherwise, thereof, or interests therein. Alta Commitment - 2006 Schedule B-II Exceptions Commitment No. 0601089-C Schedule B-II Exceptions (continued) Excepting and reserving also, to the United States, pursuant to the provisions of the Act of 8/1/4610. (60 Stat. 755), all uranium, thorium or any other material which is or may be determined to be peculiarly essential to the production of fissionable materials, whether or not of commercial value, together with the right of the United States through its authorized agents or representatives at any time to enter upon the land and prospect for, mine, and remove the same as disclosed by United States Patent recorded February 18, 1952 in Book 263 at Page 169 as Reception No. 178567, and any and all assignments of record, or otherwise, thereof, or interests therein. Road Viewers' Report recorded June 12, 1929 in Road Record Book 2 at Page 86 as Reception No.11. 104593. Map of the Extension of the Haff and Krutish Road Change, Connecting the Hopkins Road and the12. Spring Valley Road Survey recorded October 3, 1932 as Reception No. 113685. Easement recorded August 13, 1959 in Book 319 at Page 4 /1 6 as Reception No. 206401.13. Easement recorded August 13, 1959 in Book 319 at Page 447 as Reception No. 206402.14. Easement recorded August 13, 1959 in Book 319 at Page 448 as Reception No. 206403.15. Matters related to the mineral estate as disclosed by Warranty Deed recorded October 22, 1962 in16. Book 345 at Page 115 as Reception No. 219176, and any and all assignments of record, or otherwise, thereof, or interests therein. Matters related to the mineral estate as disclosed by Warranty Deed recorded March 8, 1963 in17. Book 347 at Page 457 as Reception No. 220654, and any and all assignments of record, or otherwise, thereof, or interests therein. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Right of Way Agreement18. recorded June 29, 1967 in Book 385 at Page 422 as Reception No. 238313. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Right of Way Agreement19. recorded October 10, 1967 in Book 388 at Page 345 as Reception No. 239159. Matters related to the mineral estate as disclosed by Quit Claim Deed recorded August 1, 1968 in20. book 396 at Page 36 as Reception No. 241439, and any and all assignments of record, or otherwise, thereof, or interests therein. Right-of-Way Easement recorded October 16, 1968 in Book 397 at Page 269 as Reception No.21. 241974. Rift of Way Easement recorded October 16, 1968 in Book 397 at Page 270 as Reception No.22. 241975. Right of Way and Easement recorded April 29, 1969 in Book 401 at Page 391 as Reception No.23. 243292. Right-of-Way Easement recorded December 8, 1971 in Book 425 at Page 223 as Reception No.24. 251903. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Resolution recorded July25. 19, 1972 in Book 433 at Page 260 as Reception No. 254583. Alta Commitment - 2006 Schedule B-II Exceptions (continued) Commitment No. 0601089-C Schedule B-II Exceptions (continued) Easements as disclosed by Deed recorded September 22, 1972 in Book 435 at Page 522 as26. Reception No. 255382. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Resolution recorded27. October 5, 1972 in Book 436 at Page 285 as Reception No. 255565. Matters related to the mineral estate and obligations as disclosed by Quitclaim Deed recorded28. December 13, 1972 in Book 438 at Page 542 as Reception No. 256353, and any and all assignments of record, or otherwise, thereof, or interests therein. Right of Way recorded July 27, 1973 in Book 447 at Page 514 as Reception No. 259337.29. Boundary discrepancy as disclosed by Purchase and Sale Agreement recorded September 11, 197330. in Book 449 at Page 319 as Reception No. 259907. Holy Cross Electric Association, Inc., Right-of-Way Easement recorded September 18, 1973 in31. Book 449 at Page 488 as Reception No. 259996. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Lease and Agreement32. recorded July 22, 1974 in Book 462 at Page 208 as Reception No. 263993. Right of way as reserved by Deed recorded September 21, 1977 in Book 500 at Page 930 as33. Reception No. 280798. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Glenwood Springs -34. Colorado Mountain College Agreement recorded March 15, 1979 in Book 521 at Page 628 at Reception No. 292652 and revised April 9, 1980 in Book 546 at Page 661 at Reception No. 302941. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Sewer Treatment35. Services Agreement recorded July 11, 1979 in Book 531 at Page 325 as 295618. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Lease and Agreement36. recorded March 12, 1980 in Book 545 at Page 117 as Reception No. 302293. Holy Cross Electric Association, Inc., Underground Right-of-Way Easement recorded September37. 10, 1980 in Book 555 at Page 545 as Reception No. 307312. Holy Cross Electric Association, Inc., Right-of-Way Easement recorded September 10, 1980 in38. Book 555 at Page 546 as Reception No. 307313. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Easement Agreement39. recorded October 15, 1980 in Book 557 at Page 905 at Reception No. 308377. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Affidavit recorded40. October 21, 1986 in Book 697 at Page 496 as Reception No. 375601. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Agreement recorded May41. 6, 1988 in Book 733 at Page 872 as Reception No. 391805. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Resolution No. 95-03042. recorded April 11, 1995 in Book 937 at Page 123 as Reception No. 476559. Alta Commitment - 2006 Schedule B-II Exceptions (continued) Commitment No. 0601089-C Schedule B-II Exceptions (continued) Right of Way and Easement recorded May 30, 1995 in Book 942 at Page 171 as Reception No.43. 478677. Matters disclosed on the Plat of Rocky Mountain Natural Gas Company ± Colorado Mountain44. College Re. Rec. No. 478677 recorded November 29, 1995 as Reception No. 485860. Holy Cross Electric Association, Inc., Underground Right-of-Way Easement recorded October 16,45. 1996 in Book 996 at Page 464 as Reception No. 499721. .Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Trench, Conduit, and46. Vault Agreement recorded October 16, 1996 in Book 996 at Page 466 as Reception No. 499722. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Contract for Electric47. Service recorded February 6, 1997 in Book 1008 at Page 638 as Reception No. 504316. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in CMC Tie-In Agreement48. recorded March 7, 1997 in Book 1011 at Page 331 as Reception No. 505502. Holy Cross Electric Association, Inc., Underground Right-of-Way Easement recorded June 2, 199849. in Book 1070 at Page 577 as Reception No. 526125. Holy Cross Electric Association, Inc., Underground Right-of-Way Easement recorded October 5,50. 1998 in Book 1091 at Page 636 as Reception No. 533258. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Trench, Conduit, and51. Vault Agreement recorded October 5, 1998 in Book 1091 at Page 638 as Reception No. 533259 . Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Contract for Electric52. Service recorded November 12, 1998 in Book 1097 at Page 933 as Reception No. 535343. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Resolution No. 98-11253. recorded December 23, 1998 in Book 1105 at Page 970 as Reception No. 537791. Holy Cross Electric Association, Inc., Underground Right-of-Way Easement recorded July 5, 200054. in Book 1195 at Page 938 as Reception No. 565832. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Trench, Conduit, and55. Vault Agreement recorded July 5, 2000 in Book 1195 at Page 940 as Reception No. 565833. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Memorandum of Lease56. recorded August 29, 2001 in Book 1281 at Page 492 as Reception No. 587304. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Pre-Inclusion and57. Wastewater Treatment Plan Development Agreement recorded August 30, 2001 in Book 1272 at Page 8 as Reception No. 587475. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Affidavit RE: Boundary58. Line Adjustment recorded June 6, 2002 in Book 1361 at Page 37 as Reception No. 604845. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Memorandum of Contract59. recorded June 13, 2002 in Book 1362 at Page 286 as Reception No. 605123; Amendment recorded October 18, 2006 in Book 1853 at Page 960 as Reception No. 709117. Alta Commitment - 2006 Schedule B-II Exceptions (continued) Commitment No. 0601089-C Schedule B-II Exceptions (continued) Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Abstract of Lease60. recorded March 26, 2003 in Book 1450 at Page 845 as Reception No. 623621. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Ruling of Referee61. recorded June 18, 2004 at Reception No. 654369. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Trench, Conduit and62. Vault Agreement recorded September 10, 2010 at Reception No. 791179. Easement and right of way for electric transmission and distribution line purposes, as granted by63. Colorado Mountain Junior College District to Holy Cross Energy, by instrument recorded September 10, 2010 at reception No. 791180, said easement being more particularly described therein. Easement and right of way for utility purposes, as granted by Colorado Mountain Junior College64. District to Spring Valley Sanitation District, by instrument recorded February 16, 2011 at Reception No. 798916, said easement being more particularly described therein. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Purchase of Professional65. Services Intergovernmental Agreement recorded November 9, 2004 at Reception No. 663140. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Memorandum of Contract66. as evidenced by amendments recorded October 18, 2006 at Reception No. 709117, April 13, 2011 at Reception No. 801363 and at Reception No. 804364. Easement and right of way for gas line purposes, as granted by Colorado Mountain Junior College67. District to Rocky Mountain Natural Gas, LLC, by instrument recorded December 5, 2011 at Reception No. 811568, said easement being more particularly described therein. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Resolution No. 2012-0268. recorded June 4, 2012 at Reception No. 819575. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Boundary Line69. Adjustment recorded December 19, 2012 at Reception No. 828747. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Resolution No.70. PC-2015-03 recorded July 23, 2015 at reception No. 865775. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Electric Line Easement71. and Agreement recorded March 8, 2016 at Reception No. 874568. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Sewer Line Easement72. Deed and Agreement recorded March 8, 2016 at Reception No. 874567. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Water Line Easement73. Deed and Agreement recorded March 8, 2016 at reception No. 874566. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Access Easement Deed74. and Agreement recorded March 8, 2016 at Reception No. 874565. Terms, agreements, provisions, conditions and obligations as contained in Memorandum of Water75. service Agreement recorded March 8, 2016 at Reception No. 874564. Alta Commitment - 2006 Schedule B-II Exceptions (continued) DISCLOSURE STATEMENTS Note 1: Colorado Division of Insurance Regulations 3-5-1, Paragraph C of Article VII, requires that "Every Title entity shall be responsible for all matters which appear of record prior to the time of recording whenever the Title entity conducts the closing and is responsible for recording or filing of legal documents resulting from the transaction which was closed.” (Gap Protection) Note 2: Exception No. 4 of Schedule B, Section 2 of this Commitment may be deleted from the Owner's Policy to be issued hereunder upon compliance with the following conditions: A. The Land described in Schedule A of this commitment must be a single-family residence, which includes a condominium or townhouse unit. B. No labor or materials may have been furnished by mechanics or materialmen for purpose of construction on the Land described in Schedule A of this Commitment within the past 13 months. C. The Company must receive an appropriate affidavit indemnifying the Company against unfiled mechanic's and materialmen's liens. D. Any deviation from conditions A though C above is subject to such additional requirements or Information as the Company may deem necessary, or, at its option, the Company may refuse to delete the exception. E. Payment of the premium for said coverage. Note 3: The following disclosures are hereby made pursuant to §10-11-122, C.R.S.: (i) The subject real property may be located in a special taxing district; (ii) A certificate of taxes due listing each taxing jurisdiction shall be obtained from the County Treasurer or the County Treasurer's authorized agent; and (iii) Information regarding special districts and the boundaries of such districts may be obtained from the County Commissioners, the County Clerk and Recorder, or the County Assessor. Note 4: If the sales price of the subject property exceeds $100,000.00, the seller shall be required to comply with the disclosure or withholding provisions of C.R.S. §39-22-604.5 (Non-resident withholding). Note 5: Pursuant to C.R.S. §10-11-123 Notice is hereby given: (a) If there is recorded evidence that a mineral estate has been severed, leased or otherwise conveyed from the surface estate then there is a substantial likelihood that a third party holds some or all interest in oil, gas, other minerals, or geothermal energy in the property, and (b) That such mineral estate may include the right to enter and use the property without the surface owner's permission. Note 6: Effective September 1, 1997, C.R.S. §30-10-406 requires that all documents received for recording or filing in the clerk and recorder's office shall contain a top margin of at least one inch and a left, right and bottom margin of at least one-half inch the clerk and recorder may refuse to record or file any document that does not conform. Note 7: Our Privacy Policy: We will not reveal nonpublic personal customer information to any external non-affiliated organization unless we have been authorized by the customer, or are required by law. Note 8: Records: Regulation 3-5-1 Section 7 (N) provides that each title entity shall maintain adequate documentation and records sufficient to show compliance with this regulation and Title 10 of the Colorado Revised Statutes for a period of not less than seven (7) years, except as otherwise permitted by law. Note 9: Pursuant Regulation 3-5-1 Section 9 (F) notice is hereby given that “A title entity shall not earn interest on fiduciary funds unless disclosure is made to all necessary parties to a transaction that interest is or has been earned. Said disclosure must offer the opportunity to receive payment of any interest earned on such funds beyond any administrative fees as may be on file with the division. Said disclosure must be clear and conspicuous, and may be made at any time up to and including closing.” Be advised that the closing agent will or could charge an Administrative Fee for processing such an additional services request and any resulting payee will also be subjected to a W-9 or other required tax documentation for such purpose(s). Be further advised that, for many transactions, the imposed Administrative Fee associated with such an additional service may exceed any such interest earned. Therefore, you may have the right to some of the interest earned over and above the Administrative Fee, if applicable (e.g., any money over any administrative fees involved in figuring the amounts earned). Note 10: Pursuant to Regulation 3-5-1 Section 9 (G) notice is hereby given that “Until a title entity receives written instructions pertaining to the holding of fiduciary funds, in a form agreeable to the title entity, it shall comply with the following: 1. The title entity shall deposit funds into an escrow, trust, or other fiduciary account and hold them in a fiduciary capacity. 2. The title entity shall use any funds designated as “earnest money ” for the consummation of the transaction as evidenced by the contract to buy and sell real estate applicable to said transaction, except as otherwise provided in this section. If the transaction does not close, the title entity shall: a. Release the earnest money funds as directed by written instructions signed by both the buyer and seller; or b. If acceptable written instructions are not received, uncontested funds shall be held by the title entity for 180 days from the scheduled date of closing, after which the title entity shall return said funds to the payor. 3. In the event of any controversy regarding the funds held by the title entity (notwithstanding any termination of the contract), the title entity shall not be required to take any action unless and until such controversy is resolved. At its option and discretion, the title entity may: a. Await any proceeding; or b. Interplead all parties and deposit such funds into a court of competent jurisdiction, and recover court costs and reasonable attorney and legal fees; or c. Deliver written notice to the buyer and seller that unless the title entity receives a copy of a summons and complaint or claim (between buyer and seller), containing the case number of the lawsuit or lawsuits, within 120 days of the title entity’s written notice delivered to the parties, title entity shall return the funds to the depositing party.” Disclosure Statements Title Company of the Rockies Disclosures All documents received for recording or filing in the Clerk and Recorder's office shall contain a top margin of at least one inch and a left, right and bottommargin of at least one half of an inch. The Clerk and Recorder will refuse to record or file any document that does not conform to the requirements of thissection. Pursuant to C.R.S. 30-10-406(3)(a). The company will not issue its policy or policies of title insurance contemplated by this commitment until it has been provided a Certificate of Taxes due orother equivalent documentation from the County Treasurer or the County Treasurer's authorized agent: or until the Proposed Insured has notified or instructedthe company in writing to the contrary. Pursuant to C.R.S. 10-11-122. No person or entity that provides closing and settlement services for a real estate transaction shall disburse funds as a part of such services until those fundshave been received and are available for immediate withdrawals as a matter of right. Pursuant to C.R.S. 38-35-125(2). The Company hereby notifies the proposed buyer in the current transaction that there may be recorded evidence that the mineral estate, or portion thereof, hasbeen severed, leased, or otherwise conveyed from the surface estate. If so, there is a substantial likelihood that a third party holds some or all interest in theoil, gas, other minerals, or geothermal energy in the subject property. Such mineral estate may include the right to enter and use the property without thesurface owner's permission. Pursuant to C.R.S. 10-11-123. If this transaction includes a sale of property and the sales price exceeds $100,000.00, the seller must comply with the disclosure/withholding requirements ofsaid section. (Nonresident withholding) Pursuant to C.R.S. 39-22-604.5. Notice is hereby given that: The subject property may be located in a special taxing district. A Certificate of Taxes due listing each taxing jurisdiction shallbe obtained from the County Treasurer or the County Treasurer's authorized agent. Information regarding special districts and the boundaries of such districtsmay be obtained from the Board of County Commissioners, the County Clerk and Recorder, or the County Assessor. Pursuant to C.R.S. 10-11-122. Notice is hereby given that: Pursuant to Colorado Division of Insurance Regulation 8-1-2; "Gap Protection" -When this Company conducts the closing and is responsible for recording or filing the legal documents resulting from the transaction,the Company shall be responsible for all matters which appear on the record prior to such time or recording or filing; and "Mechanic's Lien Protection" - If you are the buyer of a single family residence, you may request mechanic's lien coverage to be issued on your policy ofInsurance. If the property being purchased has not been the subject of construction, improvements or repairs in the last six months prior to the date ofthis commitment, the requirements will be payment of the appropriate premium and the completion of an Affidavit and Indemnity by the seller. If theproperty being purchased was constructed, improved or repaired within six months prior to the date of this commitment the requirements may involvedisclosure of certain financial information, payment of premiums, and indemnity, among others. The general requirements stated above are subject torevision and approval by the Company. Pursuant to C.R.S. 10-11-122. Notice is hereby given that an ALTA Closing Protection Letter is available, upon request, to certain parties to the transaction as noted in the titlecommitment. Pursuant to Colorado Division of Insurance Regulation 8-1. Nothing herein contained will be deemed to obligate the Company to provide any of the coverages referred to herein unless the above conditions are fully satisfied. '" l lome Sena I Rece�e Pl l cJl,·,c ,,e'Pi 1iiJ E;:c.iea,Lr• '1•a ,_ ""'"'" E,,,. 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""'" ,....,..,.,.,.,, . .,,­M;c,o,oft-.... �«t;n, I �WSWRan•t.,,,ro'Jlrtu.,.Ml,"""" -,.,,, �"""" ·o,s(,AM ��' ' • �"•1tcr lJrC'// Lcyers • McnscH� ' LccTe �e,ulo _ r.op/ l [ ,=>< eel l Fl Fl ,. o, ''"°"'"' "''�'" ,rn c·ol •a�ILL<aCA<eDC":·ALE t'ol •=lbb:o C/s=":ALC ,·o; '�""°'"C'.E>'�CO D '°"'"-.01 � r,1,. o ese:c0'<,,.,,_.,, .. ,, � > __ ,,_ l ·'°""' ' "0/'1. ao;; !EAA' .,, c ccc ,1s:o M C·U>CAo,• -'-NICO,c.c.u ,,_, """"''·' ec,·a«,, -�'�' e 0/H aA,>OL\, '�'"'"· -""·'"'' j[· ,1, & ,c,, !E.¥,, n·o_,e,c.-u MC·U>','<' -'-NI<); YA LL C '1S7llllllffi ,,_u_ ... ·---�-' ,, >1"7,0100168' " B0:316300050 _,,_ jf'' " ""'' """"' "" lll1«<13' rlrl/G ,'ALLLY 15-__J 17-" " "'""""'[] r -,.,�"-\1S' t­�r; \',';,+-H C-w,.o, COLOR•.DO I.IOU ,TAU JU�Di :,Jll[G[u1,,,uMuino Add,e» •JX S.iA·,o A\'E GlW,"-100·:, SP�fJC:,CO Sl /01 lmolA ,,.,,,,11 202() M'I I Lew 00.7 '-2: 23011 830ll16' •p 0 II I I /J 4:42 PM 2/22/2021 2/22/2021 Garfield County Land Explorer 1/1 Garfield County Land Explorer Parcel Physical Address Owner Account Num Mailing Address 239303300033 Not available CARBONDALE POWERS, JOHN P 1/3, & BABICKA LYNN P 1/3 & BOHART, JAMES T JR 1/6 & BOBBI JEAN 1/6 R111335 200 ALDER LANE BOULDER, CO 80304 239304200034 Not available CARBONDALE COLORADO MOUNTAIN JUNIOR COLLEGE DISTRICT R111422 802 GRAND AVENUE GLENWOOD SPRINGS, CO 81601 239309100004 Not available CARBONDALE POWERS, JOHN P 1/3 & BABICKA, LYNN P 1/3 & BOHART, JAMES T JR 1/6 & BOBBI JEAN 1/6 R050171 200 ALDER LANE BOULDER, CO 80304 239309200003 Not available GLENWOOD SPRINGS COLORADO MOUNTAIN JUNIOR COLLEGE DISTRICT R050182 802 GRAND AVE GLENWOOD SPRINGS, CO 81601 239311200951 Not available CARBONDALE BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT R050265 2300 RIVER FRONTAGE ROAD SILT, CO 81652 From: Samantha Pickard [mailto:spickard@garfield-county.com] Sent: Monday, June 22, 2015 10:55 AM To: Diane Williams-Perry Subject: FW: Inactive Mineral Accounts Diane, OK- below are the mineral account numbers, corresponding book and pages (for the latest deed information), name and addresses, and legal descriptions for those three accounts. Please let me know if you have any questions. Thanks! Samantha R111385/ Book: 733 Page: 46 Herman, Edwina R & Westbrook, Ladawn K 434 N 26th Street Grand Junction, CO 81501 Legal Summary Section: 9 Township: 7 Range: 88 1/2 MIN/RTS - LOTS 1, 12, 13, 17 & SWSE. Section: 16 Township: 7 Range: 88 LOTS 1, 2 & 3. Section: 17 Township: 7 Range: 88 LOTS 6, 15 & 16. R111596/ Book: 666 Page: 863 McClain, Doyle Gunter 3524 S 1100 E Salt Lake City, UT 84106 Legal Summary Section: 4 Township: 7 Range: 88 1/20 MIN/RTS-LOTS 5,6,7,8,10 & 11 R111384/ Book: 833 Page: 004 Quigley, Daniel 2423 Meadow Lark Ln Apt 9 Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 Legal Summary Section: 4 Township: 7 Range: 88 19/20 MIN/RTS-LOTS 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 & 11 Samantha Pickard Minerals Clerk/Administrative Assistant II Garfield County Assessor's Office 970-945-9134 x 2525 CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Land Use Application DRAWING INDEX SHEET TITLE GENERAL G000 COVER SHEET SURVEY V101 EXISTING CONDITIONS AND DEMOLITION PLAN CIVIL C001 CIVIL NOTES AND SPECIFICATIONS C101 PROPOSED SITE PLAN C501 CIVIL DETAILS I C502 CIVIL DETAILS II COLORADO COUNTY MAP NOT TO SCALE SITE LOCUS MAP SCALE: 1" = 2,000' SOURCE: U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, CARBONDALE QUADRANGLE, COLORADO - GARFIELD COUNTY, 7.5-MINUTE SERIES, 2019 SITE AERIAL MAP SCALE: 1" = 1,000' SOURCE: BING MAPS, 2021 MICROSOFT CORPORATION, 2021 MAXAR, CNES (2021) DISTRIBUTION AIRBUS DS, 2021 TOMTOM CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR PV DEVELOPMENT PROPOSED 4.50 MW(AC) / 5.37 MW(DC) SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) AND BATTERY STORAGE PROJECT COUNTY ROAD 114, GLENWOOD SPRINGS, CO 81601 SITE INFORMATION SITE ADDRESS:0 GLENWOOD SPRINGS CITY:GLENWOOD SPRINGS COUNTY:GARFIELD STATE:COLORADO ACCOUNT NO:R050182 PARCEL NO:23930920003 PARCEL AREA:±151.70 ACRES ZONING:RURAL ZONE DISTRICT LAND OWNER:COLORADO MOUNTAIN JUNIOR COLLEGE DISTRICT \\wse03.local\WSE\Projects\Private\Ameresco\CMC Spring Valley, CO\Design\CAD\03 Sheet\FOR PERMITTING\G000.dwgCOPYRIGHT 2021 WESTON & SAMPSON SITE ACCOUNT NUMBER: R050182 PARCEL NUMBER: 239309200003 COLORADO MOUNTAIN JUNIOR COLLEGE DISTRICT SITEGARFIELD COUNTY Ameresco HCE Solar LLC 3095 S. Parker Road, Suite 200Aurora, CO 80014 Tel: (720) 627-8772 www.ameresco.com NOTE: 1. SITE INFORMATION TAKEN FROM GARFIELD COUNTY, CO GIS VIEWER. Drawing Title:Sheet Number:G000COVER SHEET 02/17/2021 Issued For:PERMITTING Issued Date: Drawn By: RWG Reviewed By: MRC/ETR Approved By: RJB Job No: ENG21-0016 Seal: DESCRIPTION ISSUED FOR PERMITTING DATEREV # 02/17/20210 SITE BENCHMARK ELV. = 6,718.60'FOUND REBAR WITH 2.5" ALLOY CAPOEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX X X XXXXXXXXXMHMH IVR SS SS SS SS W ROCK AND CONCRETE PILE SPRIN G V A L L E Y S A NI T A TI O N, B O O K 5 4 5 P A G E 1 3 4 12" CMP 666066656670667566806685669066956700 6705 6710 6715 6720 67256730 6735 674067456670 6675 6680 6685 6690 6695 6700 6705 6710 6715 6720 6725 6730 6735 6740 6745 6750 6755 6760 6765 6680 668 5 66 9 0 669 5 6700 6705 6710 66656670667566806685 6690669567006705 6675 6675 6660 66756680 6685 6690 6695 6700 6705671067156720 67256730 673567406745 6750 67556760676566756680668566906695 6700 6705 6710 6715 6690 6685 6680 6675 66606665667066756680668566906695670067056710 6715 6720 6725 66606660666566656670667066756675668066806685668566906690669566956700 67006705 67056710 671067156715 67206720 67256725 6730668566906695670067056710 671567206725 6665 6680 6685 6665 6670 6675 66806685 6690 669567006705671067156720672567306735674067456750675567606765668 5 6680 66 9 0 EXISTING OVERHEAD ELECTRICAL WIRES SITE PROPERTY LINELOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOW LOW LOW LOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOW LOWLOW LOWLOW LOW LOW LOW LOWLOW LOW LO W L O W LO W LO W LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLO WLOWLOW LOWLO WLOW LOW LOW EXISTING ACCESS ROAD CENTERLINE OF EXISTING 2' WIDE BIKE PATH EXISTING DIRT ROAD RELOCATE EXISTING ROCK AND CONCRETE PILE OUTSIDE OF LEASE BOUNDARY REMOVE PORTION OF EXISTING FENCE CENTERLINE OF EXISTING 2' WIDE BIKE PATH EXISTING WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT V101 EXISTING CONDITIONS AND DEMOLITION PLAN RJB MRC/ETR RWG \\wse03.local\WSE\Projects\Private\Ameresco\CMC Spring Valley, CO\Design\CAD\03 Sheet\FOR PERMITTING\V101.dwgCOPYRIGHT © 2021 WESTON & SAMPSON, INC. Project: Applicant: Seal: Revisions: No. Date Description Issued For: Drawing Title: Sheet Number: Scale: W&S File No.: W&S Project No.: Approved By: Date: Reviewed By: Drawn By: CMC SPRING VALLEYSOLAR PV DEVELOPMENT COUNTY ROAD 114GLENWOOD SPRINGS, CO 81601 0 02/17/2021 PERMITTING PERMITTING AS SHOWN Ameresco CMC ENG21-0016 02/17/2021 Ameresco HCE Solar LLC 3095 S. Parker Road, Suite 200Aurora, CO 80014Tel: (720) 627-8772 www.ameresco.com 0 GRAPHIC SCALE 1" = 30020010050100 100' GENERAL NOTES: 1.BASE MAPPING SHOWN HEREIN DERIVED FROM A PLAN ENTITLED "COLORADO MOUNTAIN COLLEGE GARFIELD COUNTY TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY SPRING VALLEY CAMPUS SURVEY", PREPARED BY HIGH COUNTRY ENGINEERING, INC., DATED 12/05/2019. 2.AREAS OF GRAY SHADING REPRESENT SLOPES WITH GRADES EXCEEDING 20%. EXISTING LOW LOW LIMIT OF WORK PROPOSED LEGEND SANITARY MANHOLESS MANHOLEMH WELLW UTILITY POLE / POWER POLE GUY ANCHOR BOUNDARY OR LOT LINE WIRE FENCE LINEX CHAIN LINK FENCE LINE GRAVEL ROAD DIRT ROAD CENTERLINE OF 2' WIDE BIKE PATH MAJOR CONTOUR LINE MINOR CONTOUR LINE 6070 FLOW LINE BENCHMARK / CONTROL POINT OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINEOE \\wse03.local\WSE\Projects\Private\Ameresco\CMC Spring Valley, CO\Design\CAD\03 Sheet\FOR PERMITTING\C001.dwgCOPYRIGHT © 2021 WESTON & SAMPSON, INC. Project: Applicant: Seal: Revisions: No. Date Description Issued For: Drawing Title: Sheet Number: Scale: W&S File No.: W&S Project No.: Approved By: Date: Reviewed By: Drawn By: CMC SPRING VALLEYSOLAR PV DEVELOPMENT COUNTY ROAD 114GLENWOOD SPRINGS, CO 81601 0 02/17/2021 PERMITTING PERMITTING AS SHOWN Ameresco CMC ENG21-0016 02/17/2021 Ameresco HCE Solar LLC 3095 S. Parker Road, Suite 200 Aurora, CO 80014 Tel: (720) 627-8772www.ameresco.com CONSTRUCTION NOTES: 1. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL CALL DIG SAFE AT 811 OR 1-800-922-1987 AT LEAST 72 HOURS, SATURDAYS, SUNDAYS, AND HOLIDAYS EXCLUDED, PRIOR TO EXCAVATING AT ANY LOCATION. A COPY OF THE DIG SAFE PROJECT REFERENCE NUMBER(S) SHALL BE GIVEN TO THE OWNER PRIOR TO EXCAVATION. 2. LOCATIONS OF EXISTING PIPES, CONDUITS, UTILITIES, FOUNDATIONS AND OTHER UNDERGROUND OBJECTS ARE NOT WARRANTED TO BE CORRECT AND THE CONTRACTOR SHALL HAVE NO CLAIM ON THAT ACCOUNT SHOULD THEY BE OTHER THAN SHOWN. 3. STONE WALLS, FENCES, CURBS, ETC., SHALL BE REMOVED AND REPLACED AS NECESSARY TO PERFORM THE WORK. UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED, ALL SUCH WORK SHALL BE INCIDENTAL TO CONSTRUCTION OF THE PROJECT. 4. ALL AREAS DISTURBED BY THE CONTRACTOR BEYOND THE PROJECT AREA SHALL BE RESTORED AT NO ADDITIONAL COST TO THE OWNER. 5. HORIZONTAL CONTROLS REFER TO THE COLORADO STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM (CENTRAL ZONE) (1983 NORTH AMERICAN DATUM). 6. ELEVATIONS REFER TO THE 1988 NORTH AMERICAN VERTICAL DATUM (NAVD 88). 7. NOTHING SHOWN OR OMITTED FROM THE DOCUMENTS PROVIDED SHALL RELIEVE THE CONTRACTOR FROM FULL COMPLIANCE WITH ALL APPLICABLE CODES, REGULATIONS, BYLAWS, AND ORDINANCES. FROST PROTECTION AND SNOW REMOVAL: 1. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL, AT ITS OWN EXPENSE, KEEP EARTHWORK OPERATIONS CLEAR AND FREE OF ACCUMULATIONS OF SNOW AS REQUIRED TO CARRY OUT THE WORK. 2. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL PROTECT THE SUBGRADE BENEATH NEW STRUCTURES AND PIPES FROM FROST PENETRATION WHEN FREEZING TEMPERATURES ARE EXPECTED. MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS: GEOSYNTHETICS: 1. GENERAL: INSTALLATION OF GEOTEXTILE FABRICS SHALL BE IN STRICT ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURER'S INSTRUCTIONS AND SPECIFIC LAYOUT PLANS AND DETAILS REVIEWED BY ENGINEER. 2. WOVEN GEOTEXTILE: THE WOVEN GEOTEXTILE SHALL BE MIRAFI HP 570 FABRIC, BY MIRAFI INC., OR APPROVED EQUIVALENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH CDOT SPECIFICATION SECTION 712.08. THE WOVEN GEOTEXTILE SHALL BE COMPOSED OF POLYPROPYLENE STABILIZED WITH CARBON BLACK TO RESIST ULTRAVIOLET DEGRADATION AND BE RESISTANT TO BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL DEGRADATION DUE TO ALL NATURALLY OCCURRING ORGANISMS OR REAGENTS NORMALLY ENCOUNTERED IN NATURAL SOIL ENVIRONMENTS. EARTHWORK MATERIALS: 1. VEHICLE TRACKING PAD (VTP) - CRUSHED NATURAL AGGREGATE: AGGREGATE FOR THE VTP SHALL BE CRUSHED NATURAL AGGREGATE WITH AT LEAST TWO FRACTURED FACES THAT MEETS THE FOLLOWING GRADATION REQUIREMENTS: SIEVE SIZE PERCENT PASSING (BY WEIGHT) 3 INCH 100 2 INCH 0-25 3/4 INCH 0-15 2. AGGREGATE BASE COURSE: ACCESS ROADS SHALL BE PREPARED WITH DENSE GRADED CRUSHED STONE. MATERIAL SHALL SATISFY THE REQUIREMENTS LISTED IN CDOT SPECIFICATION SECTION 703.03, CLASS 4. SIEVE SIZE PERCENT PASSING (BY WEIGHT) 2 INCH 100 1 1/2 INCH 90-10 3/4 INCH 50-90 NO. 4 30-50 NO. 200 3-12 BACKFILL MATERIALS: 1. ORDINARY BORROW: ORDINARY BORROW SHALL BE GRANULAR, WELL GRADED FRIABLE SOIL; FREE OF SUBSOIL, REFUSE, STUMPS, WOODY ROOTS, ROCKS, BRUSH, NOXIOUS WEED SEED AND REPRODUCTIVE PLANT PARTS FROM CURRENT STATE AND COUNTY WEED LISTS, HEAVY CLAY, HARD CLODS, OR TOXIC SUBSTANCES; WITH 30 PERCENT OR LESS PASSING THE NO. 200 SIEVE; NO STONE GREATER THAN TWO-THIRD (2/3) LOOSE LIFT THICKNESS, OR SIX INCHES, WHICHEVER IS SMALLER. BACKFILL PLACEMENT AND COMPACTION: 1. PRIOR TO BACKFILLING, THE CONTRACTOR SHALL COMPACT THE EXPOSED NATURAL SUBGRADE TO THE DENSITIES AS SPECIFIED HEREIN. 2. AFTER APPROVAL OF SUBGRADE BY THE ENGINEER, THE CONTRACTOR SHALL BACKFILL AREAS TO REQUIRED CONTOURS AND ELEVATIONS WITH SPECIFIED MATERIALS. 3. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL PLACE AND COMPACT MATERIALS IN CONTINUOUS HORIZONTAL LAYERS UNTIL FIRM. LIFT THICKNESS SHALL NOT EXCEED THE FOLLOWING THICKNESS: 3.1. GRAVEL ACCESS ROADS AND EQUIPMENT PADS- 6 INCHES 3.2. ORDINARY BORROW - 8 INCHES 4. IF THE MATERIAL REMOVED FROM THE EXCAVATION IS SUITABLE FOR BACKFILL WITH THE EXCEPTION THAT IT CONTAINS STONES LARGER THAN PERMITTED, THE CONTRACTOR HAS THE OPTION TO REMOVE THE OVERSIZED STONES AND USE THE MATERIAL FOR BACKFILL OR TO PROVIDE REPLACEMENT BACKFILL AT NO ADDITIONAL COST TO THE OWNER. CLEARING NOTES: 1. INSTALL EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROLS PRIOR TO CLEARING. 2. ALL TREES, SAPLINGS, LOGS AND DEAD TREES WITHIN THE LIMITS OF CLEARING SHALL BE REMOVED BY THE CONTRACTOR AND PROPERLY DISPOSED OF OFF SITE AT A LOCATION APPROVED TO RECEIVE SUCH MATERIALS. BRUSH CAN BE MULCHED AND USED ON SITE FOR EROSION AND DUST CONTROL. 3. CONTRACTOR SHALL REMOVE ALL STUMPS AND ROOTS WITHIN FENCED AREAS. 4. CONTRACTOR TO BACKFILL DEPRESSIONS FROM STUMP REMOVAL OR GRINDING. 5. BRUSH AND STUMPS SHALL BE LEFT IN PLACE IN AREAS OUTSIDE OF THE PROPOSED SOLAR ARRAY LIMITS. 6. CONTRACTOR SHALL LIMIT THE AREA OF LAND WHICH IS EXPOSED AND FREE FROM VEGETATION DURING CONSTRUCTION. IN AREAS WHERE THE PERIOD OF EXPOSURE WILL BE GREATER THIRTY (30) DAYS, MULCHING, EROSION CONTROL MATS, TEMPORARY SEEDING, OR OTHER PROTECTIVE MEASURES SHALL BE PROVIDED WITHIN 2 WEEKS OF INITIAL SOIL DISTURBANCE. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL TAKE ACCOUNT OF THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOIL WHERE EROSION CONTROL SEEDING WILL TAKE PLACE TO INSURE THAT MATERIALS USED FOR RE-VEGETATION ARE ADAPTIVE TO THE SEDIMENT CONTROL. SOIL STABILIZATION NOTES: 1. THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SLOPE IS 3:1. ALL 3:1 SLOPES SHALL BE STABILIZED WITH A TEMPORARY EROSION CONTROL BLANKET (SEE SHEET C502). 2. ALL DISTURBED AREAS SHALL RECEIVE A MINIMUM OF 4 INCHES OF LOAM AND SEED AND STABILIZED WITH GRASS COVER. 3. IF SUFFICIENT STABILIZATION CANNOT BE ACCOMPLISHED AFTER SEEDING, THE CONTRACTOR SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ADDING THE NECESSARY SOIL AMENDMENTS AND/OR LOAM UNTIL STABILIZATION IS ACHIEVED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE PROJECT STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN (SWMP). TYPICAL SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION: PRIOR TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE, EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL MEASURES SHALL BE INSTALLED AS SHOWN ON THE PLANS AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SEQUENCE INDICATED ON SHEET C002. SITE DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULING SHALL TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION THE GROWING SEASON, SUCH THAT BULK EARTHWORK IS NOT INITIATED DURING A PERIOD WHEN VEGETATIVE STABILIZATION CANNOT BE ACHIEVED WITHIN 14 DAYS OF COMPLETING THE EARTHWORK IN A GIVEN AREA. A TYPICAL SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION IS: 1. PRIOR TO STARTING ANY WORK ON THE SITE, THE CONTRACTOR SHALL NOTIFY APPROPRIATE AGENCIES AND SHALL INSTALL EROSION CONTROL MEASURES AS SHOWN ON THE PLANS. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL OBTAIN ALL PERMITS, NOTIFY APPROPRIATE OFFICIALS OF CONSTRUCTION COMMENCEMENT, AND SUBMIT CONSTRUCTION TIMETABLE. 2. ON-SITE CONSTRUCTION SHALL START WITH THE MINIMUM AMOUNT OF CLEARING REQUIRED TO INSTALL EROSION CONTROL MEASURES AS SHOWN ON SHEET C101. THIS INCLUDES, COMPOST FILTER SOCKS, ANTI-TRACKING PAD, AND OTHER MEASURES NOTED ON THE PLAN. NO WORK SHALL TAKE PLACE UNTIL THE ENGINEER HAS INSPECTED AND APPROVED INSTALLED MEASURES. 3. CUT TREES WITHIN THE DEFINED CLEARING LIMITS AND REMOVE CUT WOOD. STUMPS WILL BE REMOVED OR GROUND IN-PLACE. WOOD CHIPS MAY BE LEFT ON-SITE IF DIRECTED BY OWNER. 4. REMOVE AND STOCKPILE TOPSOIL AS REQUIRED TO CONSTRUCT GRAVEL ACCESS ROAD AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT FEATURES. STOCKPILED TOPSOIL SHALL BE SEEDED AND MULCHED WHEN IT IS TO BE STORED MORE THAN 30 DAYS FROM TIME OF STOCKPILING. 5. CONSTRUCT GRAVEL ACCESS ROAD. INSTALL ADDITIONAL EROSION CONTROL MEASURES AS REQUIRED TO PREVENT EROSION OF GRAVEL SURFACE AS NEEDED. 6. REMOVE AND STOCKPILE TOPSOIL IN AREAS OF PROPOSED GRADING TO ACHIEVE REQUIRED RACKING SYSTEM SLOPES. LOAM AND SEED DISTURBED AREAS AND INSTALL INTERMEDIATE EROSION CONTROL MEASURES PARALLEL TO THE SLOPES IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING COMPLETION OF GRADING. 7. PROCEED WITH SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEM INSTALLATION/CONSTRUCTION WORK. 8. REPAIR ALL DISTURBED AREAS, AND REAPPLY LOAM AND SEED WHERE NECESSARY. 9. EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL MEASURES SHALL NOT BE REMOVED UNTIL AFTER THE SITE IS STABILIZED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SWMP, AND FINAL ACCEPTANCE IS GIVEN BY THE ENGINEER. DUST CONTROL: 1. CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES SHALL BE SCHEDULED SO THAT A MINIMUM OF DISTURBED SOIL IS EXPOSED AT ONE TIME. 2. DUST SHALL BE CONTROLLED ON CONSTRUCTION ROUTES AND OTHER DISTURBED AREAS SUBJECT TO SURFACE DUST MOVEMENT AND DUST BLOWING. 3. MAINTAIN DUST CONTROL MEASURES PROPERLY THROUGH DRY WEATHER PERIODS UNTIL ALL DISTURBED AREAS HAVE BEEN PERMANENTLY STABILIZED. 4. DUST CONTROL METHODS SHALL INCLUDE VEGETATIVE COVER, MULCH (INCLUDING GRAVEL MULCH), WATER SPRINKLING, STONE, AND BARRIERS. GENERAL MAINTENANCE PLAN (DURING CONSTRUCTION): 1. ALL EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL PRACTICES SHALL BE INSPECTED AT LEAST ONCE EVERY 7 CALENDAR DAYS, OR AT LEAST ONCE EVERY 14 CALENDAR DAYS AND WITHIN 24 HOURS OF THE END OF ANY STORM EVENT OR SNOW MELT THAT CAUSES SURFACE EROSION, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SWMP. 2. ACCUMULATED SEDIMENT WILL BE REMOVED FROM BEHIND COMPOST FILTER SOCKS WHEN IT BECOMES 4 INCHES DEEP OR WHEN ACCUMULATIONS HAVE ADVERSELY AFFECTED IT'S FUNCTION. COMPOST FILTER TUBES WILL BE REPAIRED BY REMOVING SILT AND SEDIMENTS AND THEN TAMPING LOOSE SOIL ALONG BASE, REPLACING DAMAGED OR WEAKENED POSTS AND STAKES, OR AS NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN A BARRIER. 3. ALL DISTURBED AREAS WILL BE STABILIZED PER THESE SPECIFICATIONS TO MAINTAIN VIGOROUS, DENSE VEGETATION. REPAIR ANY ERODED SLOPES, REAPPLY TOPSOIL, RESEED AND STABILIZE REPAIR AREA AS REQUIRED FOR PERMANENT OR TEMPORARY MEANS. REPAIR SOIL AREAS DAMAGED BY EROSION OR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT. 4. IMMEDIATELY REPAIR ANY DAMAGE CAUSED BY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT, MAINTENANCE, OR OTHER ACTIVITY TO ANY EROSION CONTROL MEASURE. 5. THE PRIME CONTRACTOR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PERFORMANCE AND COMPLIANCE OF ITS SUB-CONTRACTOR'S ACTIVITIES RELATING TO THE SWMP. THEY SHALL MAKE FREQUENT INSPECTIONS OF THEIR WORK AND COORDINATE APPROPRIATE INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF EROSION CONTROL AND WATER QUALITY DEVICES. 6. EMPLOY POLLUTION PREVENTION MEASURES TO CONTROL LITTER, CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS, SEDIMENT AND CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED, TO THE FOLLOWING: SALVAGE AND REUSE OF MATERIALS, MINIMIZING PACKAGING WASTE, RECYCLING, PROPER DISPOSAL AT FREQUENT INTERVALS IN ACCORDANCE WITH PREVAILING LAWS, ONSITE INSTRUCTION REGARDING APPROPRIATE SEPARATION/HANDLING/RECYCLING, PROPER MAINTENANCE OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL SYSTEMS, PROVIDE APPROPRIATE SANITARY FACILITIES FOR ONSITE PERSONNEL, PICK UP TRASH AND DEBRIS FREQUENTLY AND USE WATER MIST, CALCIUM CHLORIDE OR OTHER LEGAL MEANS TO LIMIT THE SPREAD OF DUST AND SOIL PARTICLES. GENERAL STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN (SWMP) NOTES: 1. THE FOLLOWING NOTES ARE PROVIDED AS A SUMMARY REFERENCE FOR THE CONTRACTOR ONLY. THE REQUIREMENTS IN THE FULL SWMP FOR THE PROJECT SHALL BE FOLLOWED BY THE CONTRACTOR. IN THE EVENT OF A CONFLICT BETWEEN THE DRAWINGS AND THE SWMP, THE ENGINEER SHALL DETERMINE THE CORRECT REQUIREMENTS. 2. ALL EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL MEASURES SHALL BE PERFORMED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EROSION CONTROL & STORMWATER QUALITY GUIDELINES. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL OWN AND MAINTAIN A COPY OF THE GUIDELINES ON-SITE DURING CONSTRUCTION. 3. ALL DISTURBED AREAS SHALL BE KEPT TO A MINIMUM. FINAL GRADING AND RESTORATION SHALL BE ACCOMPLISHED AS SOON AS PRACTICAL. 4. EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL STRUCTURES SHALL BE INSTALLED PRIOR TO SITE WORK. 5. ALL CONTROL STRUCTURES SHALL BE MAINTAINED THROUGHOUT CONSTRUCTION AND REMOVED WHEN STABILIZATION HAS BEEN ATTAINED. IF THE PROPOSED CONTROL MEASURES ARE NOT SATISFACTORY TO THE ENGINEER, ADDITIONAL CONTROL MEASURES SHALL BE TAKEN. 6. ALL RUNOFF FROM THE DISTURBED AREA SHALL BE CONTROLLED AND FILTERED. EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL MEASURES SHALL BE INSTALLED AS SHOWN ON THE FINAL CIVIL CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS. 7. A NPDES GENERAL PERMIT FOR THE DISCHARGE OF STORMWATER AND DEWATERING WATERS FROM CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES WILL BE REQUIRED FOR THE PROPOSED PROJECT. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PREPARATION AND SUBMITTAL OF THE NPDES PERMIT APPLICATION, AND SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION AND COMPLIANCE WITH THE APPROVED SWMP. 8. THE CONTRACTOR MUST OBTAIN COPIES OF ALL PERMITS PRIOR TO THE START OF WORK. 9. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL MEASURES. THIS RESPONSIBILITY INCLUDES THE ACQUISITION OF MATERIALS, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION STRUCTURES, THE COMMUNICATION AND DETAILED EXPLANATION TO ALL PEOPLE INVOLVED IN THE SITE WORK OF THE REQUIREMENTS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL MEASURES. 10. TWO (2) WEEKS PRIOR TO THE START OF WORK THE CONTRACTOR SHALL PROVIDE THE NAME AND PHONE NUMBER OF THE INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EROSION & SEDIMENTATION CONTROL PLAN. 11. THE ENGINEER SHALL BE NOTIFIED OF ANY PROPOSED ALTERATION TO THE EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL PLAN, PRIOR TO ALTERING, IN ORDER TO ENSURE THE FEASIBILITY OF THE ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, OR CHANGE IN THE PLAN. SEEDING PREPARATION (AREAS OUTSIDE OF PV DEVELOPMENT): AREAS OF BARE SOIL SHALL RECEIVE 4-INCHES OF LOAM PRIOR TO SEEDING. ALL DISTURBED AREAS OUTSIDE OF PV DEVELOPMENT AREAS SHALL BE RESTORED WITH THE SPECIFIED SEED MIX. THE SOIL SHALL BE ADJUSTED TO A PH OF 5.70 OR HIGHER. THIS CAN BE DONE BY USING THE APPROPRIATE AMOUNT OF FERTILIZER, AS REQUIRED BY A SOIL TEST. IF A TEST IS NOT PERFORMED, THE AREA SHALL BE FERTILIZED WITH 20-10-5 OR EQUAL AT A RATE OF 100 POUNDS PER ACRE (3 POUNDS PER 1000 SQUARE FEET). THE FERTILIZER SHALL BE WORKED INTO THE SOIL A MINIMUM OF 4 INCHES AND UNIFORMLY BLENDED. ALL STONES TWO INCHES OR LARGER IN DIAMETER SHALL BE APPROPRIATELY REMOVED ALONG WITH ALL DELETERIOUS MATERIAL (SUCH AS BUILDING MATERIAL WASTE, ETC.). THE SEED SHALL BE APPLIED BY EITHER HAND, CYCLONE SEEDER, A CULTIPACKER TYPE SEEDER OR HYDROSEEDER (SLURRY INCLUDING BOTH SEED AND FERTILIZER). HYDROSEEDING, WHICH SHALL BE MULCHED, MAY BE LEFT ON SOIL SURFACE. SEEDING PREPARATION (WITHIN PV DEVELOPMENT AREAS): ALL DISTURBED AREAS WITHIN THE PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVELOPMENT AREA SHALL BE HYDROMULCHED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE FOLLOWING CONSTRUCTION METHODS: 1. THE LIMING, FERTILIZING AND SEEDING TO BE ACCOMPLISHED UNDER THIS SECTION SHALL BE DONE IN ACCORDANCE WITH SEEDING TIMES OUTLINED IN THE SEEDING MATERIALS SECTION OF THIS SHEET. 2. HEAVILY SCARIFYING THE EXISTING SURFACE AND OVER SEEDING WITH ADDITIONAL SEED MIX MAY BE NECESSARY IN SOME AREAS. 3. AREAS OF BARE SOIL SHALL RECEIVE 4 INCHES OF LOAM PRIOR TO SEEDING. THE EXISTING TURF SHALL BE TOP DRESSED WITH ONE TO TWO INCHES OF LOAM BEFORE SEED IS APPLIED. 4. AFTER ALL SURFACES TO BE SEEDED HAVE BEEN BROUGHT TO FINISHED GRADE, THE CONTRACTOR SHALL FURNISH AND APPLY FERTILIZER AS HEREIN SPECIFIED. 5. FERTILIZER SHALL BE MECHANICALLY SPREAD SO AS TO OBTAIN UP TO A MINIMUM SOWN FERTILIZER COVERAGE YIELD OF 3 POUNDS PER 1000 SQUARE FEET. 6. SEED SHALL BE INCORPORATED WITH THE MULCHING MATERIAL SO AS TO OBTAIN A MINIMUM SOWN COVERAGE OF 130 POUNDS OF THE SPECIFIED MIX PER ACRE. SEED SUBSTITUTIONS MAY REQUIRE RATE ADJUSTMENTS AS RECOMMENDED BY THE SEED SUPPLIERS, IF APPROVED BY THE ENGINEER OR LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT. 7. AT AREAS TO BE SEEDED BY HYDROMULCHING, CONTRACTOR SHALL REMOVE AND APPROPRIATELY DISPOSE OF ALL STONES OVER 2 INCHES IN SIZE OR OTHER UNSUITABLE MATERIAL OFF SITE. 8. AFTER FINE GRADING AND PREPARATIONS FOR HYDROMULCH SEEDING ARE COMPLETE, THE CONTRACTOR SHALL SEED THE AREA INDICATED, AS SPECIFIED HEREIN. THE SEED SHALL BE INCORPORATED WITH MULCHING MATERIALS COMPOSED OF WOOD CELLULOSE FIBERS THAT WILL READILY DISPERSE IN WATER TO FORM A UNIFORM AND HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE WHEN AGITATED. 9. THE SLURRY SO FORMED SHALL BE OF SUCH CONSISTENCY THAT IT CAN BE SPRAYED UPON THE PREPARED SOIL SURFACES FROM A HYDROSEED GUN OR THROUGH AT LEAST 200 FEET OF 1-1/2 INCH DIAMETER CANVAS HOSE. THE MULCHING MATERIAL SHALL BE USED AT THE RATE OF 2000 POUNDS PER ACRE. SEEDING MATERIALS: FERTILIZER: 1. FERTILIZER SHALL BE COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER 20-10-5 U.F. FERTILIZER MIXTURE CONTAINING AT LEAST 60% OF ORGANIC MATERIAL OR TYPE DETERMINED BY CHEMICAL SOIL ANALYSIS AS TESTED BY AN APPROVED LABORATORY. IT SHALL BE DELIVERED AT THE SITE IN THE ORIGINAL SEALED CONTAINERS WITH CONTENTS CLEARLY DESCRIBED. SEED: 1. ALL SEED SHALL BE FURNISHED IN BAGS OR CONTAINERS CLEARLY LABELED TO SHOW THE NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE SUPPLIER, THE SEED NAME, THE LOT NUMBER, NET WEIGHT, ORIGIN, THE PERCENT OF WEED SEED CONTENT, THE GUARANTEED PERCENTAGE OF PURITY AND GERMINATION, POUNDS OF PURE LIVE SEED (PLS) OF EACH SEED SPECIES, AND THE TOTAL POUNDS OF PLS IN THE CONTAINER. 2. ALL SEEDS SHALL BE FREE FROM NOXIOUS WEED SEEDS IN ACCORDANCE WITH CURRENT STATE AND LOCAL LISTS. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL FURNISH TO THE ENGINEER A SIGNED STATEMENT CERTIFYING THAT THE SEED IS FROM A LOT THAT HAS BEEN TESTED BY A RECOGNIZED LABORATORY FOR SEED TESTING WITHIN 13 MONTHS PRIOR TO THE DATE OF SEEDING. 3. THE SHADE MIX SEEDING SHALL BE A SAGE GRASS MIX. SUBMIT SUPPLIER’S SEED BLEND SPECIFICATIONS TO THE ENGINEER OR LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT FOR APPROVAL PRIOR TO COMMENCING WITH THE HYDROSEEDING OPERATIONS. COMMON NAME PERCENT BY WEIGHT BLUEBUNCH WHEATGRASS 22 IDAHO FESCUE 20 WESTERN WHEATGRASS 18 THICKSPIKE WHEATGRASS 15 SLENDER WHEATGRASS 10 SANDBERG'S BLUEGRASS 5 BOTTLEBRUSH SQUIRRELTAIL 4 INDIAN RICEGRASS 3 GALLETA GRASS 3 4. SEED SHALL BE APPLIED AT A RATE OF 90-130 LBS PER ACRE. SEEDING SHALL BE COMPLETED BETWEEN SPRING THAW TO JUNE 1 OR SEPTEMBER 1 UNTIL CONSISTENT GROUND FREEZE. 4.1. "SPRING THAW" SHALL BE DEFINED AS THE EARLIEST DATE IN A NEW CALENDAR YEAR IN WHICH SEED CAN BE BURIED 12 INCH INTO THE SURFACE SOIL (TOPSOIL) THRU NORMAL DRILL SEEDING METHODS. 4.2. "CONSISTENT GROUND FREEZE" SHALL BE DEFINED AS THE TIME DURING THE FALL MONTHS IN WHICH THE SURFACE SOIL (TOPSOIL), DUE TO FREEZE CONDITIONS, PREVENTS BURYING OF SEED 12 INCH THRU NORMAL DRILL SEEDING OPERATIONS. SEED SHALL NOT BE SOWN, DRILLED, OR PLANTED WHEN THE SURFACE SOIL OR TOPSOIL IS IN A FROZEN OR CRUSTED STATE. 5. ALL SEEDED AREAS SHALL BE MAINTAINED TO ENSURE PROPER GROWTH AND TO MINIMIZE EROSION. MULCH: 1. MULCH MATERIAL SHALL BE A MANUFACTURED PRODUCT OF NATURAL WOOD CELLULOSE FIBERS WITH A NON-TOXIC GREEN MARKING DYE INCORPORATED TO INSURE UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION. MATERIAL SHALL BE INTERNATIONAL PAPER COMPANY'S "TURFIBER;" WEYERHAEUSER COMPANY'S "SILVA-FIBER," OR APPROVED EQUAL AND CLEARLY PACKED IN ORIGINAL CONTAINERS, SEALED AND CLEARLY LABELED WITH BRAND NAME AND MANUFACTURER. IT SHALL HAVE A DELIVERED MOISTURE CONTENT OF NOT OVER 12%. MAINTENANCE OF SEEDED AREAS: 1. CONTRACTOR SHALL MAINTAIN THE ENTIRE SEEDED AREAS UNTIL FINAL ACCEPTANCE AT THE COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT OR FOR 90 DAYS, WHICHEVER IS LONGER. MAINTENANCE SHALL INCLUDE WATERING AS SPECIFIED, WEEDING, REMOVAL OF STONES WHICH MAY APPEAR AND REGULAR CUTTINGS OF THE GRASS NO CLOSER THAN 10 DAYS APART. THE FIRST CUTTING SHALL BE ACCOMPLISHED WHEN THE GRASS IS FROM 3 - 4 INCHES HIGH, DO NOT CUT BELOW 1.5 INCHES. WEEKLY WATERING SHALL PROVIDE THE SEEDED AREAS WITH THE EQUIVALENT OF 1 INCH OF RAINFALL PER WEEK. IF THE SEEDED AREAS ARE WATERED BY NORMAL RAINFALL OR THE NORMAL WATERING IS INADEQUATE DUE TO WEATHER, THE CONTRACTOR MAY AT HIS/HER DISCRETION ELIMINATE OR INCREASE RESPECTIVELY, THE WATERING DURING A GIVEN WEEK. HOWEVER, SUCH ACTION BY THE CONTRACTOR SHALL IN NO WAY WAIVE THE CONTRACTOR'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE GROWTH AND HEALTH OF THE GRASS UNTIL FINAL ACCEPTANCE. CONTRACTOR SHALL FURNISH ALL TEMPORARY PIPE AND CONNECTIONS FOR SPRINKLING. CONTRACTOR SHALL FURNISH ALL REQUIRED WATER AT NO EXPENSE TO THE OWNER. GARDEN HOSE AND HAND SPRINKLING SHALL BE PERMITTED ONLY IN SPECIAL INSTANCES BY THE ENGINEER OR LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT. 2. ALL BARE SPOTS, WHICH BECOME APPARENT AS THE GRASS GERMINATES, SHALL BE RESEEDED BY THE CONTRACTOR AT HIS/HER OWN EXPENSE AS MANY TIMES AS NECESSARY TO SECURE AN ADEQUATE GROWTH, AND THE ENTIRE AREA SHALL BE MAINTAINED AND CUT UNTIL ALL WORK HAS BEEN COMPLETED AND FINAL ACCEPTANCE HAS OCCURRED. RESEEDING MAY BE ACCOMPLISHED BY HYDROMULCHING OR BY MECHANICAL MEANS AS DETERMINED BY THE AREA OF RESEEDING TO BE ACCOMPLISHED. 3. AT ALL AREAS TO BE SEEDED WHERE HYDROMULCHING CANNOT BE ACCOMPLISHED, I.E., ADJACENT TO NARROW OR IRREGULARLY SHAPED AREAS, PERFORM THE WORK MANUALLY AND PROTECT THE SEEDED AREAS WITH STRAW, OR WOOD FIBER MULCH SPRINKLED TO COVER THE AREA. 4. CONTRACTOR SHALL TAKE WHATEVER MEASURES ARE NECESSARY TO PROTECT THE GRASS WHILE IT IS GERMINATING. THESE MEASURES SHALL INCLUDE FURNISHING OF WARNING SIGNS, BARRIERS, TEMPORARY FENCE OR ANY OTHER NECESSARY MEASURES OF PROTECTION. 5. CONTRACTOR SHALL FURNISH, PROTECT, AND MAINTAIN ALL TEMPORARY BARRIERS UNTIL FINAL ACCEPTANCE OF THE SEEDED AREAS BY THE OWNER AND SHALL REMOVE THEM UPON SUCH FINAL ACCEPTANCE, THE BARRIERS SHALL REMAIN THE PROPERTY OF CONTRACTOR AT ALL TIMES. 6. SIX WEEKS AFTER THE GRASS IS ESTABLISHED, CONTRACTOR SHALL APPLY FERTILIZER TO THE SURFACE OF SEEDED AREAS AT ONE-HALF THE RATE RECOMMENDED BY INITIAL LABORATORY TESTS AS INDICATED HEREIN. C001 CIVIL NOTES AND SPECIFICATIONS RJB MRC/ETR RWG SITE BENCHMARK ELV. = 6,718.60'FOUND REBAR WITH 2.5" ALLOY CAPOEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX X X XXXXXXXXXMHMH IVR SS SS SS SS W SPRIN G V A L L E Y S A NI T A TI O N, B O O K 5 4 5 P A G E 1 3 4 12" CMP 666066656670667566806685669066956700 6705 6710 6715 6720 67256730 6735 674067456670 6675 6680 6685 6690 6695 6700 6705 6710 6715 6720 6725 6730 6735 6740 6745 6750 6755 6760 6765 6680 668 5 66 9 0 669 5 6700 6705 6710 66656670667566806685 6690669567006705 6675 6675 6660 66756680 6685 6690 6695 6700 6705671067156720 67256730 673567406745 6750 67556760676566756680668566906695 6700 6705 6710 6715 6690 6685 6680 6675 66606665667066756680668566906695670067056710 6715 6720 6725 66606660666566656670667066756675668066806685668566906690669566956700 67006705 67056710 671067156715 67206720 67256725 6730668566906695670067056710 671567206725 6665 6680 6685 6665 6670 6675 66806685 6690 669567006705671067156720672567306735674067456750675567606765668 5 6680 66 9 0 2 C501 6 C502 1 C501 11 C502 10 C502 5 C501 4 C501 4 C501 2 C501 11 C502 11 C502 11 C502 LOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOW LOWLOW LOWLOW LOW LOW LOW LOWLOW LOW LO W L O W LO W LO W LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLOWLO WLOWLOW LOWLO WLOW LOW LOW 6 C502 3 C501 EXISTING OVERHEAD ELECTRICAL WIRES SITE PROPERTY LINE EXISTING ACCESS ROAD CENTERLINE OF EXISTING 2' WIDE BIKE PATH EXISTING DIRT ROAD CENTERLINE OF EXISTING 2' WIDE BIKE PATH EXISTING WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT SBSBEXISTING ACCESS ROAD FIXED TILT SOLAR ARRAY NEW UTILITY POLES NEW GRAVEL ACCESS ROAD ACCESS GATE (TYP) PERIMETER FENCE (TYP) PAD-MOUNTED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (SEE CONSTRUCTION NOTE 1) STABILIZED CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE SEDIMENT BARRIER (SEE CONSTRUCTION NOTE 2) ACCESS GATE (TYP) WEST TRACKER ARRAY EAST TRACKERARRAYIMPROVED ACCESS ROAD PAD-MOUNTED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (SEE CONSTRUCTION NOTE 1) PAD-MOUNTED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (SEE CONSTRUCTION NOTE 1) PAD-MOUNTED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (SEE CONSTRUCTION NOTE 1) BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (SEE CONSTRUCTION NOTE 1) STAGING/CONSTRUCTION PARKING AREA (DASHED OUTLINE) STABILIZED CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE UNDERGROUND ELECTRICAL CONDUIT (TYP) NEW REVENUE METER POLE NEW PROJECT DISCONNECT SWITCH POLE, GOAB NEW TANGENT POLE, POI C101 PROPOSED SITE PLAN RJB MRC/ETR RWG \\wse03.local\WSE\Projects\Private\Ameresco\CMC Spring Valley, CO\Design\CAD\03 Sheet\FOR PERMITTING\C101.dwgCOPYRIGHT © 2021 WESTON & SAMPSON, INC. Project: Applicant: Seal: Revisions: No. Date Description Issued For: Drawing Title: Sheet Number: Scale: W&S File No.: W&S Project No.: Approved By: Date: Reviewed By: Drawn By: CMC SPRING VALLEYSOLAR PV DEVELOPMENT COUNTY ROAD 114GLENWOOD SPRINGS, CO 81601 0 02/17/2021 PERMITTING PERMITTING AS SHOWN Ameresco CMC ENG21-0016 02/17/2021 Ameresco HCE Solar LLC 3095 S. Parker Road, Suite 200Aurora, CO 80014Tel: (720) 627-8772 www.ameresco.com 0 GRAPHIC SCALE 1" = 30020010050100 100' GENERAL NOTES: 1.BASE MAPPING SHOWN HEREIN DERIVED FROM A PLAN ENTITLED "COLORADO MOUNTAIN COLLEGE GARFIELD COUNTY TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY SPRING VALLEY CAMPUS SURVEY", PREPARED BY HIGH COUNTRY ENGINEERING, INC., DATED 12/05/2019. 2.AREAS OF GRAY SHADING REPRESENT SLOPES WITH GRADES EXCEEDING 20%. SITE PLAN NOTES: 1.SOLAR ARRAY LAYOUT SHOWN HEREIN DERIVED FROM A PLAN ENTITLED, "SITE PLAN", PREPARED BY SUNSENSE, INC. AND AMERESCO, DATED 11/10/2020. 2.ELECTRICAL DESIGN, INCLUDING UTILITY POLES, PERFORMED BY OTHERS. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS SHOWN TO ILLUSTRATE LOCATIONS ONLY. REFER TO ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS FOR DETAILED ELECTRICAL SYSTEM INFORMATION. 3.SOLAR ARRAY LAYOUT IS SUBJECT TO FINAL DESIGN BUT WILL REMAIN WITHIN THE PROPOSED LIMIT OF WORK. CONSTRUCTION NOTES: 1.MAJOR GRADING AT THE SITE IS NOT PROPOSED. LOCALIZED LEVELING OF ALL BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT PADS/CONTAINERS SHALL BE PROVIDED AS NEEDED. FINAL GRADING WILL REMAIN CONSISTENT WITH EXISTING TOPOGRAPHY SHOWN ON THIS PLAN. 2.CONTRACTOR SHALL RELOCATE SEDIMENT BARRIERS AS NEEDED FOR FENCE CONSTRUCTION, HOWEVER, SEDIMENT BARRIERS MUST BE PLACED AS SHOWN ON THE PLANS AT THE END OF EACH WORK DAY. PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) TABLES 7' TALL CHAIN LINK FENCE EQUIPMENT PAD LOW LOW LIMIT OF WORK PROPOSED LEGEND SB SB SB SEDIMENT BARRIER GRAVEL ACCESS ROAD UTILITY POLE/POWER POLE ELECTRICAL CONDUIT EXISTING SANITARY MANHOLESS MANHOLEMH WELLW UTILITY POLE / POWER POLE GUY ANCHOR BOUNDARY OR LOT LINE WIRE FENCE LINEX CHAIN LINK FENCE LINE GRAVEL ROAD DIRT ROAD CENTERLINE OF 2' WIDE BIKE PATH MAJOR CONTOUR LINE MINOR CONTOUR LINE 6070 FLOW LINE BENCHMARK / CONTROL POINT OVERHEAD ELECTRIC LINEOE \\wse03.local\WSE\Projects\Private\Ameresco\CMC Spring Valley, CO\Design\CAD\03 Sheet\FOR PERMITTING\C501.dwgCOPYRIGHT © 2021 WESTON & SAMPSON, INC. Project: Applicant: Seal: Revisions: No. Date Description Issued For: Drawing Title: Sheet Number: Scale: W&S File No.: W&S Project No.: Approved By: Date: Reviewed By: Drawn By: CMC SPRING VALLEYSOLAR PV DEVELOPMENT COUNTY ROAD 114GLENWOOD SPRINGS, CO 81601 0 02/17/2021 PERMITTING PERMITTING AS SHOWN Ameresco CMC ENG21-0016 02/17/2021 Ameresco HCE Solar LLC 3095 S. Parker Road, Suite 200Aurora, CO 80014Tel: (720) 627-8772 www.ameresco.com NOTES: 1.DETAILS DERIVED FROM A PLAN ENTITLED "DEER FENCE, GATES, AND GAME RAMPS", STANDARD PLAN NO. M-607-4, SHEET NO. 1 OF 5, PREPARED BY THE COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, DATED 07/04/12, LAST MODIFIED ON 04/30/15. 2.TOP TWO WIRES SHALL BE BARBED WIRE. 3.POST SPACING SHALL BE FOUR STEEL POSTS TO ONE WOOD POST. 4.FENCE SHOWN FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY. FINAL POST AND FOUNDATION DESIGN TO BE PROVIDED PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION. 5.SECURITY FENCE AROUND THE SITE SHALL BE CONTINUOUS AND 7'-0" (MINIMUM) PER THE NEC 110.31. 6.THE SECURITY FENCE SHALL BE GROUNDED IN ALL AREAS WHERE THE PV MODULES ARE LOCATED LESS THAN 10'-0" FROM THE FENCE OR AS REQUIRED TO MEET ALL APPLICABLE CODES. TYPICAL POST DRIVEN WILDLIFE FENCE DETAIL SCALE: N.T.S.5 TYPICAL PILE DRIVEN SOLAR RACKING SYSTEM DETAIL (FIXED TILT) SCALE: N.T.S.1 EXISTING GRADE SOLAR MODULE NOTE: 1. DESIGN FOR FOUNDATIONS, RACKING, AND MODULES BY OTHERS. DETAIL SHOWN FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY. SOLAR MODULE SOLAR MODULE SOLAR MODULE SAND FILL COMPACTED GRANULAR FILL 24" WARNING TAPE (TYP.) (12" ABOVE CONDUIT) NOTES: 1.TRENCH SHOWN FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY. ELECTRICAL DESIGN AND CONFORMANCE WITH ELECTRICAL CODE REQUIREMENTS BY OTHERS. CONDUIT (TYP.)GRANULAR FILL TYPICAL BELOW GRADE CONDUIT DETAIL SCALE: N.T.S.3 EXISTING GRADE (TYP.) TYPICAL ACCESS ROAD DETAIL SCALE: N.T.S.2 NOTES: 1.GRADE ROAD SURFACE TO ENSURE NO PONDING OCCURS WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE ROAD SURFACE. 2.ACCESS ROAD DESIGN TO COMPLY WITH LOCAL EMERGENCY SERVICE REQUIREMENTS. 3.CONTRACTOR SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ACCESS ROAD MAINTENANCE AND UPGRADES/REPAIRS AS NEEDED. 6" MINIMUM DENSE GRADED CRUSHED STONE (CDOT SECTION 703.03, CLASS 4) REMOVE TOPSOIL DOWN TO INORGANIC GRANULAR SUBGRADE AND COMPACT SUBGRADE (UNLESS OTHERWISE INDICATED) 12' C501 CIVIL DETAILS I RJB MRC/ETR RWG EXISTING GRADE DRIVE SHAFT (TYP.) TYPICAL PILE DRIVEN SOLAR RACKING SYSTEM DETAIL (TRACKER) SCALE: N.T.S.4 NOTE: 1. REFER TO RACKING CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS FOR FINAL TRACKER SYSTEM DETAILS AND COMPONENTS. DETAIL SHOWN FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY. SOLAR MODULE (TYP.) DRIVEN PILE (TYP.) LINE POST END POST CORNER POST LINE BRACE POSTEND OF FENCE7'-0" MIN.7'-0" MIN.7'-0" MIN.7'-0" MIN.POST (TYP.) POST (TYP.) POST (TYP.) POST (TYP.) VARIES CONDUIT THROUGHSLAB (TYP.) 1 1 STRUCTURAL FILL (TYP.)ELECTRICAL CONDUIT (TYP.)\\wse03.local\WSE\Projects\Private\Ameresco\CMC Spring Valley, CO\Design\CAD\03 Sheet\FOR PERMITTING\C502.dwgCOPYRIGHT © 2021 WESTON & SAMPSON, INC. Project: Applicant: Seal: Revisions: No. Date Description Issued For: Drawing Title: Sheet Number: Scale: W&S File No.: W&S Project No.: Approved By: Date: Reviewed By: Drawn By: CMC SPRING VALLEYSOLAR PV DEVELOPMENT COUNTY ROAD 114GLENWOOD SPRINGS, CO 81601 0 02/17/2021 PERMITTING PERMITTING AS SHOWN Ameresco CMC ENG21-0016 02/17/2021 Ameresco HCE Solar LLC 3095 S. Parker Road, Suite 200 Aurora, CO 80014 Tel: (720) 627-8772www.ameresco.com SEDIMENT BARRIER - COMPOST FILTER SOCK SCALE: N.T.S.10 LONG AXIS OF STOCKPILE TO BE PERPENDICULAR TO CONTOUR CONTINUOUS STAKED SEDIMENT BARRIER PLACED DOWN GRADIENT OF STOCKPILE STOCKPILE TO BE LOCATED IN AN AREA THAT PROVIDES MAXIMUM PROTECTION AGAINST EROSION TOWARDS SENSITIVE AREAS TEMPORARY STOCKPILE DETAIL SCALE: N.T.S.9STABILIZED CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE (ANTI-TRACKING PAD) SCALE: N.T.S.6 STABILIZED CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE NOTES: 1.FILTER CLOTH - WILL BE PLACED OVER THE ENTIRE AREA FOLLOWING GRADING (AS NEEDED) TO LEVEL PAD PRIOR TO PLACING OF STONE. 2.3 INCH STONE - AGGREGATE SHALL MEET THE GRADATION REQUIREMENTS OUTLINED ON SHEET C001. 3.SURFACE WATER - ALL SURFACE WATER FLOWING OR DIVERTED TOWARD CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCES SHALL BE PIPED ACROSS THE ENTRANCE. IF PIPING IS IMPRACTICAL, A MOUNTABLE BERM WITH 5:1 SLOPES WILL BE PERMITTED. 4.MAINTENANCE - THE ENTRANCE SHALL BE MAINTAINED IN A CONDITION WHICH WILL PREVENT TRACKING OR FLOWING OF SEDIMENT ONTO PUBLIC RIGHTS-OF-WAY. THIS MAY REQUIRE PERIODIC TOP DRESSING WITH ADDITIONAL STONE AS CONDITIONS DEMAND AND REPAIR AND/OR CLEANOUT OF ANY MEASURES USED TO TRAP SEDIMENT. ALL SEDIMENT SPILLED, DROPPED, WASHED OR TRACKED ONTO PUBLIC RIGHTS-OF-WAY MUST BE REMOVED BY THE CONTRACTOR IMMEDIATELY. 5.WASHING - WHEELS SHALL BE CLEANED TO REMOVE SEDIMENT PRIOR TO ENTRANCE ONTO PUBLIC RIGHTS-OF-WAY. WHEN WASHING IS REQUIRED, IT SHALL BE DONE ON AN AREA STABILIZED WITH STONE AND WHICH DRAINS INTO AN APPROVED SEDIMENT TRAPPING DEVICE. 6.PERIODIC INSPECTION AND NEEDED MAINTENANCE SHALL BE PROVIDED AFTER EACH RAIN. 7.AT THE CONCLUSION OF PROJECT, ANY ACCUMULATED SEDIMENT SHALL BE DISPOSED OF IN ACCORDANCE WITH LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS. REMOVAL OF ANTI-TRACKING PAD SHALL BE AT NO ADDITIONAL COST TO THE OWNER. 8.P.C. = POINT OF CURVATURE 9.P.T. = POINT OF TANGENCY LOAM AND SEED DETAIL SCALE: N.T.S.8NOTES: 1.PREPARE SOIL BEFORE INSTALLING BLANKETS, INCLUDING ANY NECESSARY APPLICATION OF LIME, FERTILIZER, AND SEED. NOTE: WHEN USING CELL-O-SEED DO NOT SEED PREPARED AREA. CELL-O-SEED MUST BE INSTALLED WITH PAPER SIDE DOWN. 2.BEGIN AT THE TOP OF THE SLOPE BY ANCHORING THE BLANKET IN A 6" DEEP X 6" WIDE TRENCH WITH APPROXIMATELY 12" OF BLANKET EXTENDED BEYOND THE UP-SLOPE PORTION OF THE TRENCH. ANCHOR THE BLANKET WITH A ROW OF STAPLES/STAKES APPROXIMATELY 12" APART IN THE BOTTOM OF THE TRENCH. BACKFILL AND COMPACT THE TRENCH AFTER STAPLING. APPLY SEED TO COMPACTED SOIL AND FOLD REMAINING 12" PORTION OF BLANKET BACK OVER SEED AND COMPACTED SOIL. SECURE BLANKET OVER COMPACTED SOIL WITH A ROW OF STAPLES/STAKES SPACED APPROXIMATELY 12" APART ACROSS THE WIDTH OF THE BLANKET. 3.ROLL THE BLANKETS (A.) DOWN OR (B.) HORIZONTALLY ACROSS THE SLOPE. BLANKETS WILL UNROLL WITH APPROPRIATE SIDE AGAINST THE SOIL SURFACE. ALL BLANKETS SHALL BE SECURELY FASTENED TO SOIL SURFACE BY PLACING STAPLES/STAKES IN APPROPRIATE LOCATIONS AS SHOWN IN THE STAPLE PATTERN GUIDE. WHEN USING OPTIONAL DOT SYSTEM, STAPLES/STAKES SHALL BE PLACED THROUGH EACH OF THE COLORED DOTS CORRESPONDING TO THE APPROPRIATE STAPLE PATTERN. 4.THE EDGES OF PARALLEL BLANKETS SHALL BE STAPLED WITH APPROXIMATELY 2"-5" OVERLAP DEPENDING ON BLANKET TYPE. TO ENSURE PROPER SEAM ALIGNMENT, PLACE THE EDGE OF THE OVERLAPPING BLANKET (BLANKET BEING INSTALLED ON TOP) EVEN WITH THE COLORED SEAM STITCH ON THE PREVIOUSLY INSTALLED BLANKET. 5.CONSECUTIVE BLANKETS SPLICED DOWN THE SLOPE SHALL BE PLACED END OVER END (SHINGLE STYLE) WITH AN APPROXIMATE 3" OVERLAP. STAPLE THROUGH OVERLAPPED AREA, APPROXIMATELY 12" APART ACROSS ENTIRE BLANKET WIDTH. 6.ALL 3H:1V SLOPES SHALL BE STABILIZED WITH EROSION CONTROL BLANKETING. BLANKETING SHALL BE INSTALLED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE MANUFACTURER'S SPECIFICATIONS. 7.ALL SLOPES STEEPER THAN 3H:1V SHALL BE STABILIZED WITH PERMANENT TURF REINFORCEMENT MATTING OR RIPRAP. EROSION CONTROL BLANKET INSTALLATION SCALE: N.T.S.7 3" 12" 6" 2. 4. 5. 3B. 1. 3A.6"4" MIN. NOTES: 1.COMPOST FILTER SOCK SHALL BE PLACED DOWNGRADIENT OF THE LIMIT OF DISTURBANCE AND INSTALLED PARALLEL TO EXISTING GROUND CONTOURS. 2.COMPOST FILTER SOCK SHALL NOT BE PLACED UP SLOPE, OR IN A MANNER THAT WILL CREATE CHANNELIZED FLOW. 3.COMPOST FILTER SOCK SHALL BE INSPECTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH MANUFACTURERS RECOMMENDATIONS AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE SITE STORMWATER POLLUTION PROTECTION PLAN (SWPPP). 1.5" X 1.5" WOODEN STAKESPLACED 10-FEET ON CENTER AREA TO BE PROTECTED COMPOST FILTER SOCK (12" TYP)WATER FLOW WORK AREA WORK AREA COMPOST FILTER SOCK (12" TYP) 1.5" X 1.5" WOODEN STAKES PLACED 10-FEET ON CENTER AREA TO BE PROTECTED 12"MINSECTION VIEW PLAN VIEW C502 CIVIL DETAILS II RJB MRC/ETR RWG HYDROMULCH SEED (SEE SEEDING NOTES ON SHEET C001)LOAM TOP SOIL (SEE BACKFILL MATERIAL NOTES ON SHEET C001) COMPACTED SUBGRADE TYPICAL CONCRETE EQUIPMENT PAD SECTION SCALE: N.T.S.11 NOTES: 1.DETAIL IS SHOWN FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY. FINAL PAD DESIGN TO BE PROVIDED PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION. ¥CTLITHOMPSON I N C O R P O I A T I D GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY CMC SPRING VALLEY CAMPUS GARFIELD COUNTY, COLORADO Prepared For: SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. P.O. Box 301 Carbondale, CO 81623 Attention: Scott Ely President Projec t No. GS06440.000-125 February 25, 2020 234 Center Drive I Glenwood Springs, Colorado 81601 Telephone: 970-945-2809 Fax 970-945-7 411 TABLE OF CONTENTS SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................. 1 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................... 1 SITE CONDITIONS ......................................................................................................................... 2 PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION ...................................................................................................... 2 SITE GEOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 3 GEOLOGIC HAZARDS .................................................................................................................... 4 SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS ......................................................................................................... 4 SITE DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................................................................... 5 Excavations .................................................................................................................................. 5 Fill and Backfill Placement ........................................................................................................... 6 FOUNDATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 6 Steel H-Piles ................................................................................................................................. 7 Micropiles ..................................................................................................................................... 8 LATERALLY-LOADED PILES ......................................................................................................... 9 Closely-Spaced Pile Reduction Factors ....................................................................................... 9 SLABS-ON-GRADE ....................................................................................................................... 10 CONCRETE ................................................................................................................................... 11 SURFACE DRAINAGE .................................................................................................................. 11 CONSTRUCTION OBSERVATIONS ............................................................................................ 12 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING SERVICES ................................................................................. 12 GEOTECHNICAL RISK ................................................................................................................. 12 LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 13 FIGURE 1 -VICINITY MAP FIGURE 2 -AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH FIGURE 3 -PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT FIGURE 4 -GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS FIGURE 5-SUMMARY OF EXPLORATORY BORINGS FIGURES 6 AND 7 -SWELL -CONSOLIDATION TEST RESULTS FIGURE 8 -GRADATION TEST RESULTS TABLE I -SUMMARY OF LABORARTORY TESTING SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 SCOPE This report presents the results of our geotechnical investigation for the so­ lar array proposed at the Colorado Mountain College (CMG) Spring Valley Cam­ pus in Garfield County, Colorado. The purpose of this investigation was to evalu­ ate the subsurface conditions at the site and provide geotechnical engineering design and construction criteria for the solar panel support structures. Our scope of services was set forth in our Proposal No. GS-19-0306. This report is based on subsurface conditions found in our exploratory borings, results of laboratory data, engineering analysis, and our experience with similar conditions. A sum­ mary of our conclusions is below. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 1.Subsoils found in our exploratory borings generally consisted of about 4 inches of topsoil and 6 to 23 feet of sandy clay, underlain by silty gravel with cobbles and boulders. Practical auger refusal occurred in multiple borings on cobbles and boulders at depths be­ tween 10.5 and 24 feet. Ground water was not encountered in our exploratory borings. 2.Steel H-piles are often used as foundations for solar panel rack structures. Our exploratory borings indicate that it will be difficult to drive piles deeper than 8 to 10 feet in the east part of the site. An alternative to support solar panel racks would be micropile founda­ tions. Micropiles are installed with drilling equipment that can pene­ trate cobbles and boulders. Design and construction criteria for H­ piles and micropile are presented in the report. 3.Concrete slabs-on-grade may be desired to support electrical equipment. We recommend supporting slabs on an at least 1-foot thickness of densely-compacted, granular structural fill. Additional discussion is in the report. 4.Control of surface water is critical to reducing water infiltration, which can adversely affect foundation performance. Surface drain­ age should be designed, constructed, and maintained to provide rapid removal of water away from the solar panel support struc­ tures. SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 1 SITE CONDITIONS The solar array is proposed in the south part of the Colorado Mountain College (CMC) Spring Valley Campus property in Garfield County, Colorado. A vicinity map with the location of the site is included as Figure 1. The CMC wastewater treatment facility is north of the proposed solar array. An aerial pho­ tograph of the site is shown on Figure 2. Topographically, the site is located in a synclinal sag or subsidence trough feature. Ground surface slopes in the area of the site range from about 2 to 16 percent. Vegetation consists of sparse grass and sage. More than 1 foot of snow covered the site at the time of drilling. A photograph of the site is below. PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION Plans for the solar array were not developed at the time of our investiga­ tion. A preliminary plan provided to us is shown on Figure 3. The panels will be constructed on racks within an approximately 22-acre fenced area. A south array will likely consist of 40 to 45 racks (aligned east-to-west) of fixed solar panels. Front-to-front spacing of the racks will be between 25 and 35 feet. The east and SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 2 west solar panel arrays will have about 98 and 45 racks of tracker panels, re­ spectively, that are constructed on north-south alignments. Center-to-center spacings of these racks will be about 17 feet. Driven pile foundations are often used to found support racks for solar panels. W6 x 9 and W6 x 12 H-pile sections are common. Micropiles are a posi­ tive foundation alternative to driven piles due to cobbles and boulders at this site. We expect individual support points of the solar racks will be subject to vertical loads of about 1.5 kips in combination with horizontal shear loads of up to 1.2 kips. Moments as high as 3.6 foot-kips may be applied to the foundation system. Concrete slabs are often constructed to support electrical equipment, such as transformers and switchgear. SITE GEOLOGY As part of our geotechnical engineering investigation, we reviewed geologic mapping by the Colorado Geology Survey (CGS), titled, "Geologic Map of the Car­ bondale Quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado", by Kirkham and Widmann (dated 2008). The overburden soils below the site are mapped as undivided allu­ vium and colluvium from the Holocene and late Pleistocene Epochs. These de­ posits are generally described as interbedded sand and sandy gravel or poorly­ stratified clayey, silty sand and sandy silt. Bedrock immediately below the site is basalt formed by multiple flows during the Miocene Epoch. Bedrock of the Maroon, Eagle Valley, and Eagle Valley Evaporite Formations is below the basalt layer. The approximate location of a synclinal sag or subsidence trough is mapped through the central part of the site on general east-west alignment. Sev­ eral sinkholes are mapped near the site. We did not observe surficial evidence of significant ground surface subsidence during our field investigation. Snow cover can mask these features. SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 3 GEOLOGIC HAZARDS We also reviewed the CGS map titled, "Collapsible Soils and Evaporite Karst Hazard Map of the Roaring Fork Valley, Garfield, Pitkin and Eagle Counties", by Jonathan L. White (dated 2002). CGS has mapped several sinkhole and sub­ sidence features near the area of the subject site. Surface subsidence in the geologic environment in the area of the site can be due to consolidation of surficial soil deposits and/or solution cavities that form in the underlying Eagle Valley Evaporite bedrock. The Evaporite minerals in the bedrock formation are dissolved and removed by circulating groundwater. Over­ burden soils collapse into the solution cavities. When caving propagates to the ground surface, ground subsidence and/or sinkholes occur. Formation of sinkholes is random and can occur anywhere and at any time in the geologic environment at this site. The degree of risk related to sinkholes cannot reasonably be quantified. We are not aware of buildings in the immediate vicinity of the site that have experienced recent subsidence-related damage. We believe the potential risk of sinkhole development at the site is generally low. We judge that the risk of subsidence and/or sinkholes is similar to and no greater than the risk at other nearby sites. SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS Subsurface conditions at the site were investigated by drilling seven ex­ ploratory borings (TH-1 through TH-7) at the approximate locations shown on Figures 2 through 4. The borings were advanced using 4-inch diameter, solid­ stem auger and a track-mounted drill rig. Our representative directed exploratory drilling, logged subsurface conditions encountered, and obtained samples for la­ boratory tests. Summary logs of the borings, including results of field penetration resistance tests, are included as Figure 5. SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 4 Subsurface conditions found in our exploratory borings generally con­ sisted of about 4 inches of topsoil and 6 to 23 feet of sandy clay, underlain by silty gravel with cobbles and boulders. Practical auger refusal occurred in multi­ ple borings on cobbles and boulders at depths between 10.5 and 24 feet. Groundwater was not found in our borings during drilling. The borings were backfilled immediately after exploratory drilling operations were completed. Samples obtained from exploratory borings were returned to our labora­ tory for pertinent engineering testing. Four samples of the sandy clay selected for one-dimensional, swell-consolidation testing exhibited no movement to 1.4 percent swell when wetted under an applied pressure of 1,000 psf. Results of swell-consolidation testing are shown on Figures 6 and 7. Gradation test results on two samples of subsoils are shown on Figure 8. Laboratory testing is summa­ rized on Table I. SITE DEVELOPMENT Excavations The soils at this site can generally be excavated with conventional, heavy­ duty excavation equipment. Excavation into the underlying basalt bedrock would be difficult. The contractor should be familiar with applicable local, state and fed­ eral safety regulations, including the current Occupational Safety and Health Ad­ ministration (OSHA) Excavation and Trench Safety Standards. We anticipate the soils at this site will classify as Type B or Type C soils, depending upon the per­ centage of gravel, cobbles and boulders. Based on OSHA regulations, maximum slope inclinations of 1 to 1 (horizontal to vertical) and 1.5 to 1 (horizontal to verti­ cal) are required for temporary excavations in Type B soils and Type C soils, re­ spectively. Excavations below ground water will require flatter slopes. Excava­ tions for the proposed development at the site are not anticipated to penetrate the free groundwater table. We recommend that excavations be sloped to tem­ porary sumps where water from precipitation can be removed by pumping. SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 5 Fill and Backfill Placement The on-site soils are generally suitable for reuse as fill and backfill, pro­ vided they are substantially free of debris, organics, deleterious materials, and rocks larger than 3 inches in diameter. Imported fill recommended below con­ crete slabs-on-grade (if constructed) should consist of a COOT class 6 aggregate base course or similar soil. Prior to fill placement, debris, organic matter, and deleterious material should be substantially removed from areas to receive fill. The surface to be filled should be scarified to a depth of at least 8 inches, mois­ ture-conditioned, and compacted. Fill and backfill should be placed in thin (8 inches or less) loose lifts, mois­ ture-conditioned to within 2 percent of optimum moisture content, and compacted to at least 95 percent of standard Proctor (ASTM D 698) maximum dry density. Placement and compaction of fill should be observed and tested by a representa­ tive of our firm during construction. FOUNDATIONS The support racks for solar panels at this site will be subject to uplift and lateral loads, which will be effectively resisted by a deep foundation system. Steel H-piles with W6 x 9 or W6 x12 sections are often used as foundation sys­ tems for solar rack structures. H-piles can be used at this site with expected set­ tlement of about 1-inch or less. If more than 3 feet of fill is placed to raise grades in the vicinity of pile foundations, the potential for consolidation of the fill may lead to down-drag, or negative skin friction, on the installed piles. Design criteria for design of piles to resist lateral loads are provided in the LA TE RALLY - LOADED PILES section below. Our exploratory borings indicate that it will be difficult to drive piles deeper than about 8 to 10 feet in the east part of the site. SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 6 An alternative to support solar panel racks at the site would be micropile foundations. Micropiles are installed with drilling equipment that can penetrate cobbles and boulders. The micropiles are typically constructed in groups. Indi­ vidual micropiles are battered to resist lateral loads. We expect solid-bar or hol­ low injection-bar micropiles can be used successfully at this site. We can assist with design of H-piles and micropiles, if requested. Design and construction criteria for steel H-piles and micropiles are pro­ vided below. The criteria were developed from analysis of field and laboratory data and our experience. Steel H-Piles 1.The maximum allowable pile capacity should not exceed the rated working stress for the steel H-pile section. 2.For the anticipated range of pile sizes, we recommend tip capacity be evaluated based on a pressure of 20,000 psf for end areas of about 1/3 square foot. Skin resistance below frost depth (36 inches) can be taken as 2,000 psf. Lateral load resistance can be calcu­ lated using a lateral subgrade modulus of 500,000 pcf. The LATERALLY LOADED PILES section gives an alternative method for pile design. These values are ultimate. Adequate factors of safety should be used in designs. 3.Piles should be driven to practical refusal in the gravel. We define "practical" refusal at this site as an average penetration of 0.25 inch per blow for the final 1 foot of pile penetration with a hammer deliv­ ering at least 20,000 foot pounds of energy per blow. The hammer for pile driving should be operated at manufacturers recommended stroke and speed when "practical refusal" is measured. 4.The manufacturer's rated energy output of the hammer should be between 1000 and 2000 foot-pounds per square inch of steel sec­ tion. The hammer should be operating at the manufacturer's recom­ mended stroke and speed when final pile depths are reached. 5.The efficiency of the hammer and impact should be monitored dur­ ing driving. The contractor should select a driving hammer and cushion combination which is capable of installing the selected piles without over-stressing the pile. The contractor should submit SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 7 the pile driving plan and the pile hammer/cushion combination to the engineer for evaluation of the driving stress in advance of the pile installation. 6.Piles should be driven plumb to within 1.5% of the pile length. 7.Groups of piles required to support concentrated loads will require an appropriate reduction of the estimated bearing capacity based on the effective envelope area of the pile group. This reduction can be avoided by spacing piles a distance of at least 3 diameters cen­ ter to center. Pile groups spaced less than 3 diameters center to center should be studied on an individual basis to determine the ap­ propriate reduction for both lateral and axial capacities. We should be contacted if this is the case. CTL I Thompson should observe pile driving and keep the records of driv­ ing penetration resistance, pile length, penetration into the gravel and other fac­ tors that affect the performance of a pile foundation. This will permit us to con­ firm the piles are "driving" as we anticipated from our boring information. Micropiles 1.We recommend that micropile design consider Case I, Type B re­ quirements as specified in FHWA-NHl-05-039 "Micropile Design and Construction". Grout is placed through casing under pressure during installation of Type B micropiles. 2.Design should be in conformance with Section 1810 "Deep Foun­ dations" of IBC 2015. Pursuant to IBC 2015, the designed micro­ piles should be capable of developing ultimate load capacities of at least twice the design working loads. 3.We believe micropiles should be designed using ultimate grout-to­ ground bond strength of between 10 and 15 psi. The installation contractor should verify this strength is appropriate for their installa­ tion method and experience based on load testing. Higher bond stresses based on contractor's experience and load tests may be appropriate. 4.The drilling contractor should utilize equipment capable of penetrat­ ing cobbles and boulders. 5.A load test should be performed on a sacrificial micropile to verify load capacity prior to installation of production micropiles. SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMG SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 8 6.Installation of micropiles should be observed by a representative of our firm to identify the proper bearing strata and check pier length. LATERALLY-LOADED PILES Several methods are available to analyze laterally loaded piles. With a pile length to diameter ratio of 7 or greater, we believe the method of analysis devel­ oped by Matlock and Reese is most appropriate. The method is an iterative pro­ cedure using applied loading and soil profile to develop deflection and moment versus depth curves. The computer programs LPILE and COM624 were devel­ oped to perform this procedure. Suggested criteria for LPILE analysis are pre­ sented in the table below. SOIL INPUT DATA FOR LPILE or COM624 Clay, Clayey Sand Sand and Gravel Soil Model Stiff Clay above Free Water Reese Sand Density (pci) 0.05 0.07 Cohesive Strength, c (psf) 300 - Friction Angle, <p Degrees 20 36 Soil Strain £so (in/in) 0.02 - p-y modulus ks (pci)10 400 The £so represents the strain corresponding to 50 percent of the maximum principle stress difference. Closely-Spaced Pile Reduction Factors For axial loading, a minimum spacing of 3 diameters is recommended. At one diameter (piles touching) the skin friction load reduction factor for both piles would be 0.5. End bearing values would not be reduced provided the bases of the piles are at similar elevations. Interpolation can be used between 1 and 3 di­ ameters. SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 9 Piles in-line with the direction of lateral loads should have a minimum spacing of 6 diameters (center-to-center) based upon the larger pile. If a closer spacing is required, the modulus of subgrade reaction for initial and trailing piles should be reduced. At a spacing of 3 diameters, the effective modulus of sub­ grade reaction of the first pile can be estimated by multiplying the given modulus by 0.6; for trailing piles in a line at 3-diameter spacing, the factor is 0.4. Linear interpolation can be used for spacing between 3 and 6 diameters. Reductions to the modulus of subgrade reaction can be accomplished in LPILE by inputting the appropriate modification factors for p-y curves. Reducing the modulus of subgrade reaction in trailing piles will result in greater computed deflections on these piles. In practice, the grade beam can force deflections of all piles to be equal. Load-defection graphs can be generated for each pile by using the appropriate p-multiplier values. The sum of the piles lateral load resistance at selected deflections can be used to develop a total lateral load versus deflection graph for the system of piles. For lateral loads perpendicular to the line of piles a minimum spacing of 3 diameters can be used with no capacity reduction. At one diameter (piles touch­ ing) the piles can be analyzed as one unit. Interpolation can be used for interme­ diate conditions. SLABS-ON-GRADE Concrete slabs-on-grade may be desired to support electrical equipment, such as transformers and switchgear. All organics and deleterious materials should be removed from below slab footprints. We recommend supporting slabs on an at least 1-foot thickness of densely-compacted, granular structural fill. The structural fill should be placed and compacted in accordance with the recommen­ dations in the Fill and Backfill Placement section. SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 10 The American Concrete Institute (ACI) recommends frequent control joints be provided in slabs to reduce problems associated with shrinkage cracking and curling. To reduce curling, the concrete mix should have a high aggregate con­ tent and low slump. If desired, a shrinkage compensating admixture could be added to the concrete to reduce the risk of shrinkage cracking. We can perform a mix design or assist the design team in selecting a pre-existing mix. CONCRETE Concrete in contact with soil can be subject to sulfate attack. We meas­ ured water-soluble sulfate concentrations of 0.01 percent in two samples of the clay soils from this site. Sulfate concentrations less than 0.1 percent indicate Class O exposure to sulfate attack for concrete in contact with the subsoils, ac­ cording to the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Guide to Durable Concrete (ACI 201.2R-01). For this level of sulfate concentration, ACI indicates any type of ce­ ment can be used for concrete in contact with the subsoils. In our experience, superficial damage may occur to the exposed surfaces of highly permeable concrete. To control this risk and to resist freeze-thaw deteri­ oration, the water-to-cementitious materials ratio should not exceed 0.50 for con­ crete in contact with soils that are likely to stay moist due to surface drainage or high water tables. Concrete should have a total air content of 6 percent +/-1.5 percent. SURFACE DRAINAGE Performance of foundations and structures is dependent to a large degree on subsoil moisture conditions. The risk of wetting the subsoils can be reduced by carefully planned and maintained surface grading. The ground surface should slope to promote good drainage away from the solar racks. Off-site drainages that could contribute to on-site drainage should be investigated and deterred such that as little drainage as possible is directed onto the site. SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 11 CONSTRUCTION OBSERVATIONS We recommend that CTL I Thompson, Inc. be retained to provide con­ struction observation and materials testing services for the project. This would allow us the opportunity to verify whether soil conditions are consistent with those found during this investigation. If others perform these observations, they must accept responsibility to judge whether the recommendations in this report remain appropriate. It is also beneficial to projects, from economic and practical stand­ points, when there is continuity between engineering consultation and the con­ struction observation and materials testing phases. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING SERVICES CTL I Thompson, Inc. is a full-service geotechnical, structural, materials, and environmental engineering firm. Based on our experience, CTL I Thompson, Inc. typically provides value to projects from schedule and economic standpoints, due to our combined expertise and experience with geotechnical, structural, and materials engineering. We would like the opportunity to provide a proposal for structural engineering services for the project. GEOTECHNICAL RISK The concept of risk is an important aspect of any geotechnical evaluation. The primary reason for this is that the analytical methods used to develop ge­ otechnical recommendations do not comprise an exact science. The analytical tools which geotechnical engineers use are generally empirical and must be tem­ pered by engineering judgment and experience. Therefore, the solutions or rec­ ommendations presented in any geotechnical evaluation should not be consid­ ered risk-free and, more importantly, are not a guarantee that the interaction be­ tween the soils and the proposed structure will perform as desired or intended. What the engineering recommendations presented in the preceding sections do constitute is our estimate, based on the information generated during this and previous evaluations and our experience in working with these conditions, of those measures that are necessary to help the building perform satisfactorily. SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 12 This report has been prepared for the exclusive use of the client for the purpose of providing geotechnical design and construction criteria for the pro­ posed project. The information, conclusions, and recommendations presented herein are based upon consideration of many factors including, but not limited to, the type of structures proposed, the geologic setting, and the subsurface condi­ tions encountered. The conclusions and recommendations contained in the re­ port are not valid for use by others. Standards of practice continuously change in the area of geotechnical engineering. The recommendations provided in this re­ port are appropriate for three years. If the proposed project is not constructed within three years, we should be contacted to determine if we should update this report . LIMITATIONS Our exploratory borings provide a reasonably accurate picture of subsur­ face conditions. Variations in the subsurface conditions not indicated by the bor­ ings will occur. This investigation was conducted in a manner consistent with that level of care and skill ordinarily exercised by geotechnical engineers currently practicing under similar conditions in the locality of this project. No warranty, express or im­ plied, is made. If we can be of further service in discussing the contents of this report, please call. JDK:ac cc: Via email to scott@sunsensesolar.com SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 13 0 1000 2000 -�l.-�---�--���j SCALE: 1" = 2000' Sunsense Solar, Inc. CMC Spring Valley Solar Array NOTE: Project No. GS06440.000-125 IMAGE FROM GOOGLE EARTH Vicinity Map T Fig. 1 SCALE: 1 • = 200' 200 ' Sunsense Solar, Inc. CMC Spring Valley Solar Array Project No. GS06440.000-125 LEGEND: TH-1 • NOTE: APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF EXPLORATORY BORING IMAGE FROM GOOGLE EARTH Aerial Photograph Fig. 2 T 0 100 200 ----- SCALE: 1" = 200' Sunsense Solar, Inc. CMC Spr1ng Valley Solar Array Project No. GS06440.000-125 LEGEND: TH-1 • NOTE: APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF EXPLORATORY BORING BASE DRAWING BY SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMC SPRING VALLEY PV SYS.EM SUMMAR (13,572) JA SOLAR JAM72S09-385/PR MODULES TOTAL SINGLE AXIS TRACKER 2.74 MW DC STC {2,742,740 WATTS) (7,124) JA SOLAR JAM72SO9-385/PR MODULES TOTAL FIXED ARRAY 2.48 MW DC STC {2,482,4B0WATTS) (6,448) JA SOLAR JAM72SO9-385/PR MODULES AREA ENCLOSED BY FENCE -22.3 ACRES EAST TRACKER A�Y (5,096) JA SOLAR JAM72S09-385/PR MODULES (196)STRINGS OF 26 MODULES SYSTEM VOLTAGE-1500VDC/600VAC 34> INVERTERS· (17) CPS SCH100KTL-DO/US-600 RACKING -ATI DURACTRACK HZ V3 GCR -38.4% -TRACKER COLUMNS 1T OC Proposed Development Fig. T 3 0 100 _.._«_ SCALE: 1 • = 200' 200 ' Sunsense Solar, Inc. CMC Spring Valley Solar Array Project No. GS06440.000-125 LEGEND: TH-1 • APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF EXPLORATORY BORING NOTE: GEOLOGY FROM CGS MAPPING GEOLOGIC DESCRIPTIONS: 0 f: ARTIFICIAL FILL Qac: Tb: ALLUVIUM AND COLLUVIUM BASALT Geologic Conditions Fig. 4 T LJ.J LJ.. ' � [ii ....J LJ.J 6,690 6,680 6,670 6,660 6,650 6,640 6,630 TH-1 El. 6680 34/12 17/12 25/12 50/8 SUNSENSE SOLAR, INC. CMG SPRING VALLEY SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 TH-2 El. 6676 32/12 32/12 36/12 46/12 TH-3 El. 6690 19/12 31/12 45/12 TH-4 El. 6660 22/12 15/12 43/7 TH-5 El. 6666 26/12 15/12 46/8 TH-6 El. 6671 18/12 22/12 31/12 50/6 TH-7 El. 6687 8/12 6,690 6,680 6,670 6,660 6,650 6,640 6,630 1-LJ.J LJ.J LJ.. ' z 0 LJ.J ....J LJ.J SUMMARY LOGS OF EXPLORATORY BORINGS LEGEND: 8j TOPSOIL, CLAY, SANDY, MOIST, BROWN, RUST. � CLAY, SANDY, MEDIUM STIFF TO VERY STIFF, SLIGHTLY MOIST TO MOIST, BROWN. (CL) � GRAVEL, CLAYEY, COBBLES AND BOULDERS, DENSE TO VERY DENSE, MOIST, BROWN. �(GC) p DRIVE SAMPLE. THE SYMBOL 34/12 INDICATES 34 BLOWS OF A 140-POUND HAMMER FALLING 30 INCHES WERE REQUIRED TO DRIVE A 2.5-INCH O.D. SAMPLER 12 INCHES. T PRACTICAL AUGER REFUSAL. NOTES: T 1.EXPLORATORY BORINGS WERE DRILLED ON JANUARY 30, 2020 WITH 4-INCH DIAMETER, SOLID-STEM AUGER AND A TRACK-MOUNTED DRILL RIG. FREE GROUNDWATER WAS NOT FOUND IN OUR EXPLORATORY BORINGS AT THE TIME OF DRILLING. BORINGS WERE BACKFILLED IMMEDIATELY AFTER DRILLING. 2.LOCATIONS OF EXPLORATRY BORINGS ARE APPROXIMATE. ELEVATIONS WERE INTERPOLATED FROM GROUND SURFACE CONTOURS ON A TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY PLAT THAT WAS PROVIDED TO US. 3.EXPLORATORY BORINGS ARE SUBJECT TO THE EXPLANATIONS, LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT. FIG. 5 3 2 -----'-··-· --------- EXPANSION UNDER CONSTANT � --PRESSURE DUE TO WETTING z 0 0 .. I -----I -,..._I_ --..,. en z <( Q. -1 X w '?J. Z -2 0 en Cl) 0::: -3 Q. :!!: 0 (.) -4 0.1 APPLIEDPRESSURE-KSF Sample of CLAY, SANDY (CL) From TH-1 AT 19 FEET 0 -1 -2 � -3 en z <( Q. -4 X w '?J. Z -5 0 en Cl) w 0::: -6 Q. :!!: 0 (.) -7 ----r---. -.......... "'I'-- 0.1 APPLIEDPRESSURE-KSF Sample of CLAY, SANDY (CL) From TH-3 AT 4 FEET Sunsense Solar, Inc. CMC Spring Valley Solar Array PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 1.0 _.,,,,.--·--- ,1 ·� 'I \ 1.0 � ("---.. �) 10 DRY UNIT WEIGHT= MOISTURE CONTENT= I I I I I I I I I I I 100 106 PCF 10.6 % I I I I I :...----- EXPANSION UNDER CONSTANT -- � \ 11 \ \ \,- I ) PRESSURE DUE TO WETTING----- - �-�- 10 DRY UNIT WEIGHT= MOISTURE CONTENT= 1---•--- , __ - -- 100 101 · PCF 8.0 % Swell Consolidation Test Results FIG. 6 3 2 z 0 0 en <( a.-1 X w '?fl. Z -2 0 en CJ) w 0:: -3 a. :1:: 0 (.) -4 ----r--r--.. r-.... 0.1 APPLIEDPRESSURE-KSF Sample of CLAY, SANDY (CL) From TH-4 AT 9 FEET 0 -r--r--- ·� ...... .., 1.0 -1 -r--- r--"1 , ....- -2 � -3 en <( a.-4 X w '?fl. Z -5 0 en CJ) w 0:: -6 :1:: 0 (.) -7 0.1 APPLIEDPRESSURE-KSF Sample of CLAY, SANDY (CL) From TH-6 AT 4 FEET Sunsense Solar, Inc. CMC Spring Valley Solar Array PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 -. \ 1.0 \ ' � � ,, \ ' 1$ -··--------..... EXPANSION UNDER CONSTANT PRESSURE DUE TO WETTING I I 10 DRY UNIT WEIGHT= MOISTURE CONTENT= I 100 102 PCF 9.1 % NO MOVEMENT DUE TO WETTING ·--r· ----�--·- - - 10 DRY UNIT WEIGHT= MOISTURE CONTENT= 100 94 PCF 8.2 % Swell Consolidation Test Results FIG. 7 HYDROMETER ANALYSIS 25 HR. 7 HR. TIME READINGS 45 MIN. 15 MIN. 60 MIN. 19 MIN. 4 MIN. 1 MIN. 100 90 80 �70 ui ;;i:so f­z �50 w a..40 30 20 CLAY (PLASTIC) TO SILT (NON-PLASTIC) Sample of CLAY, SANDY (CL) From TH - 1 AT 9 FEET HYDROMETER ANALYSIS 25 HR. 7 HR. TIME READINGS ·200 45 MIN. 15 MIN. 60 MIN. 19 MIN. 4 MIN. 1 MIN. 0200 100 90 80 g,o ui �o f­z �o er: w ¾o 30 20 10 0 SIEVE ANALYSIS U.S. STANDARD SERIES ·100 ·so •40 •30 •15 ·10 •5 SANDS •4 CLEAR SQUARE OPENINGS 3/8" 3/4" 1½" GRAVEL 3" 5"6" A" - 0 10 20 0 30 w z >--40 � er:f- 50 fiiuer: w 60 a.. 70 80 FINE MEDIUM COARS FINE COARSE COBBLES GRAVEL _____ % SAND SILT & CLAY 88 % LIQUID LIMIT PLASTICITY INDEX SIEVE ANALYSIS U.S. STANDARD SERIES ·100 ·so •40 •30 •15 ·10 •5 •4 CLEAR SQUARE OPENINGS 3/8" 3/4" 1½" 3" 11 % % % 5"6" 8" = - 0 10 20 30 filz 40 � er: f-50 /Ii 70 80 u er: w a.. -90 .001 0.002 .005 .009 .019 .037 .074 .149 .297 .590 1.19 2.0 2.38 4.76 9.52 19.1 36.1 100 76.2 127 200 152 CLAY (PLASTIC) TO SILT (NON-PLASTIC) Sample of CLAY, GRAVELLY (CL) From TH - 4 AT 14 FEET Sunsense Solar, Inc. CMC Spring Valley Solar Array PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 0.42 DIAMETER OF PARTICLE IN MILLIMETERS SANDS FINE MEDIUM GRAVEL COARS FINE COARSE COBBLES GRAVEL 17 % SAND SILT & CLAY --7 4 % LIQUID LIMIT PLASTICITY INDEX Gradation Test Results 9% % % FIG. 8 MOISTURE EXPLORATORY DEPTH CONTENT BORING (FEET) (%) TH-1 9 10.2 TH-1 19 10.6 TH-2 4 9.3 TH-2 9 12.8 TH-3 4 8.0 TH-3 14 9.9 TH-4 9 9.1 TH-4 14 13.1 TH-5 4 9.0 TH-6 4 8.2 TH-6 9 8.3 TH-7 4 10.3 DRY DENSITY (PCF) 106 106 107 110 101 110 102 101 101 94 101 89 TABLE I SUMMARY OF LABORATORY TESTING PROJECT NO. GS06440.000-125 ATTERBERG LIMITS LIQUID PLASTICITY SOLUBLE PERCENT LIMIT INDEX *SWELL SULFATES GRAVEL (%) (%) (%)(%) (%) 1 0.8 38 20 0.01 0.3 1.4 17 0.0 0.01 37 18 *SWELL MEASURED WITH 1000 PSF APPLIED PRESSURE. ¥ PASSING PERCENT NO. 200 SAND SIEVE (%) (%) DESCRIPTION 11 88 CLAY, SANDY (CL) CLAY, SANDY (CL) 90 CLAY, SANDY (CL) CLAY, SANDY (CL) CLAY, SANDY (CL) CLAY, SANDY (CL) CLAY, SANDY (CL) 9 74 CLAY, GRAVELLY (CL) 94 CLAY, SANDY (CL) CLAY, SANDY (CL) CLAY, SANDY (CL) 87 CLAY, SANDY (CL) Page 1 of 1 www.westonandsampson.com Tel: 978-532-1900 Fax: 978-977-0100 Grading and Drainage Plan Report Glenwood Springs, Colorado CMC Spring Valley PV Development February 17, 2021 JOB NO: ENG21-0016 GRADING AND DRAINAGE PLANAmeresco HCE Solar LLC TABLE OF CONTENTS Grading and Drainage Plan Report Summary Attachment A - Locus Map Attachment B - NOAA Rainfall Data, NRCS Soils Map, and NRCS Soils Report with HSG Classifications Attachment C - Hydrologic Maps and HydroCAD Reports Page 1 of 2 westonandsampson.com GRADING AND DRAINAGE PLANAmeresco HCE Solar LLC Applicant/Project Name: Ameresco HCE Solar LLC CMC Spring Valley Solar Development Project Project Location: 3000 County Road 114, Glenwood Springs, CO Application Prepared by: Firm: Weston & Sampson Engineers, Inc. Registered PE: Rob Bukowski, P.E. Below is a summary of pre- and post-development stormwater patterns at the Site, and an explanation of applicable drainage and erosion standards from Article 7 of the Garfield County Land Use and Development Code as they apply to the project: Site Description The proposed project is located at the Colorado Mountain Collage (CMC) Spring Valley Campus (Garfield County Assessor Map Parcel 239309200003) (the Site) and is approximately 151.7 acres. The portion of the parcel where the proposed development is located, consists of a wastewater treatment facility and sparsely vegetated undeveloped land. The Site is situated off County Road 114 within the Rural Zone District. There is an existing gravel access road off County Road that runs east along the northern side of the site. A bike path is located on the Parcel that runs to the north, east, and south of the Site. Peak elevations of the southernmost portion of the Site are approximately 6,716 feet sloping to northwest, and elevations of the northernmost portion of the site are around 6,704 feet sloping southwest. The low point at the site is at an elevation of approximately 6,660 feet. All elevations are in reference to the North American Vertical Datum (NAVD) 1988. The project applicant proposes construction of a ground mounted solar array encompassing approximately 22.2 acres of the Parcel with a limit of work of approximately 25 acres. A Locus Map is included in Attachment A. Discussion of Garfield County Applicable Requirements 7-204 A. Erosion and Sedimentation An application for coverage under Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment’s (CDPHE) Construction Activity Authorization to Discharge under the Colorado Discharge Permit System (CDPS) will be submitted prior to construction by the Contractor. Perimeter erosion and sedimentation controls will be installed as shown on the project drawings. A stormwater management plan (SWMP) will be prepared in accordance with CDPS requirements prior to construction. 7-204 B. Drainage Drainage patterns will remain largely unchanged at the site from existing to proposed conditions. Stormwater sheet flows off the roads and panels onto the surrounding vegetated areas where the site topography will remain unchanged. Major grading at the Site is not proposed. Localized leveling of all the battery energy storage and electrical equipment pads will be provided as needed. Final grading for the Site will remain consistent with existing topography shown on the plan. Existing gravel access roads will be improved to allow for wider vehicle access, and new gravel access roads will be constructed at the entrance of each array area to provide access to the equipment pads and battery storage areas. The arrays will be surrounded by a wildlife fence and accessed through fence gates. The limits of the solar array and gravel access roads are outside any receiving city waters and their respective 35-foot buffers. This information is shown on the Site Plans included with the Garfield County Major Impact Review application. 7-204 C. Stormwater Run-Off Soil data was downloaded from the USDA NRCS soil mapping data base, and rainfall data is referenced from NOAA Atlas 14, Volume 10, Version 3 for Glenwood Springs, Colorado. Both are also included in Attachment B. Page 2 of 2 westonandsampson.com GRADING AND DRAINAGE PLANAmeresco HCE Solar LLC According to the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) soil mapping data, the site is comprised of Empedrado loam, hydrologic soil group (HSG) C, Morval-Tridell complex, HSG C, and Tridell-Brownsto stony sandy loam, HSG A. Groundcover at the site includes existing gravel access roads, sparse sagebrush vegetation and meadow grasses. The site will be re-vegetated following construction with a meadow and sagebrush seed mix. A hydrologic model was prepared using HydroCAD modeling software to compare pre- and post- development stormwater rates for the 24-hour, 2-year and 25-year storm events. The 100-year, 24-hour storm event was included in the model to confirm no major increase in peak discharge flows, and safe passage of the storm event without causing property damage. The full HydroCAD stormwater reports for pre- and post-development conditions are included in Attachment C. The Site is a part of a larger watershed that has peak elevations to the north and south. The analysis was completed focusing directly within the limits of the Site and wastewater treatment plant (approximately 34.3 acres). Shrinking the watershed to a smaller analysis area shows exaggerated flows for the small increase in unconnected impervious that will not affect the overall stormwater runoff drainage pattern of the watershed. Stormwater drainage patterns, as discussed above, will remain largely unchanged from existing to proposed conditions. Under existing conditions, stormwater sheet flows across the Site and transition to shallow concentrated flow from the north east corner to the south west. Under proposed conditions, stormwater will sheet flow off the roads and panels onto the surrounding vegetated areas and transition to shallow concentrated flow. The site was designed to minimize the extent of directly connected impervious areas. The solar array will be installed using ground mount posts that are embedded directly into the ground through existing vegetation. The vegetation will be cut as close as possible to the ground prior to construction and the grubbed material will be spread on site for soil retention, erosion control, and dust mitigation. Stormwater will sheet flow off the panels onto the vegetated ground. Proposed gravel areas will also act as unconnected impervious, with stormwater runoff from these areas also traveling as sheet flow onto surrounding vegetated areas. Hydrologic Maps for pre- and post-development are included in Attachment C. Based on the HydroCAD model run for the Site, the peak discharge flow rate does not increase based on the proposed development. A summary table comparing pre- and post-development stormwater rates is referenced below. Table 1. Peak Runoff Flows for Pre- and Post-Development ANALYSIS AREA STORMWATER MODELING RESULTS Sub-catchment 24-hour Storm Event Existing Peak Runoff Rate(cfs) Proposed Peak Runoff Rate (cfs) Difference in Peak Runoff Rate (cfs) SOUTHWEST CORNER 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 25 1.12 1.12 0.00 100 6.65 6.65 0.00 Summary Due to the largely unconnected impervious (runoff from impervious areas is spread over a pervious area as sheet flow) nature of the project, the comparison of pre- and post-development stormwater rates of runoff show no off-site increase. As such, no permanent stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) are proposed as part of the project. Construction phase stormwater erosion and sedimentation controls are shown on the design plans appended to the Major Impact Review application package. Attachment A - Locus Map FIGURE 1 CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR PV DEVELOPMENT COUNTY ROAD 114 GLENWOOD SPRINGS, CO 81601 Path: \\wse03.local\WSE\Depts\GISdata\Client\Glenfield Springs CO\Project\ENG21-0016.B\Locus Map.mxd User: LaVackC Saved: 2/12/2021 9:09:59 AM Opened: 2/12/2021 9:10:12 AM2,000 0 2,000 Scale In Feet ³ USGS SITE LOCATION MAPLimit of Work Legend SITE LOCATION Site Boundary Attachment B - NOAA Rainfall Data, NRCS Soils Map, and NRCS Soils Report with HSG Classifications 1/28/2021 Precipitation Frequency Data Server https://hdsc.nws.noaa.gov/hdsc/pfds/pfds_printpage.html?lat=39.4729&lon=-107.2344&data=depth&units=english&series=pds#table 1/4 NOAA Atlas 14, Volume 8, Version 2 Location name: Glenwood Springs, Colorado, USA* Latitude: 39.4729°, Longitude: -107.2344° Elevation: 6923.91 ft** * source: ESRI Maps ** source: USGS POINT PRECIPITATION FREQUENCY ESTIMATES Sanja Perica, Deborah Martin, Sandra Pavlovic, Ishani Roy, Michael St. Laurent, Carl Trypaluk, DaleUnruh, Michael Yekta, Geoffery Bonnin NOAA, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, Maryland PF_tabular | PF_graphical | Maps_&_aerials PF tabular PDS-based point precipitation frequency estimates with 90% confidence intervals (in inches)1 Duration Average recurrence interval (years) 1 2 5 10 25 50 100 200 500 1000 5-min 0.114 (0.091‑0.148) 0.172 (0.136‑0.222) 0.261 (0.206‑0.339) 0.330 (0.260‑0.431) 0.419 (0.313‑0.561) 0.483 (0.353‑0.660) 0.542 (0.381‑0.763) 0.597 (0.402‑0.870) 0.663 (0.428‑1.00) 0.707 (0.448‑1.10) 10-min 0.168 (0.133‑0.217) 0.251 (0.200‑0.326) 0.382 (0.302‑0.496) 0.483 (0.380‑0.631) 0.614 (0.458‑0.822) 0.707 (0.516‑0.966) 0.793 (0.559‑1.12) 0.874 (0.588‑1.27) 0.970 (0.626‑1.47) 1.04 (0.655‑1.61) 15-min 0.204 (0.163‑0.264) 0.307 (0.244‑0.397) 0.466 (0.369‑0.605) 0.589 (0.464‑0.770) 0.748 (0.558‑1.00) 0.862 (0.630‑1.18) 0.967 (0.681‑1.36) 1.07 (0.717‑1.55) 1.18 (0.764‑1.79) 1.26 (0.799‑1.96) 30-min 0.277 (0.221‑0.359) 0.400 (0.318‑0.517) 0.588 (0.466‑0.764) 0.734 (0.578‑0.959) 0.920 (0.686‑1.23) 1.05 (0.767‑1.43) 1.17 (0.824‑1.65) 1.28 (0.862‑1.87) 1.41 (0.910‑2.13) 1.50 (0.947‑2.33) 60-min 0.369 (0.294‑0.477) 0.495 (0.393‑0.640) 0.689 (0.545‑0.895) 0.840 (0.661‑1.10) 1.03 (0.771‑1.38) 1.17 (0.855‑1.60) 1.29 (0.912‑1.82) 1.41 (0.950‑2.05) 1.55 (1.00‑2.34) 1.64 (1.04‑2.55) 2-hr 0.461 (0.371‑0.588) 0.590 (0.474‑0.753) 0.789 (0.633‑1.01) 0.945 (0.752‑1.22) 1.14 (0.866‑1.51) 1.29 (0.953‑1.73) 1.42 (1.01‑1.97) 1.54 (1.05‑2.21) 1.69 (1.10‑2.51) 1.78 (1.14‑2.73) 3-hr 0.541 (0.438‑0.683) 0.658 (0.533‑0.833) 0.843 (0.680‑1.07) 0.989 (0.793‑1.26) 1.18 (0.902‑1.55) 1.32 (0.984‑1.76) 1.45 (1.04‑2.00) 1.57 (1.08‑2.24) 1.72 (1.13‑2.54) 1.83 (1.18‑2.77) 6-hr 0.709 (0.582‑0.883) 0.809 (0.663‑1.01) 0.973 (0.795‑1.22) 1.11 (0.902‑1.40) 1.30 (1.02‑1.70) 1.45 (1.11‑1.93) 1.61 (1.18‑2.20) 1.76 (1.23‑2.49) 1.97 (1.32‑2.89) 2.13 (1.38‑3.18) 12-hr 0.887 (0.737‑1.09) 1.01 (0.837‑1.24) 1.21 (1.00‑1.50) 1.39 (1.14‑1.72) 1.64 (1.30‑2.12) 1.85 (1.43‑2.43) 2.06 (1.53‑2.78) 2.28 (1.61‑3.18) 2.58 (1.75‑3.73) 2.81 (1.85‑4.14) 24-hr 1.08 (0.904‑1.30) 1.23 (1.04‑1.49) 1.50 (1.26‑1.82) 1.74 (1.44‑2.12) 2.07 (1.67‑2.64) 2.35 (1.83‑3.04) 2.63 (1.98‑3.51) 2.93 (2.10‑4.04) 3.34 (2.29‑4.76) 3.66 (2.43‑5.31) 2-day 1.29 (1.10‑1.53) 1.47 (1.25‑1.76) 1.79 (1.52‑2.15) 2.08 (1.75‑2.49) 2.48 (2.02‑3.12) 2.81 (2.23‑3.59) 3.16 (2.40‑4.16) 3.53 (2.55‑4.79) 4.03 (2.79‑5.66) 4.43 (2.98‑6.32) 3-day 1.44 (1.24‑1.70) 1.65 (1.41‑1.95) 2.00 (1.71‑2.37) 2.31 (1.96‑2.75) 2.75 (2.26‑3.42) 3.11 (2.48‑3.93) 3.48 (2.66‑4.53) 3.87 (2.82‑5.20) 4.41 (3.07‑6.12) 4.83 (3.26‑6.81) 4-day 1.57 (1.35‑1.84) 1.79 (1.55‑2.10) 2.17 (1.86‑2.55) 2.49 (2.13‑2.95) 2.96 (2.43‑3.64) 3.32 (2.66‑4.17) 3.71 (2.85‑4.78) 4.10 (3.00‑5.47) 4.65 (3.25‑6.41) 5.07 (3.44‑7.12) 7-day 1.89 (1.65‑2.19) 2.13 (1.86‑2.47) 2.54 (2.20‑2.95) 2.88 (2.48‑3.37) 3.37 (2.80‑4.09) 3.75 (3.03‑4.64) 4.15 (3.22‑5.28) 4.56 (3.37‑5.99) 5.11 (3.61‑6.95) 5.54 (3.80‑7.67) 10-day 2.17 (1.90‑2.49) 2.42 (2.13‑2.79) 2.85 (2.49‑3.29) 3.21 (2.79‑3.72) 3.72 (3.11‑4.48) 4.13 (3.35‑5.05) 4.54 (3.54‑5.72) 4.96 (3.69‑6.46) 5.54 (3.93‑7.45) 5.98 (4.12‑8.20) 20-day 2.95 (2.62‑3.33) 3.27 (2.90‑3.69) 3.79 (3.36‑4.30) 4.24 (3.73‑4.83) 4.85 (4.10‑5.73) 5.33 (4.39‑6.41) 5.82 (4.60‑7.20) 6.31 (4.75‑8.08) 6.98 (5.01‑9.23) 7.49 (5.21‑10.1) 30-day 3.60 (3.23‑4.03) 3.99 (3.58‑4.47) 4.64 (4.14‑5.21) 5.17 (4.58‑5.83) 5.89 (5.01‑6.87) 6.45 (5.34‑7.66) 7.00 (5.57‑8.57) 7.56 (5.72‑9.56) 8.30 (5.99‑10.8) 8.85 (6.20‑11.8) 45-day 4.44 (4.01‑4.92) 4.95 (4.47‑5.49) 5.76 (5.18‑6.41) 6.42 (5.73‑7.18) 7.30 (6.24‑8.40) 7.95 (6.63‑9.33) 8.59 (6.87‑10.4) 9.22 (7.01‑11.5) 10.0 (7.27‑12.9) 10.6 (7.48‑14.0) 60-day 5.17 (4.70‑5.68) 5.79 (5.26‑6.37) 6.76 (6.12‑7.47) 7.53 (6.77‑8.37) 8.55 (7.34‑9.75) 9.29 (7.77‑10.8) 9.99 (8.02‑12.0) 10.7 (8.14‑13.2) 11.5 (8.39‑14.7) 12.1 (8.57‑15.9) 1 Precipitation frequency (PF) estimates in this table are based on frequency analysis of partial duration series (PDS). Numbers in parenthesis are PF estimates at lower and upper bounds of the 90% confidence interval. The probability that precipitation frequency estimates (for a given duration and average recurrence interval) will be greater than the upper bound (or less than the lower bound) is 5%. Estimates at upper bounds are not checked against probable maximum precipitation (PMP) estimates and may be higher than currently valid PMP values. Please refer to NOAA Atlas 14 document for more information. Back to Top PF graphical United States Department of Agriculture A product of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local participants Custom Soil Resource Report for Aspen-Gypsum Area, Colorado, Parts of Eagle, Garfield, and Pitkin Counties Natural Resources Conservation Service January 15, 2021 Preface Soil surveys contain information that affects land use planning in survey areas. They highlight soil limitations that affect various land uses and provide information about the properties of the soils in the survey areas. Soil surveys are designed for many different users, including farmers, ranchers, foresters, agronomists, urban planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers. Also, conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the surveys to help them understand, protect, or enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. Soil surveys identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. The information is intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Although soil survey information can be used for general farm, local, and wider area planning, onsite investigation is needed to supplement this information in some cases. Examples include soil quality assessments (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/ portal/nrcs/main/soils/health/) and certain conservation and engineering applications. For more detailed information, contact your local USDA Service Center (https://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?agency=nrcs) or your NRCS State Soil Scientist (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/contactus/? cid=nrcs142p2_053951). Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. The National Cooperative Soil Survey is a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Information about soils is updated periodically. Updated information is available through the NRCS Web Soil Survey, the site for official soil survey information. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require 2 alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. 3 Contents Preface....................................................................................................................2 How Soil Surveys Are Made..................................................................................5 Soil Map..................................................................................................................8 Soil Map................................................................................................................9 Legend................................................................................................................10 Map Unit Legend................................................................................................11 Map Unit Descriptions.........................................................................................11 Aspen-Gypsum Area, Colorado, Parts of Eagle, Garfield, and Pitkin Counties...................................................................................................13 34—Empedrado loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes..............................................13 35—Empedrado loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes............................................14 36—Empedrado loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes..........................................15 44—Forelle-Brownsto complex, 12 to 25 percent slopes............................16 69—Kilgore silt loam...................................................................................18 87—Morval-Tridell complex, 12 to 50 percent slopes.................................19 94—Showalter-Morval complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes.............................21 95—Showalter-Morval complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes...........................23 106—Tridell-Brownsto stony sandy loams, 12 to 50 percent slopes, extremely stony.....................................................................................24 Soil Information for All Uses...............................................................................27 Soil Reports........................................................................................................27 Water Features...............................................................................................27 Hydrologic Soil Group and Surface Runoff.................................................27 References............................................................................................................30 4 How Soil Surveys Are Made Soil surveys are made to provide information about the soils and miscellaneous areas in a specific area. They include a description of the soils and miscellaneous areas and their location on the landscape and tables that show soil properties and limitations affecting various uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape of the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They observed and described many soil profiles. A soil profile is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the surface down into the unconsolidated material in which the soil formed or from the surface down to bedrock. The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other living organisms and has not been changed by other biological activity. Currently, soils are mapped according to the boundaries of major land resource areas (MLRAs). MLRAs are geographically associated land resource units that share common characteristics related to physiography, geology, climate, water resources, soils, biological resources, and land uses (USDA, 2006). Soil survey areas typically consist of parts of one or more MLRA. The soils and miscellaneous areas in a survey area occur in an orderly pattern that is related to the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind of landform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area and relating their position to specific segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a concept, or model, of how they were formed. Thus, during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on the landscape. Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge into one another as their characteristics gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, soil scientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can observe only a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented by an understanding of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries. Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them to identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determining their properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and character of soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soil 5 scientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared the individual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that they could confirm data and assemble additional data based on experience and research. The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure map unit components; the objective is to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments that have similar use and management requirements. Each map unit is defined by a unique combination of soil components and/or miscellaneous areas in predictable proportions. Some components may be highly contrasting to the other components of the map unit. The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The delineation of such landforms and landform segments on the map provides sufficient information for the development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas. Soil scientists make many field observations in the process of producing a soil map. The frequency of observation is dependent upon several factors, including scale of mapping, intensity of mapping, design of map units, complexity of the landscape, and experience of the soil scientist. Observations are made to test and refine the soil-landscape model and predictions and to verify the classification of the soils at specific locations. Once the soil-landscape model is refined, a significantly smaller number of measurements of individual soil properties are made and recorded. These measurements may include field measurements, such as those for color, depth to bedrock, and texture, and laboratory measurements, such as those for content of sand, silt, clay, salt, and other components. Properties of each soil typically vary from one point to another across the landscape. Observations for map unit components are aggregated to develop ranges of characteristics for the components. The aggregated values are presented. Direct measurements do not exist for every property presented for every map unit component. Values for some properties are estimated from combinations of other properties. While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the area generally are collected for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil scientists interpret the data from these analyses and tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and the soil properties to determine the expected behavior of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of the soils are field tested through observation of the soils in different uses and under different levels of management. Some interpretations are modified to fit local conditions, and some new interpretations are developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled from other sources, such as research information, production records, and field experience of specialists. For example, data on crop yields under defined levels of management are assembled from farm records and from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of soil. Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil properties but also on such variables as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable over long periods of time, but they are not predictable from year to year. For example, soil scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table within certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a high water table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date. After soil scientists located and identified the significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs and Custom Soil Resource Report 6 identified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately. Custom Soil Resource Report 7 Soil Map The soil map section includes the soil map for the defined area of interest, a list of soil map units on the map and extent of each map unit, and cartographic symbols displayed on the map. Also presented are various metadata about data used to produce the map, and a description of each soil map unit. 8 9 Custom Soil Resource Report Soil Map 4370300437060043709004371200437150043718004372100437240043703004370600437090043712004371500437180043721004372400306200 306500 306800 307100 307400 307700 308000 308300 308600 308900 309200 309500 306200 306500 306800 307100 307400 307700 308000 308300 308600 308900 309200 309500 39° 28' 50'' N 107° 15' 17'' W39° 28' 50'' N107° 12' 46'' W39° 27' 34'' N 107° 15' 17'' W39° 27' 34'' N 107° 12' 46'' WN Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 13N WGS84 0 500 1000 2000 3000Feet 0 200 400 800 1200Meters Map Scale: 1:16,500 if printed on A landscape (11" x 8.5") sheet. MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION Area of Interest (AOI) Area of Interest (AOI) Soils Soil Map Unit Polygons Soil Map Unit Lines Soil Map Unit Points Special Point Features Blowout Borrow Pit Clay Spot Closed Depression Gravel Pit Gravelly Spot Landfill Lava Flow Marsh or swamp Mine or Quarry Miscellaneous Water Perennial Water Rock Outcrop Saline Spot Sandy Spot Severely Eroded Spot Sinkhole Slide or Slip Sodic Spot Spoil Area Stony Spot Very Stony Spot Wet Spot Other Special Line Features Water Features Streams and Canals Transportation Rails Interstate Highways US Routes Major Roads Local Roads Background Aerial Photography The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at 1:24,000. Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map measurements. Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey URL: Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857) Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more accurate calculations of distance or area are required. This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as of the version date(s) listed below. Soil Survey Area: Aspen-Gypsum Area, Colorado, Parts of Eagle, Garfield, and Pitkin Counties Survey Area Data: Version 11, Jun 5, 2020 Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales 1:50,000 or larger. Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Sep 24, 2015—Nov 2, 2015 The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were compiled and digitized probably differs from the background imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident. Custom Soil Resource Report 10 Map Unit Legend Map Unit Symbol Map Unit Name Acres in AOI Percent of AOI 34 Empedrado loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes 223.9 17.6% 35 Empedrado loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes 102.1 8.0% 36 Empedrado loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes 21.4 1.7% 44 Forelle-Brownsto complex, 12 to 25 percent slopes 28.1 2.2% 69 Kilgore silt loam 12.6 1.0% 87 Morval-Tridell complex, 12 to 50 percent slopes 20.1 1.6% 94 Showalter-Morval complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes 165.1 13.0% 95 Showalter-Morval complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes 86.8 6.8% 106 Tridell-Brownsto stony sandy loams, 12 to 50 percent slopes, extremely stony 614.2 48.2% Totals for Area of Interest 1,274.4 100.0% Map Unit Descriptions The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in a soil survey represent the soils or miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions, along with the maps, can be used to determine the composition and properties of a unit. A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the characteristic variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some observed properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some minor components that belong to taxonomic classes other than those of the major soils. Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are called noncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in a particular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require different management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They Custom Soil Resource Report 11 generally are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the scale used. Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps. If included in the database for a given area, the contrasting minor components are identified in the map unit descriptions along with some characteristics of each. A few areas of minor components may not have been observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so complex that it was impractical to make enough observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous areas on the landscape. The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure taxonomic classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments that have similar use and management requirements. The delineation of such segments on the map provides sufficient information for the development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, however, onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas. An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes general facts about the unit and gives important soil properties and qualities. Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement. Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Alpha silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is a phase of the Alpha series. Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups. A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas. Alpha-Beta complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes, is an example. An association is made up of two or more geographically associated soils or miscellaneous areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. Because of present or anticipated uses of the map units in the survey area, it was not considered practical or necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The pattern and relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar. Alpha-Beta association, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example. An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas that could be mapped individually but are mapped as one unit because similar interpretations can be made for use and management. The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can be made up of only one of the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made up of all of them. Alpha and Beta soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example. Some surveys include miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil material and support little or no vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example. Custom Soil Resource Report 12 Aspen-Gypsum Area, Colorado, Parts of Eagle, Garfield, and Pitkin Counties 34—Empedrado loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Map Unit Setting National map unit symbol: jq5p Elevation: 6,500 to 9,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature: 40 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period: 75 to 95 days Farmland classification: Prime farmland if irrigated Map Unit Composition Empedrado and similar soils:80 percent Minor components:20 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit. Description of Empedrado Setting Landform:Fans, hills Landform position (two-dimensional):Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional):Side slope Down-slope shape:Linear Across-slope shape:Linear Parent material:Alluvium and/or eolian deposits Typical profile H1 - 0 to 5 inches: loam H2 - 5 to 14 inches: clay loam H3 - 14 to 40 inches: clay loam H4 - 40 to 60 inches: clay loam Properties and qualities Slope:2 to 6 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Well drained Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.20 to 0.60 in/hr) Depth to water table:More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Calcium carbonate, maximum content:10 percent Available water capacity:High (about 11.3 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): 4e Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e Hydrologic Soil Group: C Ecological site: R048AY292CO Other vegetative classification: DEEP LOAM (null_11) Hydric soil rating: No Custom Soil Resource Report 13 Minor Components Other soils Percent of map unit:20 percent Hydric soil rating: No 35—Empedrado loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes Map Unit Setting National map unit symbol: jq5q Elevation: 6,500 to 9,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature: 40 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period: 75 to 95 days Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Map Unit Composition Empedrado and similar soils:80 percent Minor components:20 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit. Description of Empedrado Setting Landform:Fans, hills Landform position (two-dimensional):Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional):Side slope Down-slope shape:Linear Across-slope shape:Linear Parent material:Alluvium and/or eolian deposits Typical profile H1 - 0 to 5 inches: loam H2 - 5 to 14 inches: clay loam H3 - 14 to 40 inches: clay loam H4 - 40 to 60 inches: clay loam Properties and qualities Slope:6 to 12 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Well drained Runoff class: High Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.20 to 0.60 in/hr) Depth to water table:More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Calcium carbonate, maximum content:10 percent Available water capacity:High (about 11.3 inches) Custom Soil Resource Report 14 Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): 4e Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e Hydrologic Soil Group: C Ecological site: R048AY292CO Other vegetative classification: DEEP LOAM (null_11) Hydric soil rating: No Minor Components Other soils Percent of map unit:20 percent Hydric soil rating: No 36—Empedrado loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes Map Unit Setting National map unit symbol: jq5r Elevation: 6,500 to 9,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 15 to 18 inches Mean annual air temperature: 40 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period: 75 to 95 days Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Map Unit Composition Empedrado and similar soils:85 percent Minor components:15 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit. Description of Empedrado Setting Landform:Hills, fans Landform position (two-dimensional):Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional):Side slope Down-slope shape:Linear Across-slope shape:Linear Parent material:Alluvium and/or eolian deposits Typical profile H1 - 0 to 5 inches: loam H2 - 5 to 14 inches: clay loam H3 - 14 to 40 inches: clay loam H4 - 40 to 60 inches: clay loam Properties and qualities Slope:12 to 25 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Well drained Runoff class: High Custom Soil Resource Report 15 Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.20 to 0.60 in/hr) Depth to water table:More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Calcium carbonate, maximum content:10 percent Available water capacity:High (about 11.3 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): 6e Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 6e Hydrologic Soil Group: C Ecological site: R048AY292CO Other vegetative classification: DEEP LOAM (null_11) Hydric soil rating: No Minor Components Other soils Percent of map unit:15 percent Hydric soil rating: No 44—Forelle-Brownsto complex, 12 to 25 percent slopes Map Unit Setting National map unit symbol: jq61 Elevation: 6,500 to 7,500 feet Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 14 inches Mean annual air temperature: 40 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period: 85 to 105 days Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Map Unit Composition Forelle and similar soils:50 percent Brownsto and similar soils:35 percent Minor components:15 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit. Description of Forelle Setting Landform:Mountains, structural benches Landform position (three-dimensional):Mountainflank Down-slope shape:Linear Across-slope shape:Linear Parent material:Mixed alluvium Typical profile H1 - 0 to 6 inches: loam H2 - 6 to 30 inches: clay loam H3 - 30 to 60 inches: loam Custom Soil Resource Report 16 Properties and qualities Slope:12 to 25 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Well drained Runoff class: High Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.20 to 0.60 in/hr) Depth to water table:More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Calcium carbonate, maximum content:10 percent Available water capacity:High (about 10.3 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 6e Hydrologic Soil Group: C Ecological site: R048AY298CO - Rolling Loam Other vegetative classification: Rolling Loam (null_60) Hydric soil rating: No Description of Brownsto Setting Landform:Mountains, structural benches Landform position (three-dimensional):Mountainflank Down-slope shape:Linear Across-slope shape:Linear Parent material:Coarse alluvium derived from calcareous sandstone and/or coarse alluvium derived from basalt Typical profile H1 - 0 to 4 inches: gravelly sandy loam H2 - 4 to 11 inches: gravelly loam H3 - 11 to 30 inches: very gravelly sandy loam H4 - 30 to 60 inches: gravelly sandy loam Properties and qualities Slope:12 to 25 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Well drained Runoff class: Low Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high to high (0.60 to 6.00 in/hr) Depth to water table:More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Calcium carbonate, maximum content:25 percent Available water capacity:Low (about 3.8 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 6e Hydrologic Soil Group: A Ecological site: R048AY287CO Other vegetative classification: Stony Foothills (null_81) Custom Soil Resource Report 17 Hydric soil rating: No Minor Components Other soils Percent of map unit:15 percent Hydric soil rating: No 69—Kilgore silt loam Map Unit Setting National map unit symbol: jq6x Elevation: 6,000 to 9,800 feet Mean annual precipitation: 18 to 20 inches Mean annual air temperature: 38 to 40 degrees F Frost-free period: 70 to 95 days Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Map Unit Composition Kilgore and similar soils:90 percent Minor components:10 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit. Description of Kilgore Setting Landform:Depressions Down-slope shape:Linear Across-slope shape:Linear Parent material:Mixed alluvium Typical profile H1 - 0 to 16 inches: silt loam H2 - 16 to 25 inches: silt loam H3 - 25 to 29 inches: very gravelly sandy loam, very gravelly coarse sandy loam H3 - 25 to 29 inches: very gravelly loamy sand H4 - 29 to 60 inches: Properties and qualities Slope:1 to 5 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Poorly drained Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.20 to 0.60 in/hr) Depth to water table:About 12 to 36 inches Frequency of flooding:NoneOccasional Frequency of ponding:None Available water capacity:Moderate (about 6.4 inches) Custom Soil Resource Report 18 Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): 5w Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 5w Hydrologic Soil Group: C Ecological site: R048AY241CO Other vegetative classification: Mountain Meadow (null_44) Hydric soil rating: Yes Minor Components Other soils Percent of map unit:10 percent Hydric soil rating: No 87—Morval-Tridell complex, 12 to 50 percent slopes Map Unit Setting National map unit symbol: jq7k Elevation: 6,800 to 8,000 feet Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches Mean annual air temperature: 42 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period: 85 to 95 days Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Map Unit Composition Morval and similar soils:55 percent Tridell and similar soils:30 percent Minor components:15 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit. Description of Morval Setting Landform:Alluvial fans Down-slope shape:Linear Across-slope shape:Linear Parent material:Alluvium derived from sandstone and shale and/or colluvium derived from sandstone and shale Typical profile H1 - 0 to 7 inches: loam H2 - 7 to 19 inches: clay loam H3 - 19 to 60 inches: loam Properties and qualities Slope:12 to 40 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Well drained Runoff class: Very high Custom Soil Resource Report 19 Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.20 to 0.60 in/hr) Depth to water table:More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Calcium carbonate, maximum content:25 percent Maximum salinity:Nonsaline to slightly saline (0.0 to 4.0 mmhos/cm) Available water capacity:High (about 9.3 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7e Hydrologic Soil Group: C Ecological site: R048AY292CO Other vegetative classification: DEEP LOAM (null_11) Hydric soil rating: No Description of Tridell Setting Landform:Mountains Landform position (three-dimensional):Mountainbase Down-slope shape:Linear Across-slope shape:Linear Parent material:Alluvium derived from basalt and/or colluvium derived from basalt Typical profile H1 - 0 to 2 inches: stony sandy loam H2 - 2 to 14 inches: very cobbly fine sandy loam H3 - 14 to 25 inches: cobbly sandy loam H4 - 25 to 37 inches: very stony fine sandy loam H5 - 37 to 60 inches: very stony loamy sand Properties and qualities Slope:12 to 50 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Well drained Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high to high (0.60 to 6.00 in/hr) Depth to water table:More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Calcium carbonate, maximum content:25 percent Maximum salinity:Nonsaline to very slightly saline (0.0 to 2.0 mmhos/cm) Available water capacity:Low (about 4.0 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7s Hydrologic Soil Group: A Other vegetative classification: PINYON-JUNIPER (null_53) Hydric soil rating: No Custom Soil Resource Report 20 Minor Components Other soils Percent of map unit:15 percent Hydric soil rating: No 94—Showalter-Morval complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes Map Unit Setting National map unit symbol: jq7t Elevation: 7,000 to 8,500 feet Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches Mean annual air temperature: 42 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period: 80 to 90 days Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Map Unit Composition Showalter and similar soils:45 percent Morval and similar soils:35 percent Minor components:20 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit. Description of Showalter Setting Landform:Terraces, alluvial fans, valley sides Landform position (three-dimensional):Tread Down-slope shape:Linear Across-slope shape:Linear Parent material:Alluvium derived from basalt Typical profile H1 - 0 to 8 inches: very stony loam H2 - 8 to 39 inches: very cobbly clay H3 - 39 to 60 inches: very cobbly clay loam Properties and qualities Slope:5 to 15 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Well drained Runoff class: Very high Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately low to moderately high (0.06 to 0.20 in/hr) Depth to water table:More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Calcium carbonate, maximum content:10 percent Available water capacity:Low (about 5.5 inches) Custom Soil Resource Report 21 Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7s Hydrologic Soil Group: C Ecological site: R048AY303CO Other vegetative classification: LOAMY SLOPES (null_31) Hydric soil rating: No Description of Morval Setting Landform:Alluvial fans Down-slope shape:Linear Across-slope shape:Linear Parent material:Alluvium derived from basalt Typical profile H1 - 0 to 7 inches: loam H2 - 7 to 19 inches: clay loam H3 - 19 to 60 inches: loam Properties and qualities Slope:5 to 15 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Well drained Runoff class: High Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.20 to 0.60 in/hr) Depth to water table:More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Calcium carbonate, maximum content:25 percent Maximum salinity:Nonsaline to slightly saline (0.0 to 4.0 mmhos/cm) Available water capacity:High (about 9.3 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e Hydrologic Soil Group: C Ecological site: R048AY292CO Other vegetative classification: DEEP LOAM (null_11) Hydric soil rating: No Minor Components Other soils Percent of map unit:20 percent Hydric soil rating: No Custom Soil Resource Report 22 95—Showalter-Morval complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes Map Unit Setting National map unit symbol: jq7v Elevation: 7,000 to 8,500 feet Mean annual precipitation: 14 to 16 inches Mean annual air temperature: 42 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period: 80 to 90 days Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Map Unit Composition Showalter and similar soils:45 percent Morval and similar soils:35 percent Minor components:20 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit. Description of Showalter Setting Landform:Alluvial fans, terraces, valley sides Landform position (three-dimensional):Tread Down-slope shape:Linear Across-slope shape:Linear Parent material:Alluvium derived from basalt Typical profile H1 - 0 to 8 inches: very stony loam H2 - 8 to 39 inches: very cobbly clay H3 - 39 to 60 inches: very cobbly clay loam Properties and qualities Slope:15 to 25 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Well drained Runoff class: Very high Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately low to moderately high (0.06 to 0.20 in/hr) Depth to water table:More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Calcium carbonate, maximum content:10 percent Available water capacity:Low (about 5.5 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7s Hydrologic Soil Group: C Ecological site: R048AY303CO Other vegetative classification: LOAMY SLOPES (null_31) Custom Soil Resource Report 23 Hydric soil rating: No Description of Morval Setting Landform:Alluvial fans Down-slope shape:Linear Across-slope shape:Linear Parent material:Alluvium derived from basalt Typical profile H1 - 0 to 7 inches: loam H2 - 7 to 19 inches: clay loam H3 - 19 to 60 inches: loam Properties and qualities Slope:15 to 25 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Well drained Runoff class: Very high Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high (0.20 to 0.60 in/hr) Depth to water table:More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Calcium carbonate, maximum content:25 percent Maximum salinity:Nonsaline to slightly saline (0.0 to 4.0 mmhos/cm) Available water capacity:High (about 9.3 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 6e Hydrologic Soil Group: C Ecological site: R048AY292CO Other vegetative classification: DEEP LOAM (null_11) Hydric soil rating: No Minor Components Other soils Percent of map unit:20 percent Hydric soil rating: No 106—Tridell-Brownsto stony sandy loams, 12 to 50 percent slopes, extremely stony Map Unit Setting National map unit symbol: jq4f Elevation: 6,400 to 7,700 feet Mean annual precipitation: 12 to 14 inches Custom Soil Resource Report 24 Mean annual air temperature: 42 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period: 85 to 105 days Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Map Unit Composition Tridell and similar soils:45 percent Brownsto and similar soils:35 percent Minor components:20 percent Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit. Description of Tridell Setting Landform:Mountains, terraces Landform position (three-dimensional):Lower third of mountainflank, tread Down-slope shape:Linear Across-slope shape:Linear Parent material:Alluvium derived from sandstone and/or colluvium derived from sandstone and/or alluvium derived from basalt and/or colluvium derived from basalt Typical profile H1 - 0 to 2 inches: stony sandy loam H2 - 2 to 14 inches: very cobbly fine sandy loam H3 - 14 to 25 inches: cobbly sandy loam H4 - 25 to 37 inches: very stony fine sandy loam H5 - 37 to 60 inches: very stony loamy sand Properties and qualities Slope:12 to 50 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Well drained Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high to high (0.60 to 6.00 in/hr) Depth to water table:More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Calcium carbonate, maximum content:25 percent Maximum salinity:Nonsaline to very slightly saline (0.0 to 2.0 mmhos/cm) Available water capacity:Low (about 4.0 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7s Hydrologic Soil Group: A Other vegetative classification: Pinyon-Juniper (null_10) Hydric soil rating: No Description of Brownsto Setting Landform:Terraces Landform position (three-dimensional):Tread Down-slope shape:Linear Across-slope shape:Linear Custom Soil Resource Report 25 Parent material:Alluvium derived from basalt and/or coarse textured alluvium derived from calcareous sandstone Typical profile H1 - 0 to 11 inches: stony sandy loam H2 - 11 to 30 inches: very gravelly sandy loam H3 - 30 to 42 inches: very gravelly loamy sand H4 - 42 to 60 inches: gravelly sandy loam Properties and qualities Slope:12 to 50 percent Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches Drainage class:Well drained Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high to high (0.60 to 6.00 in/hr) Depth to water table:More than 80 inches Frequency of flooding:None Frequency of ponding:None Calcium carbonate, maximum content:30 percent Maximum salinity:Nonsaline to very slightly saline (0.0 to 2.0 mmhos/cm) Available water capacity:Low (about 4.2 inches) Interpretive groups Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7e Hydrologic Soil Group: A Ecological site: R048AY287CO Other vegetative classification: Stony Foothills (null_81) Hydric soil rating: No Minor Components Other soils Percent of map unit:20 percent Hydric soil rating: No Custom Soil Resource Report 26 Soil Information for All Uses Soil Reports The Soil Reports section includes various formatted tabular and narrative reports (tables) containing data for each selected soil map unit and each component of each unit. No aggregation of data has occurred as is done in reports in the Soil Properties and Qualities and Suitabilities and Limitations sections. The reports contain soil interpretive information as well as basic soil properties and qualities. A description of each report (table) is included. Water Features This folder contains tabular reports that present soil hydrology information. The reports (tables) include all selected map units and components for each map unit. Water Features include ponding frequency, flooding frequency, and depth to water table. Hydrologic Soil Group and Surface Runoff This table gives estimates of various soil water features. The estimates are used in land use planning that involves engineering considerations. Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four groups according to the rate of water infiltration when the soils are not protected by vegetation, are thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long-duration storms. The four hydrologic soil groups are: Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate of water transmission. Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to moderately coarse texture. These soils have a moderate rate of water transmission. Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a layer that impedes the downward movement of water or 27 soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate of water transmission. If a soil is assigned to a dual hydrologic group (A/D, B/D, or C/D), the first letter is for drained areas and the second is for undrained areas. Surface runoff refers to the loss of water from an area by flow over the land surface. Surface runoff classes are based on slope, climate, and vegetative cover. The concept indicates relative runoff for very specific conditions. It is assumed that the surface of the soil is bare and that the retention of surface water resulting from irregularities in the ground surface is minimal. The classes are negligible, very low, low, medium, high, and very high. Report—Hydrologic Soil Group and Surface Runoff Absence of an entry indicates that the data were not estimated. The dash indicates no documented presence. Hydrologic Soil Group and Surface Runoff–Aspen-Gypsum Area, Colorado, Parts of Eagle, Garfield, and Pitkin Counties Map symbol and soil name Pct. of map unit Surface Runoff Hydrologic Soil Group 34—Empedrado loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Empedrado 80 Medium C 35—Empedrado loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes Empedrado 80 High C 36—Empedrado loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes Empedrado 85 High C 44—Forelle-Brownsto complex, 12 to 25 percent slopes Forelle 50 High C Brownsto 35 Low A 69—Kilgore silt loam Kilgore 90 Medium C 87—Morval-Tridell complex, 12 to 50 percent slopes Morval 55 Very high C Tridell 30 Medium A 94—Showalter-Morval complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes Showalter 45 Very high C Morval 35 High C 95—Showalter-Morval complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes Showalter 45 Very high C Morval 35 Very high C Custom Soil Resource Report 28 Hydrologic Soil Group and Surface Runoff–Aspen-Gypsum Area, Colorado, Parts of Eagle, Garfield, and Pitkin Counties Map symbol and soil name Pct. of map unit Surface Runoff Hydrologic Soil Group 106—Tridell-Brownsto stony sandy loams, 12 to 50 percent slopes, extremely stony Tridell 45 Medium A Brownsto 35 Medium A Custom Soil Resource Report 29 References American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2004. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing. 24th edition. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D2487-00. Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deep-water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-79/31. Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States. Federal Register. September 18, 2002. Hydric soils of the United States. Hurt, G.W., and L.M. Vasilas, editors. Version 6.0, 2006. Field indicators of hydric soils in the United States. National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries. Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/ nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_054262 Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. http:// www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053577 Soil Survey Staff. 2010. Keys to soil taxonomy. 11th edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. http:// www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053580 Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Wetlands Section. United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report Y-87-1. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National forestry manual. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ home/?cid=nrcs142p2_053374 United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National range and pasture handbook. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/ detail/national/landuse/rangepasture/?cid=stelprdb1043084 30 United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National soil survey handbook, title 430-VI. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/ nrcs/detail/soils/scientists/?cid=nrcs142p2_054242 United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 296. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/? cid=nrcs142p2_053624 United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210. http:// www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052290.pdf Custom Soil Resource Report 31 Attachment C - Hydrologic Maps and HydroCAD Reports OEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEMHMH 666066656670667566806685669066956700 6705 6710 6715 6720 67256730 6735 6670 6675 6680 6685 6690 6695 6700 6705 6710 6715 6720 6725 6730 6735 6740 6745 6750 6755 6760 6765 6680 668 5 66 9 0 669 5 6700 6705 6710 66656670667566806685 6690669567006705 6675 6675 6660 66756680 6685 6690 6695 6700 6705671067156720 67256730 673567406745 6750 67556760676566756680668566906695 6700 6705 6710 6715 6690 6685 6680 6675 66606665667066756680668566906695670067056710 6715 6720 6725 66606660666566656670667066756675668066806685668566906690669566956700 67006705 67056710 671067156715 67206720 6725 668566906695670067056710 671567206725 6665 6680 6685 6665 6670 6675 66806685 6690 6695670067056710671567206725673067356740668 5 6680 66 9 0 87C 34C 106A 106A 36C \\wse03.local\WSE\Projects\Private\Ameresco\CMC Spring Valley, CO\Design\Stormwater\03 Sheet\CMC Spring Valley CO_Stormwater Figures.dwgCOPYRIGHT © 2021 WESTON & SAMPSON, INC. Project: Applicant: Seal: Revisions: No. Date Description Issued For: Drawing Title: Sheet Number: Scale: W&S File No.: W&S Project No.: Approved By: Date: Reviewed By: Drawn By: CMC SPRING VALLEYSOLAR PV DEVELOPMENT COUNTY ROAD 114GLENWOOD SPRINGS, CO 81601 0 02/17/2021 PERMITTING PERMITTING AS SHOWN Ameresco ENG21-0016 02/17/2021 Ameresco HCE Solar LLC3095 S. Parker Road, Suite 200 Aurora, CO 80014Tel: (720) 627-8772www.ameresco.com EXISTING LEGEND SANITARY MANHOLESS MANHOLEMH WELLW UTILITY POLE/POWER POLE GUY ANCHOR BOUNDARY OR LOT LINE CHAIN LINK FENCE LINE GRAVEL ROAD DIRT ROAD MAJOR CONTOUR LINE MINOR CONTOUR LINE REQUIRED ZONING SETBACK FIG 1 EXISTING HYDROLOGIC MAP RJB MRC PSY A A1 FLOW PATH AX SUBBASIN LABEL ANALYSIS POINT/POINT OF INTERESTA GRAVEL NRCS MAP UNITS WATERSHED BOUNDARY HYDROLOGIC SOIL GROUP A HYDROLOGIC SOIL GROUP C SAGEBRUSH / PASTURE HYDROLOGY: SHEET FLOW, 99' @ 8.1% SCF, 102' @ 5.9% SCF, 66' @ 4.6% SCF, 159' @ 3.2% SCF, 321' @ 1.9% OEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEOEMHMH IVR SS SS SS W 666066656670667566806685669066956700 6705 6710 6715 6720 67256730 6735 6670 6675 6680 6685 6690 6695 6700 6705 6710 6715 6720 6725 6730 6735 6740 6745 6750 6755 6760 6765 6680 668 5 66 9 0 669 5 6700 6705 6710 66656670667566806685 6690669567006705 6675 6675 6660 66756680 6685 6690 6695 6700 6705671067156720 67256730 673567406745 6750 67556760676566756680668566906695 6700 6705 6710 6715 6690 6685 6680 6675 66606665667066756680668566906695670067056710 6715 6720 6725 66606660666566656670667066756675668066806685668566906690669566956700 67006705 67056710 671067156715 67206720 6725 668566906695670067056710 671567206725 6665 6680 6685 6665 6670 6675 66806685 6690 6695670067056710671567206725673067356740668 5 6680 66 9 0 87C 34C 106A 106A 36C \\wse03.local\WSE\Projects\Private\Ameresco\CMC Spring Valley, CO\Design\Stormwater\03 Sheet\CMC Spring Valley CO_Stormwater Figures.dwgCOPYRIGHT © 2021 WESTON & SAMPSON, INC. Project: Applicant: Seal: Revisions: No. Date Description Issued For: Drawing Title: Sheet Number: Scale: W&S File No.: W&S Project No.: Approved By: Date: Reviewed By: Drawn By: CMC SPRING VALLEYSOLAR PV DEVELOPMENT COUNTY ROAD 114GLENWOOD SPRINGS, CO 81601 0 02/17/2021 PERMITTING PERMITTING AS SHOWN Ameresco ENG21-0016 02/17/2021 Ameresco HCE Solar LLC3095 S. Parker Road, Suite 200 Aurora, CO 80014Tel: (720) 627-8772www.ameresco.com PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) TABLES 7' TALL CHAIN LINK FENCE EQUIPMENT PAD PROPOSED LEGEND GRAVEL ACCESS ROAD FIG 2 PROPOSED HYDROLOGIC MAP RJB MRC PSY A A1 EXISTING SANITARY MANHOLESS MANHOLEMH WELLW UTILITY POLE/POWER POLE GUY ANCHOR BOUNDARY OR LOT LINE CHAIN LINK FENCE LINE GRAVEL ROAD DIRT ROAD MAJOR CONTOUR LINE MINOR CONTOUR LINE REQUIRED ZONING SETBACK FLOW PATH AX SUBBASIN LABEL ANALYSIS POINT/POINT OF INTERESTA GRAVEL NRCS MAP UNITS WATERSHED BOUNDARY HYDROLOGIC SOIL GROUP A HYDROLOGIC SOIL GROUP C SAGEBRUSH / PASTURE HYDROLOGY: FIXED TILT SOLAR ARRAY EAST TRACKER ARRAY WEST TRACKER ARRAY SHEET FLOW, 99' @ 8.1% SCF, 102' @ 5.9% SCF, 66' @ 4.6% SCF, 159' @ 3.2% SCF, 321' @ 1.9% 1S Sub A1 4R A1 Routing Diagram for CMC Pre-Development Prepared by HP Inc., Printed 2/16/2021 HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Subcat Reach Pond Link CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 2HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Area Listing (all nodes) Area (acres) CN Description (subcatchment-numbers) 0.560 35 Pasture/grassland/range, Fair, HSG A (1S) 33.174 63 Sagebrush range, Fair, HSG C (1S) 0.104 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG A (1S) 0.429 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG C (1S) 34.267 63 TOTAL AREA CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 3HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Soil Listing (all nodes) Area (acres) Soil Group Subcatchment Numbers 0.664 HSG A 1S 0.000 HSG B 33.603 HSG C 1S 0.000 HSG D 0.000 Other 34.267 TOTAL AREA CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 4HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Ground Covers (all nodes) HSG-A (acres) HSG-B (acres) HSG-C (acres) HSG-D (acres) Other (acres) Total (acres) Ground Cover Subcatchment Numbers 0.560 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.560 Pasture/grassland/range, Fair 1S 0.000 0.000 33.174 0.000 0.000 33.174 Sagebrush range, Fair 1S 0.104 0.000 0.429 0.000 0.000 0.533 Unconnected pavement 1S 0.664 0.000 33.603 0.000 0.000 34.267 TOTAL AREA Type II 24-hr 2-yr Rainfall=1.23"CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 5HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Time span=5.00-20.00 hrs, dt=0.05 hrs, 301 points Runoff by SCS TR-20 method, UH=SCS, Weighted-CN Reach routing by Stor-Ind+Trans method - Pond routing by Stor-Ind method Runoff Area=1,492,686 sf 1.56% Impervious Runoff Depth=0.00"Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Flow Length=747' Tc=17.2 min CN=63 Runoff=0.00 cfs 0.000 af Inflow=0.00 cfs 0.000 afReach 4R: A1 Outflow=0.00 cfs 0.000 af Total Runoff Area = 34.267 ac Runoff Volume = 0.000 af Average Runoff Depth = 0.00" 98.44% Pervious = 33.734 ac 1.56% Impervious = 0.533 ac Type II 24-hr 2-yr Rainfall=1.23"CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 6HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Summary for Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 [45] Hint: Runoff=Zero Runoff = 0.00 cfs @ 5.00 hrs, Volume= 0.000 af, Depth= 0.00" Runoff by SCS TR-20 method, UH=SCS, Weighted-CN, Time Span= 5.00-20.00 hrs, dt= 0.05 hrs Type II 24-hr 2-yr Rainfall=1.23" Area (sf) CN Description * 24,411 35 Pasture/grassland/range, Fair, HSG A 4,531 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG A 1,445,046 63 Sagebrush range, Fair, HSG C 18,698 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG C 1,492,686 63 Weighted Average 1,469,457 98.44% Pervious Area 23,229 1.56% Impervious Area 23,229 100.00% Unconnected Tc Length Slope Velocity Capacity Description (min) (feet) (ft/ft) (ft/sec) (cfs) 7.9 99 0.0810 0.21 Sheet Flow, Sheet Flow A-B Range n= 0.130 P2= 1.26" 1.0 102 0.0590 1.70 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow B-C Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 0.7 66 0.0460 1.50 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow C-D Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 2.1 159 0.0320 1.25 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow D-E Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 5.5 321 0.0190 0.96 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow E-F Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 17.2 747 Total Type II 24-hr 2-yr Rainfall=1.23"CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 7HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Runoff Hydrograph Time (hours) 201918171615141312111098765Flow (cfs)1 0 Type II 24-hr 2-yr Rainfall=1.23" Runoff Area=1,492,686 sf Runoff Volume=0.000 af Runoff Depth=0.00" Flow Length=747' Tc=17.2 min CN=63 0.00 cfs Type II 24-hr 2-yr Rainfall=1.23"CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 8HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Summary for Reach 4R: A1 [40] Hint: Not Described (Outflow=Inflow) Inflow Area =34.267 ac, 1.56% Impervious, Inflow Depth = 0.00" for 2-yr event Inflow = 0.00 cfs @ 5.00 hrs, Volume= 0.000 af Outflow = 0.00 cfs @ 5.00 hrs, Volume= 0.000 af, Atten= 0%, Lag= 0.0 min Routing by Stor-Ind+Trans method, Time Span= 5.00-20.00 hrs, dt= 0.05 hrs Reach 4R: A1 Inflow Outflow Hydrograph Time (hours) 201918171615141312111098765Flow (cfs)1 0 Inflow Area=34.267 ac 0.00 cfs 0.00 cfs Type II 24-hr 25-yr Rainfall=2.07"CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 9HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Time span=5.00-20.00 hrs, dt=0.05 hrs, 301 points Runoff by SCS TR-20 method, UH=SCS, Weighted-CN Reach routing by Stor-Ind+Trans method - Pond routing by Stor-Ind method Runoff Area=1,492,686 sf 1.56% Impervious Runoff Depth>0.09"Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Flow Length=747' Tc=17.2 min CN=63 Runoff=1.12 cfs 0.267 af Inflow=1.12 cfs 0.267 afReach 4R: A1 Outflow=1.12 cfs 0.267 af Total Runoff Area = 34.267 ac Runoff Volume = 0.267 af Average Runoff Depth = 0.09" 98.44% Pervious = 33.734 ac 1.56% Impervious = 0.533 ac Type II 24-hr 25-yr Rainfall=2.07"CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 10HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Summary for Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Runoff = 1.12 cfs @ 12.23 hrs, Volume= 0.267 af, Depth> 0.09" Runoff by SCS TR-20 method, UH=SCS, Weighted-CN, Time Span= 5.00-20.00 hrs, dt= 0.05 hrs Type II 24-hr 25-yr Rainfall=2.07" Area (sf)CN Description * 24,411 35 Pasture/grassland/range, Fair, HSG A 4,531 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG A 1,445,046 63 Sagebrush range, Fair, HSG C 18,698 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG C 1,492,686 63 Weighted Average 1,469,457 98.44% Pervious Area 23,229 1.56% Impervious Area 23,229 100.00% Unconnected Tc Length Slope Velocity Capacity Description (min) (feet) (ft/ft) (ft/sec) (cfs) 7.9 99 0.0810 0.21 Sheet Flow, Sheet Flow A-B Range n= 0.130 P2= 1.26" 1.0 102 0.0590 1.70 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow B-C Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 0.7 66 0.0460 1.50 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow C-D Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 2.1 159 0.0320 1.25 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow D-E Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 5.5 321 0.0190 0.96 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow E-F Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 17.2 747 Total Type II 24-hr 25-yr Rainfall=2.07"CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 11HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Runoff Hydrograph Time (hours) 201918171615141312111098765Flow (cfs)1 0 Type II 24-hr 25-yr Rainfall=2.07" Runoff Area=1,492,686 sf Runoff Volume=0.267 af Runoff Depth>0.09" Flow Length=747' Tc=17.2 min CN=63 1.12 cfs Type II 24-hr 25-yr Rainfall=2.07"CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 12HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Summary for Reach 4R: A1 [40] Hint: Not Described (Outflow=Inflow) Inflow Area =34.267 ac, 1.56% Impervious, Inflow Depth > 0.09" for 25-yr event Inflow = 1.12 cfs @ 12.23 hrs, Volume= 0.267 af Outflow = 1.12 cfs @ 12.23 hrs, Volume= 0.267 af, Atten= 0%, Lag= 0.0 min Routing by Stor-Ind+Trans method, Time Span= 5.00-20.00 hrs, dt= 0.05 hrs Reach 4R: A1 Inflow Outflow Hydrograph Time (hours) 201918171615141312111098765Flow (cfs)1 0 Inflow Area=34.267 ac 1.12 cfs 1.12 cfs Type II 24-hr 100-yr Rainfall=2.63"CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 13HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Time span=5.00-20.00 hrs, dt=0.05 hrs, 301 points Runoff by SCS TR-20 method, UH=SCS, Weighted-CN Reach routing by Stor-Ind+Trans method - Pond routing by Stor-Ind method Runoff Area=1,492,686 sf 1.56% Impervious Runoff Depth>0.24"Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Flow Length=747' Tc=17.2 min CN=63 Runoff=6.65 cfs 0.692 af Inflow=6.65 cfs 0.692 afReach 4R: A1 Outflow=6.65 cfs 0.692 af Total Runoff Area = 34.267 ac Runoff Volume = 0.692 af Average Runoff Depth = 0.24" 98.44% Pervious = 33.734 ac 1.56% Impervious = 0.533 ac Type II 24-hr 100-yr Rainfall=2.63"CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 14HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Summary for Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Runoff = 6.65 cfs @ 12.16 hrs, Volume= 0.692 af, Depth> 0.24" Runoff by SCS TR-20 method, UH=SCS, Weighted-CN, Time Span= 5.00-20.00 hrs, dt= 0.05 hrs Type II 24-hr 100-yr Rainfall=2.63" Area (sf)CN Description * 24,411 35 Pasture/grassland/range, Fair, HSG A 4,531 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG A 1,445,046 63 Sagebrush range, Fair, HSG C 18,698 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG C 1,492,686 63 Weighted Average 1,469,457 98.44% Pervious Area 23,229 1.56% Impervious Area 23,229 100.00% Unconnected Tc Length Slope Velocity Capacity Description (min) (feet) (ft/ft) (ft/sec) (cfs) 7.9 99 0.0810 0.21 Sheet Flow, Sheet Flow A-B Range n= 0.130 P2= 1.26" 1.0 102 0.0590 1.70 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow B-C Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 0.7 66 0.0460 1.50 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow C-D Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 2.1 159 0.0320 1.25 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow D-E Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 5.5 321 0.0190 0.96 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow E-F Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 17.2 747 Total Type II 24-hr 100-yr Rainfall=2.63"CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 15HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Runoff Hydrograph Time (hours) 201918171615141312111098765Flow (cfs)7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Type II 24-hr 100-yr Rainfall=2.63" Runoff Area=1,492,686 sf Runoff Volume=0.692 af Runoff Depth>0.24" Flow Length=747' Tc=17.2 min CN=63 6.65 cfs Type II 24-hr 100-yr Rainfall=2.63"CMC Pre-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 16HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Summary for Reach 4R: A1 [40] Hint: Not Described (Outflow=Inflow) Inflow Area =34.267 ac, 1.56% Impervious, Inflow Depth > 0.24" for 100-yr event Inflow = 6.65 cfs @ 12.16 hrs, Volume= 0.692 af Outflow = 6.65 cfs @ 12.16 hrs, Volume= 0.692 af, Atten= 0%, Lag= 0.0 min Routing by Stor-Ind+Trans method, Time Span= 5.00-20.00 hrs, dt= 0.05 hrs Reach 4R: A1 Inflow Outflow Hydrograph Time (hours) 201918171615141312111098765Flow (cfs)7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Inflow Area=34.267 ac 6.65 cfs 6.65 cfs 1S Sub A1 4R A1 Routing Diagram for CMC Post-Development Prepared by HP Inc., Printed 2/16/2021 HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Subcat Reach Pond Link CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 2HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Area Listing (all nodes) Area (acres) CN Description (subcatchment-numbers) 0.560 35 Pasture/grassland/range, Fair, HSG A (1S) 32.200 63 Sagebrush range, Fair, HSG C (1S) 0.104 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG A (1S) 1.403 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG C (1S) 34.267 64 TOTAL AREA CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 3HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Soil Listing (all nodes) Area (acres) Soil Group Subcatchment Numbers 0.664 HSG A 1S 0.000 HSG B 33.603 HSG C 1S 0.000 HSG D 0.000 Other 34.267 TOTAL AREA CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 4HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Ground Covers (all nodes) HSG-A (acres) HSG-B (acres) HSG-C (acres) HSG-D (acres) Other (acres) Total (acres) Ground Cover Subcatchment Numbers 0.560 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.560 Pasture/grassland/range, Fair 1S 0.000 0.000 32.200 0.000 0.000 32.200 Sagebrush range, Fair 1S 0.104 0.000 1.403 0.000 0.000 1.507 Unconnected pavement 1S 0.664 0.000 33.603 0.000 0.000 34.267 TOTAL AREA Type II 24-hr 2-yr Rainfall=1.23"CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 5HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Time span=5.00-20.00 hrs, dt=0.05 hrs, 301 points Runoff by SCS TR-20 method, UH=SCS, Weighted-CN Reach routing by Stor-Ind+Trans method - Pond routing by Stor-Ind method Runoff Area=1,492,686 sf 4.40% Impervious Runoff Depth=0.00"Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Flow Length=747' Tc=17.2 min UI Adjusted CN=63 Runoff=0.00 cfs 0.000 af Inflow=0.00 cfs 0.000 afReach 4R: A1 Outflow=0.00 cfs 0.000 af Total Runoff Area = 34.267 ac Runoff Volume = 0.000 af Average Runoff Depth = 0.00" 95.60% Pervious = 32.760 ac 4.40% Impervious = 1.507 ac Type II 24-hr 2-yr Rainfall=1.23"CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 6HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Summary for Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 [45] Hint: Runoff=Zero Runoff = 0.00 cfs @ 5.00 hrs, Volume= 0.000 af, Depth= 0.00" Runoff by SCS TR-20 method, UH=SCS, Weighted-CN, Time Span= 5.00-20.00 hrs, dt= 0.05 hrs Type II 24-hr 2-yr Rainfall=1.23" Area (sf) CN Adj Description * 24,411 35 Pasture/grassland/range, Fair, HSG A 4,531 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG A 1,402,631 63 Sagebrush range, Fair, HSG C 61,030 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG C 83 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG C 1,492,686 64 63 Weighted Average, UI Adjusted 1,427,042 95.60% Pervious Area 65,644 4.40% Impervious Area 65,644 100.00% Unconnected Tc Length Slope Velocity Capacity Description (min) (feet) (ft/ft) (ft/sec) (cfs) 7.9 99 0.0810 0.21 Sheet Flow, Sheet Flow A-B Range n= 0.130 P2= 1.26" 1.0 102 0.0590 1.70 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow B-C Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 0.7 66 0.0460 1.50 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow C-D Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 2.1 159 0.0320 1.25 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow D-E Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 5.5 321 0.0190 0.96 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow E-F Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 17.2 747 Total Type II 24-hr 2-yr Rainfall=1.23"CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 7HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Runoff Hydrograph Time (hours) 201918171615141312111098765Flow (cfs)1 0 Type II 24-hr 2-yr Rainfall=1.23" Runoff Area=1,492,686 sf Runoff Volume=0.000 af Runoff Depth=0.00" Flow Length=747' Tc=17.2 min UI Adjusted CN=63 0.00 cfs Type II 24-hr 2-yr Rainfall=1.23"CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 8HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Summary for Reach 4R: A1 [40] Hint: Not Described (Outflow=Inflow) Inflow Area =34.267 ac, 4.40% Impervious, Inflow Depth = 0.00" for 2-yr event Inflow = 0.00 cfs @ 5.00 hrs, Volume= 0.000 af Outflow = 0.00 cfs @ 5.00 hrs, Volume= 0.000 af, Atten= 0%, Lag= 0.0 min Routing by Stor-Ind+Trans method, Time Span= 5.00-20.00 hrs, dt= 0.05 hrs Reach 4R: A1 Inflow Outflow Hydrograph Time (hours) 201918171615141312111098765Flow (cfs)1 0 Inflow Area=34.267 ac 0.00 cfs 0.00 cfs Type II 24-hr 25-yr Rainfall=2.07"CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 9HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Time span=5.00-20.00 hrs, dt=0.05 hrs, 301 points Runoff by SCS TR-20 method, UH=SCS, Weighted-CN Reach routing by Stor-Ind+Trans method - Pond routing by Stor-Ind method Runoff Area=1,492,686 sf 4.40% Impervious Runoff Depth>0.09"Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Flow Length=747' Tc=17.2 min UI Adjusted CN=63 Runoff=1.12 cfs 0.267 af Inflow=1.12 cfs 0.267 afReach 4R: A1 Outflow=1.12 cfs 0.267 af Total Runoff Area = 34.267 ac Runoff Volume = 0.267 af Average Runoff Depth = 0.09" 95.60% Pervious = 32.760 ac 4.40% Impervious = 1.507 ac Type II 24-hr 25-yr Rainfall=2.07"CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 10HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Summary for Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Runoff = 1.12 cfs @ 12.23 hrs, Volume= 0.267 af, Depth> 0.09" Runoff by SCS TR-20 method, UH=SCS, Weighted-CN, Time Span= 5.00-20.00 hrs, dt= 0.05 hrs Type II 24-hr 25-yr Rainfall=2.07" Area (sf)CN Adj Description * 24,411 35 Pasture/grassland/range, Fair, HSG A 4,531 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG A 1,402,631 63 Sagebrush range, Fair, HSG C 61,030 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG C 83 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG C 1,492,686 64 63 Weighted Average, UI Adjusted 1,427,042 95.60% Pervious Area 65,644 4.40% Impervious Area 65,644 100.00% Unconnected Tc Length Slope Velocity Capacity Description (min) (feet) (ft/ft) (ft/sec) (cfs) 7.9 99 0.0810 0.21 Sheet Flow, Sheet Flow A-B Range n= 0.130 P2= 1.26" 1.0 102 0.0590 1.70 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow B-C Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 0.7 66 0.0460 1.50 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow C-D Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 2.1 159 0.0320 1.25 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow D-E Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 5.5 321 0.0190 0.96 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow E-F Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 17.2 747 Total Type II 24-hr 25-yr Rainfall=2.07"CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 11HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Runoff Hydrograph Time (hours) 201918171615141312111098765Flow (cfs)1 0 Type II 24-hr 25-yr Rainfall=2.07" Runoff Area=1,492,686 sf Runoff Volume=0.267 af Runoff Depth>0.09" Flow Length=747' Tc=17.2 min UI Adjusted CN=63 1.12 cfs Type II 24-hr 25-yr Rainfall=2.07"CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 12HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Summary for Reach 4R: A1 [40] Hint: Not Described (Outflow=Inflow) Inflow Area =34.267 ac, 4.40% Impervious, Inflow Depth > 0.09" for 25-yr event Inflow = 1.12 cfs @ 12.23 hrs, Volume= 0.267 af Outflow = 1.12 cfs @ 12.23 hrs, Volume= 0.267 af, Atten= 0%, Lag= 0.0 min Routing by Stor-Ind+Trans method, Time Span= 5.00-20.00 hrs, dt= 0.05 hrs Reach 4R: A1 Inflow Outflow Hydrograph Time (hours) 201918171615141312111098765Flow (cfs)1 0 Inflow Area=34.267 ac 1.12 cfs 1.12 cfs Type II 24-hr 100-yr Rainfall=2.63"CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 13HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Time span=5.00-20.00 hrs, dt=0.05 hrs, 301 points Runoff by SCS TR-20 method, UH=SCS, Weighted-CN Reach routing by Stor-Ind+Trans method - Pond routing by Stor-Ind method Runoff Area=1,492,686 sf 4.40% Impervious Runoff Depth>0.24"Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Flow Length=747' Tc=17.2 min UI Adjusted CN=63 Runoff=6.65 cfs 0.692 af Inflow=6.65 cfs 0.692 afReach 4R: A1 Outflow=6.65 cfs 0.692 af Total Runoff Area = 34.267 ac Runoff Volume = 0.692 af Average Runoff Depth = 0.24" 95.60% Pervious = 32.760 ac 4.40% Impervious = 1.507 ac Type II 24-hr 100-yr Rainfall=2.63"CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 14HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Summary for Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Runoff = 6.65 cfs @ 12.16 hrs, Volume= 0.692 af, Depth> 0.24" Runoff by SCS TR-20 method, UH=SCS, Weighted-CN, Time Span= 5.00-20.00 hrs, dt= 0.05 hrs Type II 24-hr 100-yr Rainfall=2.63" Area (sf)CN Adj Description * 24,411 35 Pasture/grassland/range, Fair, HSG A 4,531 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG A 1,402,631 63 Sagebrush range, Fair, HSG C 61,030 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG C 83 98 Unconnected pavement, HSG C 1,492,686 64 63 Weighted Average, UI Adjusted 1,427,042 95.60% Pervious Area 65,644 4.40% Impervious Area 65,644 100.00% Unconnected Tc Length Slope Velocity Capacity Description (min) (feet) (ft/ft) (ft/sec) (cfs) 7.9 99 0.0810 0.21 Sheet Flow, Sheet Flow A-B Range n= 0.130 P2= 1.26" 1.0 102 0.0590 1.70 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow B-C Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 0.7 66 0.0460 1.50 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow C-D Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 2.1 159 0.0320 1.25 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow D-E Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 5.5 321 0.0190 0.96 Shallow Concentrated Flow, Shallow Flow E-F Short Grass Pasture Kv= 7.0 fps 17.2 747 Total Type II 24-hr 100-yr Rainfall=2.63"CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 15HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Subcatchment 1S: Sub A1 Runoff Hydrograph Time (hours) 201918171615141312111098765Flow (cfs)7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Type II 24-hr 100-yr Rainfall=2.63" Runoff Area=1,492,686 sf Runoff Volume=0.692 af Runoff Depth>0.24" Flow Length=747' Tc=17.2 min UI Adjusted CN=63 6.65 cfs Type II 24-hr 100-yr Rainfall=2.63"CMC Post-Development Printed 2/16/2021Prepared by HP Inc. Page 16HydroCAD® 10.10-3a s/n 00455 © 2020 HydroCAD Software Solutions LLC Summary for Reach 4R: A1 [40] Hint: Not Described (Outflow=Inflow) Inflow Area =34.267 ac, 4.40% Impervious, Inflow Depth > 0.24" for 100-yr event Inflow = 6.65 cfs @ 12.16 hrs, Volume= 0.692 af Outflow = 6.65 cfs @ 12.16 hrs, Volume= 0.692 af, Atten= 0%, Lag= 0.0 min Routing by Stor-Ind+Trans method, Time Span= 5.00-20.00 hrs, dt= 0.05 hrs Reach 4R: A1 Inflow Outflow Hydrograph Time (hours) 201918171615141312111098765Flow (cfs)7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Inflow Area=34.267 ac 6.65 cfs 6.65 cfs February 10, 2021 Reclamation, Revegetation and Soil Plan Prepared by: SGM 118 West Sixth Street, Ste. 200 Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 970-984-9017 #2020-591.001 Prepared for: Ameresco HCE Solar LLC c/o Ameresco, Inc. 3095 South Parker Road, #200 Aurora, CO 80014 CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Garfield County, Colorado www.sgm-inc.com CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Reclamation Plan i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Executive Summary 1 1.1 Summary of Reclamation Activities 1 2.0 Site Characterization 3 2.1 Soils 3 2.2 Vegetation 6 2.2.1 Noxious Weeds 7 2.3 Climate Data 9 3.0 Proposed Reclamation Activities 9 3.1 Pre-Construction Weed Control 9 3.2 Vegetation Removal 9 3.3 Erosion Control 9 3.4 Soil Storage 10 3.5 Soil Replacement 10 3.6 Seeding 10 3.6.1 Temporary Seed Mix 10 3.6.2 Long-term/Permanent Seed Mixes 10 3.6.3 Sagebrush Seeding 12 3.7 Mulching 12 3.8 Touch Up Seeding/Monitoring 12 3.1 Noxious Weeds 12 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Pinyon-Juniper/Sagebrush Seed Mix 11 Table 2. Solar Facility Seed Mix 11 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Site Plan 2 Figure 2. Soil Types 5 Figure 3. Vegetation 8 CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Reclamation Plan 1 1.0 Executive Summary This Reclamation Plan was prepared at the request of Ameresco HCE Solar LLC for Garfield County, Colorado. Ameresco HCE Solar LLC (the “Applicant”) is seeking a Land Use Change Permit to develop the CMC Spring Valley Solar PV project (“Project”), an approximately 22-acre solar energy facility on a 151.69-acre parcel, in eastern Garfield County, Colorado. The parcel is located off of Spring Valley Road (County Road 114), just south of the Colorado Mountain College (CMC) Spring Valley campus. The Project would be located on one parcel, currently owned by CMC. This parcel currently supports the Spring Valley Sanitation wastewater treatment plan (WWTP), and there are a few CMC-managed trails on the parcel, used by students at the Spring Valley Campus. (Figure 1). The sagebrush shrublands have good soils for reclamation and would not need extra management; however, use of local native grasses and forbs will allow for more long-term, sustainable site reclamation. Even with using a site-specific seed mix, it is also important to realize that given the existing soil conditions, seasonally dry conditions, and abundance of weedy species, full establishment of grasses and forbs can be expected to take up to 3 years. Noxious weeds (plumeless thistle [Carduus acanthoides] and cheatgrass [Anisantha tectorum]) are also common in the area, and without aggressive annual treatment (early summer spraying/treatment, and possibly an early winter treatment for cheatgrass), then they could become extremely difficult to control; Garfield County requires that noxious weeds are managed and controlled (see the Weed Management Plan). The purpose of this document is to provide recommended prescriptions to stabilize and revegetate disturbance areas. 1.1 Summary of Reclamation Activities • The project would occur in three primary vegetation types. o Previously disturbed meadows dominated by agricultural cultivars and ruderal species o Sagebrush shrublands o Pinyon-juniper woodlands, dominated by pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) and Utah juniper (Sabina osteosperma) • Soil conditions. o Most soil types across the project area would not need soil amendments • Soil roughening- will be needed to help reduce erosion and increase soil moisture. • Application of seed mix by either drill seeder or by hand application. • Application of mulch- given dry conditions, mulch should be used to reduce erosion and improve seedling establishment. • Annual noxious weed control- plumeless thistle and cheatgrass are common in the area and are within the seedbank; annual aggressive treatment will be needed to prevent a full infestation. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Reclamation Plan 2 Figure 1. Site Plan CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Reclamation Plan 3 2.0 Site Characterization The Project is located within a shallow valley, dominated by a 100-acre sagebrush meadow, surrounded by dense pinyon pine and Utah juniper woodlands; this meadow extends beyond the parcel boundaries. In the late 1990s or early 2000s, it appears large portions of the meadow were mowed, likely to reduce sagebrush cover and increase grass production for cattle grazing. At the time of this report, approximately 90 percent of the meadow is dominated by sagebrush shrublands, and approximately 10 percent is dominated by graminoids and forbs, primarily along the draw at the center of the meadow, and on previously impacted areas. At the northern end of the meadow is the Spring Valley Sanitation Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). The current facility occupies approximately 2.1 acres, but other settling ponds and disturbed areas occupy another 4 acres. These areas are in various stages of reclamation, and are now dominated by agricultural grasses, reclamation grasses, and weeds. There are no wetlands, creeks or streams, or other hydric features on the parcel. The draw running through the center of the valley does not show consistent flow and does not support bed-and-bank morphology or other indicators of consistent surface water. There are several seasonally used trails in the area, and during site visits in the winter of 2021, some low levels of mountain biking and hiking were evident on packed trails. Dog walking is also common in the area, and off-leash dogs were observed. The project would entail approximately 22 acres of surface impacts. Most of the development would occur around the WWTP in sagebrush shrubland community types. Sagebrush shrublands would be mowed and roots would be grubbed out to prevent resprouting. Some minor grading would occur to accommodate the placement of the racking which would hold the solar panels. More extensive grading would occur for access roads, and these roads would be graveled to provide year-round access. Areas seeing grading for the solar panels will be reseeded to minimize soil mobilization and for long-term site stabilization. 2.1 Soils The soils on this site are dominated by Empedrado loams, derived from regional alluvium. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Soils Map shows the area soil types, and the following soil units are within the proposed project area. None of these soil types are hydric, and none are considered Farmlands of Statewide Importance. 34 – Empedrado loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes: These soils consist of deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered mainly from rhyolite, andesite, and trachite, and in places, in alluvium and eolian material. Empedrado soils are on upland hills, toe slopes, benches, and alluvial fans, ranging in elevation from 6,200 to 9,300 feet. This soil is well drained and can be classified as prime farmland if irrigated. 36 – Empedrado loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes: Please see previous description Sagebrush shrublands with reclaimed settling ponds in background. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Reclamation Plan 4 87 – Morval-Tridell complex, 12 to 50 percent slopes: These loamy to stony sandy loams formed on alluvial fans and mesa side-slopes from reworked sandstone and basalt and/or colluvium derived from sandstone and basalt. 106 – Tridell-Browntso stony sandy loams, 12 to 50 percent slopes, extremely stony: These gravelly- sandy loams to very stony loams are derived from sandstone and/or colluvium derived from sandstone and/or alluvium derived from basalt and/or colluvium derived from basalt. They are well drained, and occur on sideslopes, treads, and on terraces. Bedrock immediately below the site is basalt formed by multiple flows during the Miocene Epoch. Bedrock of the Maroon, Eagle Valley, and Eagle Valley Evaporite Formations is below the basalt layer. The approximate location of a synclinal sag or subsidence trough is mapped through the central part of the site on general east-west alignment. Several sinkholes are mapped near the site. CTL did not observe surficial evidence of significant ground surface subsidence during our field investigation. Snow cover can mask these features. Subsurface conditions found in our exploratory borings generally consisted of about 4 inches of topsoil and 6 to 23 feet of sandy clay, underlain by silty gravel with cobbles and boulders. Groundwater was not found in our borings during drilling. According to the Garfield County Soil Hazard Profile Map, the subject parcel is not within any Moderate or Major Soil Hazard Areas. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Reclamation Plan 5 Figure 2. Soil Types CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Reclamation Plan 6 2.2 Vegetation The project area generally has three separate vegetation communities (and accordingly, three corresponding habitat types). The majority of the Property, including the area proposed for development, is dominated by sagebrush shrublands areas with gently sloping topography, located on alluvial/colluvial material which has been historically impacted by grubbing and seeding to promote cattle grazing opportunities. This 100-acre sagebrush shrubland meadow is completely surrounded by relative dense pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) and Utah juniper (Sabina osteosperma) woodlands. Previously disturbed areas, primarily around the WWTP, are dominated by seeded grasses and invasive weeds, primarily cheatgrass (Anisantha tectorum). Sagebrush Shrublands. The dominant vegetation type in the project area is sagebrush shrublands, dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata sbsp. bonnevillensis), with relatively dense understories dominated by crested wheatgrass, long-leaf phlox (Phlox longifolia), Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), Fendler’s bluegrass (Poa fendleriana), elk sedge (Carex geyeri), rock goldenrod (Petradoria pumila), and other forbs and grasses. These shrublands varied greatly in the density of sagebrush, likely because of mowing/grubbing which occurred approximately 30 years ago (according to aerial photo interpretation). The noxious weed cheatgrass (Anisantha tectorum) is common, and weedy adventitious species such as tumble mustard (Sisymbrium spp.) are also prevalent. In the spring, the introduced purple mustard (Chorispora tenella) and storkbill filaree (Erodium cicutarium) are also common. Introduced Grass Meadows. Primarily around the WWTP, vegetation is dominated by introduced grasses, including crested wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), and natives including western wheatgrass. The noxious weed cheatgrass is also very common, and there are patches of what appears to be plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides), and possibly musk thistle (Carduus nutans); these areas appeared to have been sprayed with herbicide, so accurate identification was challenging. Denser stands of sagebrush in project area. More patchy areas of sagebrush. Disturbed areas around WWTP. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Reclamation Plan 7 Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands. Surrounding the large meadow is a relatively dense, mature stand of pinyon pine pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) and Utah juniper (Sabina osteosperma). Understory vegetation varied, but in general, understory vegetation became less extensive in the denser patch of woodlands. Dominant species included rock goldenrod, elk sedge, brittle prickly pear (Opuntia fragilis), and Indian ricegrass. 2.2.1 Noxious Weeds The project area currently supports a number of noxious weeds, primarily cheatgrass, but there is also a large, 0.1-acre patch of plumeless thistle, and possibly musk thistle adjacent to the WWTP. It appears the thistles have been recently sprayed to control their spread. A noxious weed management plan has been prepared by the Applicant. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Reclamation Plan 8 Figure 3. Vegetation CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Reclamation Plan 9 2.3 Climate Data The nearest weather recording station relative to the project area is the NOAA Glenwood Springs #2 station (053359), which is approximately 5 miles to the northwest. The month with the greatest average precipitation is April and September, with 1.59 inches of precipitation; the other months see around 1.2 inches of precipitation on average. Average snowfall is 59.3 inches, with most of the snow occurring in January. The average maximum temperature of 88.5°F occurs in July, and the average minimum temperature of 36.9°F occurs in January (Western Regional Climate Center: http://www.wrcc.dri.edu). These climate data show that the project area occurs in a temperate and semi-arid location, and the reclamation plans presented in this document have been developed for maximum likelihood of successful revegetation in this challenging environment. 3.0 Proposed Reclamation Activities 3.1 Pre-Construction Weed Control Prior to soil disturbing activities, it is strongly advised that noxious weeds be treated. This will greatly help reduce the need for noxious weed treatments in the long-term. Use of herbicides following label requirements and applied by a Colorado Department of Agriculture-licensed application will occur. Treatment of cheatgrass could occur in the early spring, using Rejuvra. Biennial thistles should be treated in the spring or early summer months before they bolt and go to seed. Use of a mix of Picloram and Tordon is recommended to treat biennial thistles, but Tordon should not be used near pinyon or juniper trees. Use of Transline would also work on thistles as well. 3.2 Vegetation Removal Cleared vegetation should be stockpiled, shredded or broken up, and mixed with topsoil or used for reclamation. Material should be placed in a manner to help protect reclamation areas and provide micro- climate growing conditions, and help improve soil moisture, shading, and reduce wind scour. Excess cut vegetation should be removed to reduce visual impacts and fuel loading, as needed. 3.3 Erosion Control The project would be covered by a Stormwater Construction Permit, as there would be more than one acre of disturbance (please see Drainage and Erosion Control Plan; Weston and Sampson 2021). Standard erosion controls (Best Management Practices; BMP) such as straw wattles and silt fence will be utilized and maintained during the life of the reclamation efforts. Waterbars, slope breakers, erosion control blankets, fencing, mulch, straw bales, and rolls may also be used to manage soil erosion. Soil erosion control will be accomplished on steep areas (greater than 3:1). Per Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) requirements, the project will: • Re-construct and stabilize drainage features. • Re-construct drainage features to maintain the drainage pattern, profile, and dimension to approximate the natural features found in nearby naturally functioning basins. • There shall be no evidence of down cutting or aggradation in drainages adjacent to the reclaimed area as a result of the project. If possible, reclamation work and any associated soil stockpiling should be done in small enough areas to be completed prior to the next rain event. If soil stockpiles need to be left for an extended period or during rain events, erosion and/or sediment controls will be installed. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Reclamation Plan 10 Modifications to BMPs and erosion control measures would need to be updated in the Stormwater Management Plan (SWMP); these modifications would be updated with coordination through the operator to ensure compliance with the SWMP maintained through the reclamation process. 3.4 Soil Storage The salvaged topsoil shall be stored separately from subsoil or other excavated materials. Windrowing or stockpiling of topsoil and subsoil separately shall be implemented whenever topography allows. Topsoil must not be mixed or covered with subsoil material and should not be used as backfill. Dry drainages or washes that cross disturbed areas should not be blocked with topsoil or subsoil piles. Specifically, topsoil and subsoil should be placed outside of drainages. Gaps should be left at regular intervals in the windrowed or stockpiled topsoil to avoid ponding and diversion of natural runoff during storm events. 3.5 Soil Replacement After subgrade or grading work, backfilling and recontouring would occur. Subsoils should be graded to final topography, and then topsoil may be placed back on the surface. Any excess excavated materials or materials unfit for backfill should either be utilized elsewhere or shallowly mounded on large fill areas (to help avoid settling issues) and then covered with topsoil, as described below. Cut and fill slopes should be left very rough. Dirt should have large divots and soil humps being approximately 1-foot deep or tall. Recontouring to a rough texture helps trap broadcast seed and moisture and helps match the surrounding landscape. A minimum of 6-8 inches of topsoil would be replaced unless site conditions preclude this depth. Topsoil should also be left very rough. Soils should not be worked when wet to avoid mixing, loss of topsoil, and erosion issues. 3.6 Seeding 3.6.1 Temporary Seed Mix Final seeding is best done in the late fall; therefore, if construction occurs in the summer, it may be desirable to apply a temporary seed mix to the area to help minimize erosion and provide some site stabilization. Temporary seed mixes are relatively inexpensive, and the large seeds germinate quickly. Seeding can occur at a rate of around 20 lbs. per acre. Two recommended varieties include: • Annual rye (Lolium multiflorum) • Regreen (a wheat and wheatgrass cross) 3.6.2 Long-term/Permanent Seed Mixes Seeding should occur in the late fall to avoid seeds from germinating in the summer or fall, and then either desiccating or freezing. Drill seeding could be utilized on more level terrain, but broadcast seeding would likely be needed on steeper slopes or on areas with rocks or boulders. Drill seeding will be the preferred method where equipment access is feasible; seed would be placed in direct contact with the soil at an average depth of 0.5 inch. For drill seeding applications, small seeds shall be packaged separately to allow for separate application, unless drill seeder has segregated bins. Small seeds should be planted no deeper than 0.25 inch or should be broadcast. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Reclamation Plan 11 Broadcast seeding would be employed in areas where drill seeding is not possible (such as rocky areas). Seed would be uniformly applied over the disturbed areas with manually operated cyclone-bucket spreaders or mechanical spreaders. Broadcast seeding rates should be approximately 120 pure live seeds (PLS) per square foot if broadcasted. For pasturelands, typical irrigated (or dryland) cultivar mixes would be appropriate, seeded at rates of approximately 15 lbs/acre. The following seed mixes are relatively “simple” mixes, additional native species may be added. Table 1. Pinyon-Juniper/Sagebrush Seed Mix Common Name Scientific Name Variety PLS lbs/acre Shrubs Fourwing saltbush Atriplex canescens VNS 1 Sagebrush Artemisia tridentata Collect from site See below Grasses Indian ricegrass Acnatherum hymenoides VNS 3 Bottlebrush squirreltail Elymus elymoides State Bridge, Little Sahara 3 Western wheatgrass Pasopyrum smithii UP Colorado, Rosana 5 Muttongrass Poa fendleriana UP Ruin Canyon, NVS 1 Forbs Arrowleaf balsamroot Balsamorhiza sagittate NA Rock goldenrod Petradoria pumila NA Scarlet globemallow Sphaeralcea coccinea NA Sulphur flower Eriogonum umbellatum NA Note: forbs should be approximately 10% of mix, as available. Table 2. Solar Facility Seed Mix Common Name Scientific Name Variety PLS lbs/acre Grasses Indian ricegrass Acnatherum hymenoides VNS 3 Bottlebrush squirreltail Elymus elymoides State Bridge, Little Sahara 3 Western wheatgrass Pasopyrum smithii UP Colorado, Rosana 3 Muttongrass Poa fendleriana UP Ruin Canyon, NVS 1 Sandberg bluegrass Poa sandbergii, Poa secunda UP Colorado, VNS 1 Forbs Arrowleaf balsamroot Balsamorhiza sagittate NA Rock goldenrod Petradoria pumila NA Scarlet globemallow Sphaeralcea coccinea NA Sulphur flower Eriogonum umbellatum NA Note: forbs should be approximately 10% of mix, as available. These species are low-statured and should be compatible with solar facility operations. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Reclamation Plan 12 3.6.3 Sagebrush Seeding Recently, local Bureau of Land Management (BLM) offices have been recommending the local collection of seeds from sagebrush plants, and hand broadcasting during a late fall seeding. Based on our experience, this method is very effective, and relatively easy. CMC students could carry out these activities with minimal guidance or supervision. Ripe sagebrush seed is stripped by hand from remaining sagebrush plants. The seed is stripped immediately into bags in late October and is then scattered over target reclamation areas. Collection efforts should be concentrated on individual plants that had large numbers of fertilized, mature seed. Plants that were not mature or had already dropped seed can be avoided. Seed fertility and abundance was verified in the field visually, or by examining the endosperm with hand lens and tweezers in uncertain cases. Collected seed can be gathered in pouches/bags and immediately applied by hand-broadcasting. Patchy snow depths less than two inches is acceptable, but consistent snow coverage is not ideal. This method is recommended for use at this facility; purchasing of other sagebrush seed to conduct reclamation in the PUD may not produce desirable results, given the site-specific soil conditions. 3.7 Mulching In steeper areas and on south facing slopes, we recommend the use of mulching to maximize moisture retention, reduce wind and water erosion, and improve the chances for revegetation success. Hydromulch should be applied after seeding has occurred; sometimes seed can also be mixed in with the hydromulch, but not more than 10% of the seed. Hydromulch should be applied evenly on steeper slope areas, at a rate of 3,000 to 3,500 lbs/acre. Attached to this document is a specification sheet for EcoMatrix, available from Triton Environmental in Grand Junction. Erosion control blankets (ECB) may also be used for steeper slopes. ECBs should not have plastic mesh netting, even if it is claimed that they are “biodegradable”. Use ECBs with cotton string netting to prevent wildlife entrainment. Utilization of ECB best management practice installation specification sheets should be utilized, per the Stormwater Management Plan. 3.8 Touch Up Seeding/Monitoring Given that the project area has some steep slopes and poor soils, and the area can also experience droughts, the operator should monitor the reclamation area for erosion issues, patches where seed failed to germinate, and other issues. While using native seed mixes provide the best chance for long term site reclamation, native seeding projects often take two to three years before good establishment is realized. During that time, if there are areas where there is no obvious seed germination, additional “spot seeding” should be considered in the fall. 3.1 Noxious Weeds A Weed Management Plan has been prepared for this project; please see that report for detailed information on noxious weeds. Prepared for: Ameresco HCE Solar LLC c/o Ameresco, Inc. 3095 South Parker Road, #200 Aurora, CO 80014 February 12, 2021 Prepared by: SGM 118 West 6th St., Suite 200 Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 970-384-9017 Weed Management Plan CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Garfield County, Colorado Table of Contents 1.0 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 Description of Survey Area ................................................................................................................. 1 3.0 Results of Surveys ............................................................................................................................... 4 4.0 Noxious Weed Management RecoMmendations .............................................................................. 6 List of Tables Table 1 – Noxious Weeds Present on Property ............................................................................................ 1 List of Figures Figure 1 – Project Area Overview ................................................................................................................. 3 Figure 2 – Noxious Weed Occurrences ......................................................................................................... 5 Appendix Appendix A – Colorado Listed Noxious Weeds ..................................................................................... 7 Appendix B – Garfield County Listed Noxious Weeds ........................................................................... 8 Appendix C – Garfield County Noxious Weed Management Plan .......................................................... 9 CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Weed Management Plan 1 1.0 SUMMARY This Weed Management Plan was prepared at the request of Ameresco HCE Solar LLC to meet the requirements for a Land Use Change application, in Garfield County. Ameresco HCE Solar LLC (the “Applicant”) is seeking a Land Use Change Permit to develop the CMC Spring Valley Solar PV project (“Project”), an approximately 22-acre solar energy facility on a 151.69-acre parcel, in eastern Garfield County, Colorado. The parcel is located off of Spring Valley Road (County Road 114), just south of the Colorado Mountain College (CMC) Spring Valley campus. The Project would be located on one parcel, currently owned by CMC. This parcel currently supports the Spring Valley Sanitation wastewater treatment plan (WWTP), and there are a few CMC-managed trails on the parcel, used by students at the Spring Valley Campus. (Figure 1). SGM was retained by Ameresco HCE Solar LLC to conduct a noxious weed survey to fulfill requirements of Garfield County’s LUDC and Vegetation Management department. A field survey documenting and mapping noxious weeds was conducted on November 20th, 2020, by Rachel Kattnig, SGM Environmental Consultant II. Both Garfield County’s noxious weed list and the State of Colorado’s noxious weed list were utilized for survey efforts (Appendix A and B). To summarize, surveys found the following State and Garfield County listed noxious weeds; given the time of year, other noxious weeds may be present in the project area. Table 1 – Noxious Weeds Present on Property Noxious Weeds Common Name Scientific Name Colorado Listed Species Garfield County Listed Species Cheatgrass Anisantha (Bromus) tectorum Yes (List C) - Plumeless thistle/ musk thistle Onopordum acanthium/ Carduus natans Yes (List B) Yes 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF SURVEY AREA The project area generally has three separate vegetation communities. The majority of the Property, including the area proposed for development, is dominated by sagebrush shrublands with gently sloping topography, located on alluvial/colluvial material which has been historically impacted by mowing and seeding to promote cattle grazing opportunities. This 100-acre sagebrush shrubland meadow is surrounded by relative dense pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) and Utah juniper (Sabina osteosperma) woodlands. Previously disturbed areas, primarily around the WWTP, are dominated by seeded grasses and invasive weeds, primarily cheatgrass (Anisantha tectorum). CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Weed Management Plan 2 Typical conditions in stands of sagebrush in project area. Typical conditions in disturbed areas around WWTP. Typical conditions along various two track access roads. Disturbed areas around WWTP. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Weed Management Plan 3 Figure 1 – Project Area Overview CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Weed Management Plan 4 3.0 RESULTS OF SURVEYS Only two noxious weeds were detected, primarily cheatgrass, but there is also a large, approximately 0.1- acre patch of plumeless thistle, and possibly musk thistle, adjacent to the WWTP. Cheatgrass occurs throughout the project area at low densities consistent with background concentrations surrounding the site, with higher concentrations (10%-45%) occurring along existing two track roads, around the WWTP reclaimed settling ponds, and the CMC trail loop system. The patch of plumeless/musk thistle occurs at a high concentration (70%), and appears to have been recently treated with herbicide, likely by the Spring Valley Sanitation District. Other occurrences of thistles were not observed. Figure 2 shows the areas of noxious weed infestations and relative densities. Other ruderal species and noxious weeds, such as, redstem filaree (Erodium cicutarium) or field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) may be present but were not observed during the November site visit. Appendix D is a photo log documenting the noxious weed presence and densities throughout the project area. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Weed Management Plan 5 Figure 2 – Noxious Weed Occurrences CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Weed Management Plan 6 4.0 NOXIOUS WEED MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS To meet the requirements of the Colorado Noxious Weed Act and Garfield County guidance (Appendix C), the developer shall conduct prescribed management techniques for noxious weeds included on one of three State weed lists: List A – designated for statewide eradication; List B – managed to prevent further spread and, for selected species, designated for eradication in large areas; and List C – of more localized concern, but for which the State will provide education, research, and biological control assistance to jurisdictions that choose to manage the species. The current State list is available in Appendix A. If populations of List A species are present in the project area, every population shall be eradicated prior to seed development. To stop the spread of List B species, populations of every species designated for eradication in a particular county shall be eliminated prior to seed development. Additionally, to meet reclamation objectives, the operator should eliminate or minimize those noxious and invasive weeds designated as “undesirable species”. Undesirable species include redstem filaree, all List C species (e.g., cheatgrass and field bindweed), and invasive species that commonly colonize disturbed or reclaimed land and impede or prevent establishment of desirable species (e.g., kochia [Kochia sieversiana, K. iranica, K. scoparia] and Russian thistle [Salsola australis, S. iberica, S. kali]). Control of invasive species is a difficult task and requires on-going control measures. Care must be taken to avoid negatively impacting desirable plant communities and inviting infestation by other pioneer invaders. Weed management is best achieved by employing aggressive control early on, and persistent control efforts over several growing seasons, including direct treatments, prevention through best management practices, monitoring of treatment efficacy, and subsequent detection efforts. Weed management is often limited to controlling existing infestations and prevention of further infestations, rather than eradication, but through effective weed management practices and eradication can be possible in small to medium sized weed populations. The following methods are recommended to manage noxious weeds, per Colorado State University’s Extension program and the current Garfield County Vegetation Management Program and the Garfield County Noxious Weed Management Plan. Preventive: The first and the most important step in a weed control program and probably the most cost-effective method of weed control is prevention. Methods include maintaining healthy native vegetation, using weed-free seed mulch and erosion control, and clean harvesting and tillage equipment, as well as the elimination of weed infestations in areas bordering the site. Cultural: Methods include: Establishing and managing an adequate population of desirable vegetation to compete with the weeds; utilizing dense seeding, fertilization, mulching; burning; and even plastic weed barriers. Mechanical: Methods include: Hand-pull, hoe, mow and tillage. Biological: Biological weed control involves the utilization of natural enemies for the control of specific weed species. This method can take many years to result in weed control and is often not 100% effective. However, this method can dramatically help reduce weed densities and when combined with other methods can be very beneficial. Methods include grazing, introduction of registered insects or diseases. Contact the Palisade Insectary for more information. Herbicide: Herbicide treatments are most effective when applied at specific growth times of the weed and are recognized as the only method of control for some species of noxious weeds. Specific chemical recommendations and guidelines are available from the Garfield County Vegetation Management Department. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Weed Management Plan 7 APPENDIX A – COLORADO LISTED NOXIOUS WEEDS Colorado Noxious Weeds (including Watch List), effective June, 2020 List A Species (25) Common Scientific African rue (Peganum harmala) Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia x bohemicum) Camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) Common crupina (Crupina vulgaris) Cypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) Dyer's woad (Isatis tinctoria) Elongated mustard (Brassica elongata) Flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus) Giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis) Giant reed (Arundo donax) Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) Hairy willow-herb (Epilobium hirsutum) Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) Meadow knapweed (Centaurea x moncktonii) Mediterranean sage (Salvia aethiopis) Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) Myrtle spurge (Euphorbia myrsinites) Orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum) Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) Squarrose knapweed (Centaurea virgata) Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) List B Species (38) Common Scientific Absinth wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) Black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) Bouncingbet (Saponaria officinalis) Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) Chinese clematis (Clematis orientalis) Common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) Common teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) Cutleaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) Dalmatian toadflax, broad-leaved (Linaria dalmatica) Dalmatian toadflax, narrow-leaved (Linaria genistifolia) Dame's rocket (Hesperis matronalis) Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) Hoary cress (Cardaria draba) Houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale) Colorado Noxious Weeds (including Watch List), effective June, 2020 List B Species Continued (38) Common Scientific Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) Mayweed chamomile (Anthemis cotula) Moth mullein (Verbascum blattaria) Musk thistle (Carduus nutans) Oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) Perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) Plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides) Russian knapweed (Rhaponticum repens) Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) Salt cedar (Tamarix. ramosissima) Salt cedar (T. chinensis) Scentless chamomile (Tripleurospermum inodorum) Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium) Scotch thistle (O. tauricum) Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe L. ssp. micranthos) Spotted x diffuse knapweed hybrid (Centaurea x psammogena) Sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta) Wild caraway (Carum carvi) Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) Yellow x Dalmatian toadflax hybrid (Linaria vulgaris x L. dalmatica) List C Species (16) Common Scientific Bulbous bluegrass (Poa bulbosa) Chicory (Cichorium intybus) Common burdock (Arctium minus) Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus) Common St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum) Downy brome, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus) Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis) Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) Quackgrass (Elymus repens) Redstem filaree (Erodium cicutarium) Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Wild proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) Colorado Noxious Weeds (including Watch List), effective June, 2020 Watch List Species (19) Common Scientific Baby's breath (Gypsophila paniculata) Caucasian bluestem (Bothriochloa bladhii) Common bugloss (Anchusa officinalis) Common reed (Phragmites australis) Garden loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) Hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana L.) Meadow hawkweed (Hieracium caespitosum) Onionweed (Asphodelus fistulosus) Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) Swainsonpea (Sphaerophysa salsula) Syrian beancaper (Zygophyllum fabago) Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) Ventenata grass (Ventenata dubia) White bryony (Bryonia alba) Yellow bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum) Yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus) CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Weed Management Plan 8 APPENDIX B – GARFIELD COUNTY LISTED NOXIOUS WEEDS Garfield County Listed Species (40) Common Scientific Absinth wormwood (Artemesia absinthium) Black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) Bouncingbet (Saponaria officinalis) Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) Chicory (Cichorium intybus) Chinese clematis (Clematis orientalis) Common burdock (Arctium minus) Common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) Common teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) Corn chamomile (Anthemis arvensis) Curly dock (Rumex crispus) Cutleaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) Cypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) Dame’s rocket (Hesperis matronalis) Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) Hoary cress (Cardaria draba) Houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale) Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) Mayweed chamomile (Anthemis cotula) Meadow knapweed (Centaurea pratensis) Mediterranean sage (Salvia aethiopsis) Musk thistle (Carduus nutans) Myrtle spurge (Euphorbia myrsinites) Oxeye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucantheum) Perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) Plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides) Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens) Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) Salt cedar (Tamarix parviflora, Tamarix ramosissima) Scentless chamomile (Tripleurospermum perforatum) Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium) Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) Sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta) Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitalis) Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Weed Management Plan 9 APPENDIX C – GARFIELD COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED MANAGEMENT PLAN     GARFIELD COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED MANAGEMENT PLAN       Adopted by Board of County Commissioners February 16, 2016                                                      Prepared by Garfield County Vegetation Management and the Garfield County Weed Advisory Board i GARFIELD COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED MANAGEMENT PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION I: Introduction 1.01 Executive Summary ....................................................................... 1 1.02 Purpose of the Plan ..........................................................................1 1.03 Enactment Authority ........................................................................2 1.04 Garfield County Noxious Weed List ...............................................2 SECTION II: General Information 2.01 Definitions........................................................................................6 2.02 Importation and Cultivation of County and State-Listed Noxious Weeds.............................................................................................11 2.03 Integrated Management – Treatment Methods ..............................11 2.04 Cost Share Program .......................................................................14 2.05 Description of Designated Noxious Weeds ...................................15 2.06 Identification of Native and Noxious Thistles ...............................43 SECTION III: Jurisdictional Overview of Areas of Infestation 3.01 Overview ........................................................................................45 3.02 County Land...................................................................................45 3.03 State Land ......................................................................................45 3.04 Federal Land ..................................................................................46 3.05 Municipalities ................................................................................47 3.06 Unincorporated Battlement Mesa ..................................................48 3.07 Railroad..........................................................................................49 SECTION IV: Implementation of Weed Management Plan 4.01 Objectives and Goals .....................................................................50 4.02 Prevention and Detection ...............................................................51 4.03 Garfield County Gravel Purchase Guidelines ................................52 4.04 Education and Awareness ..............................................................52 4.05 Land Stewardship...........................................................................53 4.06 Revegetation .................................................................................53 4.07 Requirements (Revegetation Plan, Soil Plan & Security) .............54 4.08 Reclamation Standards...................................................................55 4.09 Mapping and Inventory..................................................................57 ii SECTION V: Enforcement 5.01 Compliance: Private Lands ............................................................58 5.02 Compliance: Public Lands .............................................................62 5.03 County Rights-of-Way...................................................................65 SECTION VI: Plan Evaluation 6.01 Plan Evaluation ..............................................................................66 APPENDIX A: Noxious Weed Fact Sheets 1 SECTION I INTRODUCTION 1.01 Executive Summary A. The health of our environment is a high priority for residents of Garfield County. The health and productivity of natural plant communities and agricultural lands is threatened by the introduction of numerous invasive alien plants. Without an effective integrated weed management plan these aggressive plants will continue to infest and degrade the lands we value so highly. B. Rapid expansion of noxious weeds is an obstacle to maintaining healthy ecosystems and restoring disturbed native plant communities and habitats. Because noxious weeds tend to be highly invasive and harmful to native vegetation, they can quickly dominate many sites and often cause permanent damage to plant communities. Estimates indicate that 100 million acres of private, state, and federal land are infested with noxious weeds in just 11 western states. This is occurring in both disturbed and relatively undisturbed areas. C. The intent of the Colorado Noxious Weed Act and the goal of the Garfield County Weed Advisory Board is to curb the degradation of our valued environment by implementing an Integrated Weed Management Plan designed to stop the spread of noxious weeds. D. Management of weeds may seem overwhelming, but through developing partnerships at all levels – local, regional and national – we hope to achieve our weed management goals. The challenge for all involved is to develop management systems, support and direction for the prevention of the spread of weeds before the situation becomes even more serious and economically unfeasible. 1.02 Purpose of the Plan A. The purpose of the Plan is to provide guidelines for managing designated noxious weeds which represent a threat to the continued economic, environmental and agricultural value of lands in Garfield County. This plan provides for the implementation of the Colorado Noxious Weed Act by detailing integrated management options for designated noxious weeds. Options include education, preventive measures, good stewardship, and control techniques. B. The intent is to incorporate those options that are the least environmentally damaging and are practical, timely and economically feasible. It is the responsibility of all landowners to use integrated methods to manage noxious weeds, and the responsibility of local governing bodies to ensure that these plants are managed on public and private lands. 2 1.03 Enactment Authority A. The Colorado Weed Management Act (C.R.S. 35-5.5-101) was signed into state law in 1990 and last amended in 2014. Now known as the Colorado Noxious Weed Act, it states that noxious weeds pose a threat to the natural resources of Colorado. B. This plan is designed in accordance with the statutory provisions of the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. The Act directs the Board of County Commissioners (BOCC) of each county to adopt a Noxious Weed Management Plan for all unincorporated land within its jurisdiction. C. Municipalities shall adopt a weed management plan for all lands within their boundaries. The county and municipalities may cooperate, through an intergovernmental agreement, for the powers and authorities of the act. D. The Act directs the Board of County Commissioners to appoint a Weed Advisory Board, whose power and duties are: 1. Develop a noxious weed list. 2. Develop a Weed Management Plan for managing designated noxious weeds. 3. Declare noxious weeds and any state noxious weeds designated by rule to be subject to integrated management. 4. Recommend to the Board of County Commissioners that identified landowners be required to submit an integrated weed management plan for managing designated noxious weeds on their properties. 1.04 Colorado and Garfield County Noxious Weed Lists The Colorado Department of Agriculture’s Noxious Weed Program has three noxious weed lists: A, B and C, plus a Watch List. A. Species are assigned to one of three State weed lists through the rule-making authority of the Department of Agriculture. The Commissioner of the Department of Agriculture uses a mandatory administrative process to create the lists, subject to the public notice and publication requirements of the State Administrative Procedure Act. B. The Colorado Noxious Weed Act requires the Commissioner to review and revise the lists at least once every 3 years, using this public process. Updated State weed lists and notices of departmental rule-making are available electronically through the State of Colorado’s websites: www.state.co.us; www.ag.state.co.us and www.sos.state.co.us and through the Office of the Garfield County Vegetation Manager. C. State A, B and C Lists. The Colorado Department of Agriculture has determined that “an organized and coordinated effort must be made to stop the spread of noxious weeds.” (C.R.S. 35-5.5-102). The rules designate and classify noxious weeds into four categories: 3 1. The State’s A list is made up of rare noxious weed species that are subject to eradication, as a matter of law, wherever they are detected in the State, including Garfield County. 2. The B list includes species that have differing distributions throughout the State. Specified populations of B list species are subject to eradication, containment, or suppression in identified areas of the state, including portions of Garfield County. 3. The State’s C list includes weed species that are widespread and well-established, for which the State recommends but does not require control, although Garfield County’s Weed Management Plan may require control. 4. The Watch List was established in 2011 and is non-regulatory and advisory only. It is designed to increase awareness of new invasive species to the State. D. Garfield County follows the dictates of the State’s rules as to which species on the A and B lists must be eradicated, contained or suppressed and manages those species and the species on its own locally-designated list in accordance with the Weed Management Plan contained in the following Sections II-V and the State Department of Agriculture’s administrative rules. 1. The County’s management plan for species on the State’s lists is subject to review every 3 years. 2. The Board of County Commissioners may also adopt a revised Weed Management Plan that includes designated noxious weeds not previously included on any list. E. In addition to the weeds designated on the State’s A, B and C lists, the BOCC has the authority to declare plants as noxious weeds if the plant meets one or more statutorily defined criteria (C.R.S. 35-5.5-104 (16), 35-5.5-107, and 35-5.5-108 (3)). 1. The BOCC can also declare those weed species and the weeds on the State’s weed lists to be subject to integrated management within unincorporated Garfield County. 2. The County list is subject to change as the State amends the A, B and C lists and as the BOCC declares species not included on the State’s list as noxious. F. Garfield County Noxious Weed List as recommended by the Garfield County Weed Advisory Board on February 24, 2014, with Colorado designations listed as A, B or C or NL (Not Listed by the State). The list is current as of adoption of this regulation by the BOCC. Common Name Absinth wormwood Scientific Name Artemisia absinthium Colorado Weed List B Black henbane Hyoscyamus niger B Bouncing Bet Saponaria officinalis B Bull thistle Cirsium vulgare B Canada thistle Cirsium arvense B 4 Chicory Cichorium intybus C Chinese clematis Clematis orientalis B Common burdock Arctium minus C Common tansy Tanacetum vulgare B Common teasel Dipsacus fullonum B Corn chamomile Anthemis arvensis B Curl y dock Rumex crispus NL Cutleaf teasel Dipsacus laciniatus B Cypress spurge Euphorbia cyparissias A Dalmatian toadflax Linaria dalmatica B Dame’s rocket Hesperis matronalis B Diffuse knapweed Centaurea diffusa B Hoar y cress Cardaria draba B Houndstongue Cynoglossum officinale B Jointed goat grass Aegilops cylindrica B Leaf y spurge Euphorbia esula B Mayweed chamomile Anthemis cotula B Meadow knapweed Centaurea nigrescens A Mediterranean sage Salvia aethiopsis A Musk thistle Carduus nutans B Myrtle spurge Euphorbia myrsinites A Oxeye dais y Leucanthemum vulgare B Perennial pepperweed Lepidium latifolium B Plumeless thistle Carduus acanthoides B Poison hemlock Conium maculatum C Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria A Russian knapweed Acroptilon repens B Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia B Salt cedar Tamarix parviflora B Salt cedar Tamarix ramosissima B Scentless chamomile Tripleurospernum perforata B Scotch thistle Onopordum acanthium B Spotted knapweed Centaurea stoebe B Sulfur cinquefoil Potentilla recta B Yellow starthistle Centaurea solstitialis A Yellow toadflax Linaria vulgaris B G. The BOCC has the statutory authority to adopt standards that are more stringent than those set by the State Commissioner of Agriculture. 5 1. The Weed Advisory Board will request such action of the BOCC if and when a species presents a local threat which requires such action. 2. The BOCC also has the authority to apply to the State Commissioner of Agriculture for a Waiver of Compliance if and when the State Department of Agriculture’s mandate that a species be eradicated in a portion of or all of Garfield County is deemed unfeasible. 3. If the Commissioner of Agriculture, in consultation with the BOCC, determines that the most cost-effective manner to eradicate designated noxious weeds is for the state to implement an eradication program, the Commissioner may implement such a program through the Department of Agriculture (C.R.S. 35-5.5- 108.5(3)(d)). 6 SECTION II GENERAL INFORMATION 2.01 Definitions Act: The Colorado Noxious Weed Act, Title 35 C.R.S., Article 5.5, as amended. Adjacent: Having a common boundary that meets or touches at some point. Aggressive: Fast growing, tending to spread quickly. Agriculture: Uses involving the cultivation of land, production of crops, and/or the keeping of livestock and the preparation of these products for man’s use and disposal. Alien Plant: A plant species that is not indigenous to the State of Colorado. Annual: A plant that lasts one growing season, completing its life cycle from seed to seed in one year. Biennial: A plant that lives in 2 calendar years. The first year is usually a vegetative form, such as a rosette of leaves. The second year the plant grows a flowering shoot, sets seeds and dies. Biological Control: The deliberate introduction of living agents such as insects, vertebrate predators, grazing animals and plant diseases to reduce a noxious weed population. Biological Management: The use of organisms to disrupt the growth of noxious weeds. Bolt: To flower or produce seeds prematurely or develop a flowering stem from a rosette. Bract: A reduced or modified leaf often surrounding the base of a flower. Browse: Tender shoots, twigs and leaves of trees and shrubs fit for food for wildlife. Chemical Management: The use of agents or plant growth regulators to disrupt or inhibit the growth of noxious weeds. Commissioners: The Garfield County Board of Commissioners. 7 Containment: “…maintaining an intensively managed buffer zone that separates infested regions, where suppression activities prevail, from largely uninfested regions, where eradication activities prevail.” (C.R.S. 35-5.5-103(11.7)(b)). County: The unincorporated areas of Garfield County. Cultural Management: Methods or management practices which favor the growth of desirable plants over noxious weeds, including maintaining optimum fertility and plant moisture status in an area, planting at optimum density and spatial arrangement in an area, and planting species most suited to a particular area. Designated Noxious Weed: A non-native, invasive plant or plant parts that are identified as a threat to native plant communities and included on the Garfield County Noxious Weed List. Desirable Plants: Plants considered to be advantageous and beneficial to the environmental viability of the County. Elimination: Removing and destroying live plants of List A or List B species designated for eradication and preventing seed production until the seed source is depleted; considered the first step in the eradication process. Eradication: “…reducing the reproductive success of a noxious weed species or specified noxious weed population in largely uninfested regions to zero and permanentl y eliminating the species or population within a specified period of time. Once all specified weed populations are eliminated or prevented from reproducing, intensive efforts continue until the seed bank is exhausted.” (C.R.S. 35-5.5-103(11.7)(a)). Escaped Ornamental: A plant originally intended for horticultural or landscape planting that has escaped its intended boundaries. Exotic Plant: A plant that is not a regular member of the native or natural community in which it is found. Forb: A broad-leafed, non-woody plant other than grass that dies back to the ground after each growing season. Forage: Food for animals, especially when taken by browsing or grazing. 8 Garfield County Weed Advisory Board: A group of individuals appointed by the BOCC to advise on matters of management of noxious weeds. Herbaceous: Applies to plants of soft texture whose stems die back to the ground after each growing season; green and leaf-like, not woody. Infestation: Growth of an undesirable plant which has become harmful or bothersome. There are 3 types of infestation: 1. Heavy: Dense; 25-100% canopy cover. 2. Moderate: Widely scattered plants; 5-25% canopy cover. 3. Light: Occasional plant per acre; less than 5% canopy cover. Insectary: The Colorado Department of Agriculture Biological Pest Control Division operates the Palisade Insectary, which imports, rears, establishes and colonizes new beneficial organisms for control of specific plant and insect pests. Integrated Management: The planning and implementation of a coordinated program utilizing a variety of methods for managing noxious weeds, in order to achieve desirable plant communities. Such methods may include but are not limited to education, preventive measures, good stewardship and biological, cultural, herbicide and mechanical management. Invasive: Aggressive, capable of invading a plant community and creating a monoculture. Invasive Ornamental: A plant originally intended for horticultural or landscape planting that has escaped its intended boundaries and is capable of invading a plant community and creating a monoculture. Landowner: Any owner of record of state, municipal or private property including an owner of any easement, right-of-way, or estate within the county. List A Species: “…rare noxious weed species with discrete statewide distributions that are subject to eradication wherever detected statewide in order to protect neighboring lands and the state as a whole.” (C.R.S. 35-5.5-108(2)(a)(I)). List B Species: “…noxious weed species with discrete statewide distribution that are subject to eradication, containment or suppression in portions of the state designated b y the commissioner in order to stop the continued spread of these species.” (C.R.S. 35-5.5- 108(2)(a)(II)). 9 List C Species: “…widespread and well-established noxious weed species for which control is recommended but not required by the state, although local governing bodies may require management.” (C.R.S. 35-5.5-108(2)(a)(III)). Lobe: A division or segment of a leaf or other plant part, especially a rounded one. Local Noxious Weed: Any plant of local importance which has been declared an invasive or undesirable plant by the Garfield County Board of County Commissioners. Management: Any activity that presents a plant from establishing, reproducing or dispersing itself. Management Plan: A plan developed by the Garfield County Weed Advisory Board and implemented by the BOCC in order to control the spread of noxious weeds. Mechanical Management: Methods or management practices that physically disrupt plant growth, including tilling, mowing, burning, flooding, mulching, hand-pulling, shoveling, hoeing and chopping. Monoculture: A single homogeneous crop without diversity. Native Plant: A plant species that is indigenous to a particular locale. Noxious Weed: An alien plant or parts of an alien plant that has been designated as being invasive and undesirable and has been declared a noxious weed by the Garfield County Weed Advisory Board and meets one or more of the following criteria: 1. Aggressively invades or is physically destructive to economic crops or native plant communities. 2. Detrimental directly or indirectly to the environmentally sound management of natural or agricultural ecosystems. 3. Poisonous to livestock. 4. Carrier of detrimental insects, diseases or parasites. Noxious Weed Management: The planning and implementation of an integrated program to manage undesirable or problematic plant species. Ornamental: A decorative, aggressive, non-native plant often sold through nurseries, seed catalogues, or spread through seed collection. A threat to native plant species because it has no natural predators and thus competes against the plants of the natural ecosystem. 10 Perennial: A plant that grows for 3 years or more; usually flowers and produces fruit each year. The above-ground part of the plant may die, but new growth comes from the roots or crown each spring. Petiole: A slender stem that supports the blade of a foliage leaf. Rhizome: An elongated subterranean plant stem that produces shoots above and roots below, and is distinguished from a true root by possessing buds, nodes and scale-like leaves. Rosette: A cluster of closely-crowded leaves in a compact circle, usually at ground level. State Noxious Weed: Any weed identified by the Colorado Commissioner of Agriculture by rule after notifying and consulting with the State Noxious Weed Advisory Committee. Subject Lands: All public and private lands within unincorporated Garfield County with the exception of: 1. Any municipal property owned or leased to an incorporated municipality. 2. Any land managed or administered by a federal agency. Suppression: “…reducing the vigor of noxious weed populations within an infested region, decreasing the propensity of noxious weeds species to spread to surrounding lands, and mitigating the negative effects of noxious weed populations on infested lands.” (C.R.S. 35-5.5-103(11.7)(c)). Surfactant: A compound that improves the emulsifying, dispersing, spreading, wetting or other surface modifying properties of liquids. Watch List: The State Watch List, which is advisory and for educational purposes, includes plant species that have been determined to pose a potential threat to the agricultural productivity and environmental values of the lands of the state. Weed Inspector: The agent or employee appointed to conduct the duties and functions as defined under this Plan. Weed Office: The office of the Weed Inspector, or Vegetation Manager, out of which all noxious weed administration and enforcement activities are conducted. 11 Wildflower: The flower of a wild or uncultivated plant or the plant bearing it. Xeriscape: Landscaping with water conservation as a major objective. 2.02 Importation and Cultivation of County and State Listed Noxious Weeds. Persons are prohibited from importing seeds, propagating plant parts or live plants and cultivating Garfield County and State of Colorado listed weed species within Garfield County except as provided for in C.R.S. 35-5.5-104.5(a). All listed species are non- native and problematic in Garfield County and the State of Colorado. A. Threat of Escaped Ornamentals. Most plants used for landscaping purposes cannot proliferate outside the cultivated environment of the home garden. Certain exotic plants and seeds were imported to the United States for their aggressive growth habits, xeriscape potential or re-seeding capabilities. 1. The escaped ornamentals include bouncing bet, chicory, cypress spurge, the chamomiles, Dalmatian toadflax, dame’s rocket, myrtle spurge, oxeye daisy, purple loosestrife, Russian olive, yellow toadflax. The very traits that make these plants desirable for a garden or landscape may also enable them to thrive outside cultivated areas and become fierce competitors with native vegetation. 2. Because they exist here without the presence of any natural predators, these plants have the ability to spread extensively and pose a severe threat to the delicate balance of our native ecosystems. B. Since various invasive ornamental plants are attractive and establish themselves quickly, they are popular with landscapers and gardeners and may be purchased through certain nurseries in Colorado, in seed catalogues and on the Internet. 1. It is imperative to educate landscape architects, gardeners and nursery growers about the need to eliminate such plants from their landscape plans. Otherwise these plants will inevitably escape from the cultivated garden and jeopardize natural wildflower and plant communities. 2. Native grasses and forbs, as well as agricultural plantings, cannot compete with invasive ornamental plants for nutrients, sunlight and water. As a result, biologically diverse mountain meadows, grasslands, wetlands and agricultural lands are in danger of being overrun by non-native invasive ornamental plants. 2.03 Integrated Weed Management – Treatment Methods An integrated approach to noxious weed management is important because no single technique will be effective. A. Prevention should always be practiced and is effective on all species of weeds. It is accomplished through good land stewardship, planting weed-free seed, avoiding planting invasive weed species, using weed-free seed mulch and erosion control, using clean equipment and taking legal measures such as quarantines and weed laws. 12 1. Cultural management includes methods or management practices which favor the growth of desirable plants over noxious weeds, including maintaining optimum fertility and plant moisture status in an area, planting at optimum density and spatial arrangement in an area, and planting species most suited to a particular area. Techniques include dense seeding, fertilization, mulching, careful irrigation practices, sensible grazing regimes and improved land management practices. 2. Mechanical management methods or practices that physically disrupt plant growth and include tilling, mowing, burning, flooding, mulching, hand-pulling, shoveling, hoeing and chopping. Mechanical methods are most effective for annual and biennial weeds and less effective for perennials. Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before moving to uninfested areas to prevent the spread of weeds. 3. Biological management involves the use of organisms such as insects and animals to disrupt the growth of noxious weeds. It rarely provides 100% control and must be incorporated with other methods for successful management. Insect species developed to mitigate specific noxious plants are available to the public free of charge from the Colorado Department of Agriculture Conservation Services Division, Biological Control Program, 750 37.8 Rd., Palisade, CO 81526; 866- 324-2963 or 970-464-7916. 4. Herbicide application. It is extremely important to treat small infestation of certain weeds (List A and B species to be eradicated) as soon as possible. Herbicides are most effective when sprayed at specific stages during the life cycle of the weed. To ensure that small infestations of noxious weeds are controlled or eradicated effectively, it is extremely important to take immediate action on certain weed patches. B. The optimum method or methods for weed management will vary depending on a number of site-specific variables: 1. Factors to be considered should include soil type and stability, grade, associated vegetation, existing and proposed land use, proximity to water, availability of irrigation water, weed type and stage of growth and severity of infestation. 2. The management method selected should be the least environmentally damaging, yet practical and reasonable in achieving the desired results. 3. When considering weed management on a property, work on the areas that may transport weed seeds. These areas include ditches, streams, roadsides, driveways, trails, livestock-concentrated areas and equipment storage sites. C. The Colorado Department of Agriculture has prepared fact sheets for most State- listed noxious weeds. They feature detailed descriptions and photographs of the plants, as well as integrated management for each species. (See Appendix A). D. Herbicide application. It is the County’s philosophy to minimize the use of herbicides and impacts to desirable vegetation. However, for some species of noxious weeds 13 herbicide application is the only effective method of control. It is extremely important to treat small infestation of certain weeds (List A and B species to be eradicated) as soon as possible. To ensure that small infestations of noxious weeds are controlled or eradicated effectively, it is extremely important to take immediate action on certain weed patches. The County uses hand gun, hand-held or backpack sprayers, utility task vehicles or truck-mounted equipment for selective spot spraying. 1. No Spray Areas. Anyone living adjacent to a County right-of-way who does not want spraying in front of their property can call the Garfield County Vegetation Department and request it be listed as a no-spray property. However, the property owner is responsible for elimination of noxious weeds. Onl y noxious weeds on the A and B State and County Lists need to be controlled. Land owners must dig up or mow any noxious weeds before they go to seed. If weeds are not properly managed, the County must resume spraying in order to comply with the Colorado Noxious Weed Act (C.R.S 35-5.5-101). Owners of organic farms or who have pesticide-sensitive crops can also call the County to request no-spray listing. Landowners may place “No Spray” signs on their property adjacent to County rights-of-way. Signs should be readable from the roadside and not impact county road maintenance operations. 2. Registry of Pesticide-Sensitive Persons. The registry is maintained by the State of Colorado under the regulatory requirements of the Pesticide Applications Act. Notification to registered individuals must be given in accordance with C.R.S 35- 10-112, and Part 12 of the PAA rules. Pesticide applicators are required to notify registered individuals prior to application of pesticides on adjacent properties. For information about the registry, call the Colorado Department of Agriculture, 303- 239-4146. 3. Source Water Protection. A Source Water Protection Plan was developed in 2013 for community drinking water systems in Garfield County. A current list of systems covered under the Source Water Protection Plan is available through the Garfield County Public Health Department. The plan prioritizes source water protection concerns and identifies local source water management approaches that can be implemented to protect the source of drinking water for these communities. It delineates areas around these communities as source water protection areas. Pesticide application was identified a potential source of water contamination. Garfield County Vegetation Management is committed to using best management practices when applying herbicides to control noxious weeds. These practices include following label directions and selective spot spraying to ensure direct treatment of noxious weeds and protection of native vegetation and water resources. 4. Changes in herbicide registrations occur constantly. The herbicide label is the legal document on herbicide use. Read and follow all directions carefully. The 14 use of an herbicide in a manner not consistent with the label can lead to injury of crops, humans, animals and the environment. 5. Specific chemical recommendations are available from the Garfield County Vegetation Management Department and/or licensed applicators and are not listed in the Plan. Before using any chemical, thoroughly read the label. Any use of an herbicide inconsistent with the label is neither legal nor recommended. E. The optimum method or methods for weed management will vary depending on a number of site-specific variables. Factors to be considered should include soil type and stability, grade, associated vegetation, existing and proposed land use, proximity to water, availability of irrigation water, weed type and stage of growth and severity of infestation. F. The management method selected should be the least environmentally damaging, yet practical and reasonable in achieving the desired results. When considering weed management on a property, work on the areas that may transport weed seeds, including ditches, streams, roadsides, driveways, trails, livestock-concentrated areas and equipment storage sites. 2.04 Cost Share Program Garfield County offers two cost-share programs – the noxious weed cost-share program and the tamarisk/Russian olive program. A. The noxious weed program is a partnership between the three local Conservation Districts based in Glenwood Springs and Garfield Count y. 1. Applications are reviewed and approved by a review committee of representatives of the Conservation Districts and the Weed Advisory Board. 2. The program provides partial reimbursement to private landowners for noxious weed treatments on lands within Garfield County. For current program information, go to www.mountsopriscd.org, phone 970-945-5495, ext. 105; www.garfield- county.com, phone 970-945-1377, ext. 4305. B. The tamarisk/Russian olive program is administered through the Garfield County Vegetation Management office and is designed to partially assist landowners with management of tamarisk and Russian olive through the coordination of cutting crews and treatment methods. For more information, contact Garfield County Vegetation Management, 970-945-1377, ext. 4305. 15 2.05 Description of Designated Noxious Weeds GARFIELD COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED LIST The Garfield County Weed Advisory Board encourages all county residents to be knowledgeable about noxious weeds. Below are general descriptions of the County’s listed noxious weeds. Locations of some weeds are provided in general terms under their descriptions. Not all locations are listed. ABSINTH WORMWOOD (Artemesia absinthium) Description: A member of the Sunflower family native to Eurasia, the Middle East and Africa. A long-lived perennial. Reproduces from seed. Grows to roughly 3 feet tall and 2 feet across, with silver-grey leaves and yellow flowers. Smells strongly of sage. Comments: It is commonly found in disturbed sites with moist soils. Considered poor forage for all but sheep and will taint milk of cows. Location: Common between Glenwood Springs and Carbondale. Infested sites include the Missouri Heights and Crystal Springs areas. Also spread to South Canyon, Peach Valley and Rulison. Cultural Control: Cultural controls are possible but time-consuming and expensive. Complete removal of any seedling or newly established plants by continual hand-pulling is possible. Chemical Control: Treat when plant is 12 inches tall through flowering growth stage. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Absinth wormwood (Appendix A). BLACK HENBANE (Hyoscyamus niger) Description: A member of the Nightshade family originally introduced from Europe as an ornamental and medicinal herb. Annual or biennial; reproduces from seed. Recognized by its rosettes, shallowly-lobed leaves with sticky hairs and brownish-yellow flowers with purple veins and a distinctly unpleasant smell. Grows up to 3 feet. 16 Comments: Poisonous due to alkaloids in all parts of the plant. It is important to protect threatened areas from over-grazing. Location: Relatively rare. Found in Gibson Gulch west of Divide Creek; reported just west of the West Fork of Stewart Gulch on the Roan Plateau near the Rio Blanco County line. Mechanical Control: Complete removal of any seedling or newly established plants by continual hand-pulling. Chemical Control: Treat plants in spring to early summer prior to seed production, in rosette stage. Follow up treatments are recommended to pick up missed or late bolting plants. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Black henbane (Appendix A). BOUNCING BET (Saponaria officinalis) Description: Member of the Pink family originally introduced from Europe as a garden plant. Perennial. Reproduces from seed and rhizomatous swollen nodes. Stout oppositely branching and leaved stems. Leaves smooth and narrow. Flowers have 5 light pink to white petals with notches at the end. Comments: Grows most commonly in wet areas which may restrict the use of certain herbicides. Poisonous. Location: No Name, Glenwood Springs and New Castle. Cultural Control: Eliminate seed production while depleting nutrient reserves in the roots. Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, while keeping native community healthy. Maintain healthy pastures and avoid over-grazing. Chemical Control: Treat at bolting to bud-growth stage. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Bouncing Bet (Appendix A). 17 BULL THISTLE (Cirsium vulgare) Description: Member of the Sunflower family introduced from Eurasia as a seed contaminant. Biennial. Reproduces from seed. Only thistle species with leaves that are prickly hair above and cottony below. Heads hairy with composite purple flowers. Comments: Commonly found in dry to moist environments in full sun. Thrives in highly disturbed, nitrogen-rich, gravelly to clay-textured soils. Cultural Control: Prevention is the most effective control. Maintain healthy plant communities and monitor for new infestations. Limit seed production. Plants with buds or flowers should be immediately disposed of or destroyed. Biological Control: Urophora stylata, a fly predator lays its eggs in the seed head, then larvae consume the seeds. Crown weevils, Trichosirocalus horridus, lay eggs in rosettes and consume the seeds. Chemical Control: Treat rosettes in spring or fall. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Bull thistle (Appendix A). CANADA THISTLE (Cirsium arvense) Description: A member of the Aster family introduced from Europe. Creeping perennial. Reproduces from seeds and fleshy horizontal roots. Grows 1-4 feet tall. Flowers pink to purple. Leaves lance-shaped, spine-topped lobes. The root is extensive and creeping, forming colonies. Comments: One of the most widespread and economically damaging noxious weeds in Colorado. Infestations are found in cultivated fields, riparian areas, pastures, rangeland, forests, lawns and gardens, roadsides and in waste areas. Because of its seeding habits, vigorous growth and extensive underground root system, control and eradication are difficult. Location: Common in Garfield County. 18 Cultural Control: Best managed through integrated management system that emphasizes competitive, desirable plants. Maintain soil fertility and moisture at optimum levels to favor grass growth. Biological Control: It is best to release a complex of insects that will stress different parts of the plant: Ceutorhyncus litura weevil that stresses the crown of the plant; Urophora carduii, a stem and shoot gall fly; Cassidia rubiginosa, leaf beetle. Mechanical Control: Mowing may be effective when repeated at 2 week intervals over a period of several years. Pulling and digging up is ineffective as the plant has an extensive root system. Chemical Control: Treat in spring during bud to bloom stage or during fall regrowth after the first light frost. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Canada thistle (Appendix A). CHICORY (Chicorium intybus) Description: Member of the Sunflower family. Perennial; reproduces from seed. Deep fleshy root and tufted basal leaves that resemble those of a dandelion. Stem multi-branched and can reach over 5 feet tall. Flowers bright blue, purple or occasionally white. Location: Well established in western Garfield County (Parachute) and is spreading rapidly in other parts of the County. Cultural Control: Reseed disturbed areas adjacent to chicory infestations with appropriate perennial grasses. Biological Control: Close grazing by sheep will control chicory in pastures. Chemical Control: Treat at early growth stage in early spring. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Chicory (Appendix A). 19 CHINESE CLEMATIS (Clematis orientalis) Description: Member of the Buttercup family introduced from Asia as a garden ornamental. Herbaceous to wood-vined perennial; reproduces b y seed. Native clematis, C. ligusticifolia, distinguished from the noxious weed species by groups of small white flowers. Chinese clematis has single yellow flowers. Comments: Found in well-drained, sunny areas with basic soils. Prefers roadsides, riparian corridors and rocky slopes. Known to cause death in young trees. Entire plant is poisonous, causing internal bleeding when ingested in large amounts. Location: Glenwood Canyon on both sides of the Colorado River; along the Roaring Fork River south of Glenwood Springs. Cultural Control: Eradication requires intensive and persistent control efforts to effectively eliminate weed infestations and soil seed reserves. Site must be monitored for 10 years after last flowering plant is destroyed. Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, while keeping native community healthy. Maintain healthy pastures and avoid over- grazing. Chemical Control: Treat at flower stage. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Chinese clematis (Appendix A). COMMON BURDOCK (Arctium minus) Description: A member of the Aster family. Biennial. Prolific seed producer. Grows to 6 feet tall with very large leaves and a prickly bur. Flowers are purple and white. Comments: Grows along roadsides, ditch banks and neglected areas. A ver y serious threat to sheep as the burs can significantly damage the quality of their wool. May cause severe infections in cattle. Location: Found throughout Garfield County. Cultural Control: Minimize soil disturbances, encourage desirable plant growth. 20 Mechanical Control: Top growth removal through mowing or cutting is effective as is pulling or digging out the plant at flowering or early seed formation. Chemical Control: Treat rosettes in late spring or early fall. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Common burdock (Appendix A). COMMON TANSY (Tanacetum vulgare) Description: A member of the Sunflower family introduced from Europe as a medicinal herb. Perennial. Reproduces from seed and creeping rootstalks. Button-shaped flower heads that lack petals. Foliage has a strong smell when crushed. Comments: Poisonous. Found most commonly in full sun on fertile, well- drained soils along roadsides, streams, irrigation ditch banks and pastures. Undesirable forage for livestock. Location: Roaring Fork Valley along irrigation ditch banks. Isolated patches have been found along Elk Creek west of New Castle, and along the Colorado River south of Silt. Cultural Control: Preventing establishment and seed production, and minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal are the most effective. Keep native community healthy. Maintain healthy pastures and avoid over- grazing. Chemical Control: Treat when bolting to bud growth stage. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Common tansy (Appendix A). COMMON TEASEL (Dipsacus fullonum) Description: A member of the Teasel family introduced from Europe. Biennial or sometime perennial forb; reproduces from seeds. Egg-shaped purple or white flowers at the top of each stem. Can grow to over 6 feet in height. 21 Comments: Commonly found in open, sunny areas. Prefers moist habitats such as ditches and rivers, however it appears to be moving to drier areas. Each plant can produce 2,000 seeds that remain viable for 2 years. Location: Found in one location in Garfield County in Battlement Mesa at the golf course. Cultural Control: The key to controlling is to eliminate seed production and exhaust the seed bank. Prevent the establishment of new infestation by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, while keeping native community healthy. Maintain healthy pastures and avoid over- grazing. Chemical Control: Treat spring or fall rosettes. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Common teasel (Appendix A). CORN CHAMOMILE (Anthemis arvensis) Description: A member of the Sunflower family. Annual. Reproduces from seed. Small daisy-like flowers. Bushy branched plant that grows 10 to 30 inches. Comments: Most commonly found in moist, poorly-drained soils. Tends to increase in abundance in years of above-average precipitation. Location: While rare, it is found in Beaver Creek and throughout the County in small numbers. Cultural Control: Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and eliminating seed dispersal. Continue to deplete seed bank from 4 to 6 years. Reseed infested areas to reduce infestation. Chemical Control: Treat when plant is in rosette or bolting growth stage. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Corn chamomile (Appendix A). 22 CURLY DOCK (Rumex crispus) Description: A member of the Buckwheat family native to Eurasia. Robust, tap- rooted perennial. Grows 2 to 5 feet tall. Stems are erect; leaves basal with curly or wavy margins. Flowers small and in dense green, spike-like clusters. Comments: Common in wet meadows and along ditch banks. Location: Scattered throughout the County, in particular the Roaring Fork and Colorado River valleys. Cultural Control: Treating before the plant seeds is the key to control. Maintain range and pasture in good condition. Promote healthy grass growth through proper irrigation and fertilization. Do not over-graze. Chemical Control: Apply when plant is in rosette stage, in spring or fall, prior to bolting to eliminate seed production. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, contact Garfield County Vegetation Management. CUTLEAF TEASEL (Dipsacus laciniatus) Description: A member of the Teasel family introduced from Europe. Biennial, Reproduces from seed. Egg-shaped purple or white flowers at the top of each stem. Can grow to over 10 feet in height. Comments: Commonly found in open, sunny habitats. Prefers moist areas such as ditches and rivers, however it appears to be moving to drier areas. Each plant can produce 2,000 seeds that remain viable for 2 years. More aggressive than common teasel. Location: Not known in Garfield County at this time. Cultural Control: The key to removing cutleaf teasel is to eliminate seed production and exhaust seed bank. Chemical Control: Treat spring or fall rosettes. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Cutleaf teasel (Appendix A). 23 CYPRESS SPURGE (Euphorbia cyparissias) Description: A member of the Spurge family introduced from Eurasia; an invasive ornamental. Low-growing perennial that overwinters as root and crown tissue. Reproduces from seed. Leaves are stalkless, alternate, narrow and linear to lance-shaped. Flowers are yellowish-green usually turning reddish-green towards maturity. Comments: Leaves and stems emit a milky, toxic sap when broken. Sap is an irritant and may cause dermatitis or rashes. The soil seed reserve is estimated to be at least 8 years. Location: Found in the Crystal Springs area and in landscaping situations in Carbondale and Glenwood Springs. Cultural Control: The most important consideration is replacing it in nurseries with alternative native or non-invasive cultivated plants. Remove plants before seed is set, in moist conditions. Be sure to wear gloves due to the toxic milky sap. Prevent establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, while keeping native community healthy. Maintain healthy pastures and avoid over-grazing. Chemical Control: Treat at flowering stage. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Cypress spurge (Appendix A). DALMATIAN TOADFLAX (Linaria dalmatica) Description: A member of the Figwort family introduced as an ornamental from Europe. A creeping, aggressive perennial and escaped ornamental with stems from 2 to 4 feet tall. Flowers are snapdragon-shaped, bright yellow, with orange centers; leaves are waxy and heart- shaped. Comments: Especially well-adapted to arid sites and can spread rapidly once established. Because of its deep, extensive root system, and heav y seed production, this plant is difficult to manage. 24 Location: Common in Glenwood Springs, Three Mile Creek, Four Mile Creek and one isolated patch up Slaughter Gulch north of Peach Valley. Biological Control: The defoliating moth, Calophasia lunula, has been released on Dalmatian and yellow toadflax. It may defoliate up to 20% of the leaves of the plant. Mecinus janthinus, a stem-boring weevil, is capable of killing a large portion of the above-ground plant by boring into and killing stems where the larvae feed and live. Cultural Control: Reseed disturbed areas adjacent to toadflax infestation with appropriate perennial grasses. Mechanical Control: Repeated mowing 2 to 3 times a year will slow spread and reduce seed production. Chemical Control: Treat at flower stage or in the fall. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Dalmatian toadflax (Appendix A). DAME’S ROCKET (Hesperis matronalis) Description: A member of the Mustard family from Eurasia. Biennial or short- lived perennial forb; a prolific seed producer. Flowers have 4 white or purple petals on terminal stalks. Leaves are lance-shaped with toothed margins and are 2 to 4 inches long and slightly hairy. Comments: Found most commonly in areas that have moist, well-drained soils and full sun to light shade. Location: No Name and along Midland Avenue in Glenwood Springs. Cultural Control: Locate and remove plants before seeds are allowed to set. The seed bank must be monitored until it is depleted. Check wildflower seed mix to make sure this plant is not included. Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, while keeping native community healthy. Maintain healthy pastures and avoid over-grazing. 25 Chemical Control: Treat when plant is in rosette or bolting stage. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Dame’s rocket (Appendix A). DIFFUSE KNAPWEED (Centaurea diffusa) Description: A member of the Aster family introduced from Europe. Biennial or short-lived perennial forb; reproduces from seed. Usually produces a single main, multi-branched stem that is 1½ to 2 feet tall. Flower is white or pink with bracts. Location: The largest infestation in Garfield County is located west of the Riverbend subdivision southeast of New Castle; scattered along Interstate 70 between Rifle and Parachute and south of Glenwood Springs at the Glenwood Airport and old rodeo grounds and Rifle Creek Golf Course. Cultural Control: Reseeding of disturbed sites with fast growing grasses helps prevent diffuse knapweed establishment. Mechanical Control: Hand-pulling has been effective, if repeated persistently over time. Biological Control: A root-boring weevil, Cyphocleonus achates, weakens plants by destroying the root system. The weevil larvae of Larinus minutus feed within the seedhead and cause defoliation. Chemical Control: Apply to spring to early rosette or bolt stage of growth, or fall rosettes. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Diffuse knapweed (Appendix A). HOARY CRESS (Cardaria draba) Description: Also known as whitetop. A member of the Mustard famil y probably introduced from Europe in alfalfa seed. A very competitive, deep-rooted perennial that reproduces by root segments and seed. Grows erect from 10 to 18 inches high and has a grey-white colored leaf. Flowers are white and numerous in compact, flat-topped clusters which give the plant its name. 26 Comments: One of the earliest perennial weeds to emerge in the spring, producing flowers in May or June. Grows in waste places, cultivated fields and pastures, and is capable of vigorous growth. Location: Common in Garfield County. Cultural Control: Mowing or cultivation effectiveness will be increased if other plants like perennial native grasses or alfalfa are seeded in the hoary cress stand as competitors. Maintain range and pasture in good condition. Promote healthy grass growth through proper irrigation and fertilization. Do not over-graze. Mechanical Control: Removal of top growth is somewhat effective. Repeated treatments may reduce seed production and spread. Chemical Control: Treat at the early bud stage. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Hoary cress (Appendix A). HOUNDSTONGUE (Cynoglossum officinale) Description: A member of the Borage family introduced from Europe. Biennial. Prolific seed producer. Grows 1½ to 3 feet high with reddish- purple flowers. Basal leaves resemble a dog’s tongue in shape. Comments: Its small nutlets attach to and are rapidly spread by people, domestic animals, wildlife and vehicles. Grows on ranges, pastures, trails and roadsides and is toxic to horses and cattle, as it contains alkaloids that may cause liver cells to stop reproducing. Location: Widespread throughout Garfield County. Cultural Control: Reseed disturbed sites with fast-growing native grasses. Maintain range and pasture in good condition. Promote healthy grass growth through proper irrigation and fertilization. Do not over-graze. Mechanical Control: Physical removal of the plant at flowering or in early seed formation, by pulling or digging, will break the cycle of the plant. 27 Chemical Control: Treat in spring or fall rosettes. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Houndstongue (Appendix A). JOINTED GOATGRASS (Aegilops cylindrica) Description: A member of the Grass family, Barley tribe. A non-native grass introduced from Turkey. Winter annual, reproduces from seed. Grows 15 to 30 inches tall in erect stems which branch at the base to give the plant a tufted appearance. Comments: Established in many winter wheat-growing areas of North America. The seeds are very similar in size and shape to wheat seed and therefore are difficult to screen out. Found along roadsides, in waste areas, fields and pastures. Location: Found in the Harvey Gap area, in West Mamm Creek, in fields adjacent to Parachute Creek, in scattered locations along county roadsides in the Silt and New Castle areas, and in Wallace and Spring Creeks. Cultural Control: The key to control is to prevent the grass from becoming established in fields by cleaning equipment. Plant competitive native grasses. Mechanical Control: Tillage can be effective when plants are in the seeding stage. The main goal is to prevent seed production and spread. Chemical Control: Treat in early spring, late summer, or early fall when the plant is germinating, to prevent seed production. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Jointed goatgrass (Appendix A). LEAFY SPURGE (Euphorbia esula) Description: A member of the Spurge family, introduced from Europe. A creeping perennial that grows up to 3 feet tall and reproduces b y vigorous root stalks and seed. Roots can extend as deep as 30 feet from a plant that grows 1 to 3 feet tall, with pale green shoots and small yellow-green flowers. 28 Comments: The plant, including the root, has milky latex that is damaging to eyes and sensitive skin. Extremely difficult to control because of its extensive sprouting root. Adapted to a wide variety of Colorado habitats and very competitive with other plants species. If it becomes established in rangeland, pasture and riparian sites, it may exclude all other vegetation due to its competitive nature. Location: Primarily found in Wallace and Spring Creeks in western Garfield County. Individual plants have been located throughout Garfield County. Biological Control: Sheep or goats will graze leafy spurge. If livestock graze it after seed formation, hold animals in a corral for at least 7 days before moving them to an uninfested area to avoid seed spread. Several flea beetles, Apthona spp., produce larvae that bore into roots and the adults feed on the leaves. Oberea erythrocephala, a stem and root crown-mining, long-horned beetle, and Spurgia esulae, a shoot tip gall midge, are also available. The leafy spurge hawk moth, Hyles euphorbiae, deposits its eggs which then consume the leaves and bracts of the plant. Cultural Control: Any activity that encourages vigorous grass growth is very important. Over-grazing stresses grasses and makes them less competitive to leafy spurge. Mechanical Control: Mowing leafy spurge at 14 to 21-day intervals may cause higher susceptibility to fall-applied herbicides. Chemical Control: Treat after full bloom or in the fall. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Leafy spurge (Appendix A). MAYWEED CHAMOMILE (Anthemis cotula) Description: A member of the Sunflower family introduced from Europe. A bushy annual that reproduces prolificall y from seed. Mature plants are one-half to 2 feet tall with finely dissected alternate leaf structures. White ray flowers. 29 Comments: Each plant is capable of producing 960,000 seeds that are viable for up to 6 years. The most distinguishing feature is the unpleasant odor it emits. Most commonly found in a wide range of soils but prefers moist poorly-drained soils. Increases in abundance in years of above-average precipitation. Can cause skin rashes, blistering of livestock muzzles, and irritation to the mucous membranes of grazing livestock. Can impart a strong flavor to the milk of dairy animals. Location: While rare, may be found in Beaver Creek and throughout the County in small numbers. Cultural Control: Prevent establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, while keeping native community healthy. Maintain healthy pastures and avoid over-grazing. Mowing is an effective method before the seed is set. Perennial grasses should be reseeded for several years. Seed bank must be monitored for 4 to 6 years. Chemical Control: Treat from rosette to bolting stage. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Mayweed chamomile (Appendix A). MEADOW KNAPWEED (Centaurea nigrescens) Description: A member of the Sunflower family introduced from Europe as a forage species. Perennial. Reproduces from seed. Pink to purple flower heads that are solitary at the tips of branches. Grows 20 to 40 inches with many branches. Leaves up to 6 inches long and 1 inch wide. Comments: When disturbed, has the ability to re-sprout from root and crown fragments. Found most commonly in moist sites, irrigated pastures, moist meadows, river banks, streams, irrigation ditches, roadsides and openings in forested area. Location: Found in the upper Dry Hollow area south of Silt. 30 Cultural Control: Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, while keeping native community healthy. Maintain healthy pastures and avoid over-grazing. Since meadow knapweed has only been found in small quantities in Colorado, preventing populations from spreading is the most important consideration. Eradication requires intensive work to eliminate seed dispersal and deplete the seed bank. An integrated management plan utilizing hand-pulling, herbicides and cultural remediation is the most effective method. Chemical Control: Treat in spring to early summer during bolting to bud growth stages or in fall. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Meadow knapweed (Appendix A). MEDITERRANEAN SAGE (Salvia aethiopsis) Description: A member of the Mint family introduced from northern Africa. Biennial or shot-lived perennial. Reproduces from seed. Very hair y rosette of leaves during both the first and second years. During the second year the plant bolts and sends up stems that end in white to yellowish-white flower clusters. Flowers will eventually form 4 nutlets with dark veins. Comments: When crushed, the leaves have a pungent odor. Most commonly found on rangeland but will invade riparian areas, forests, roadsides and dry pastures. Prefers south-facing slopes in loose, gravelly, well-drained soils. Once established, has the capability to adapt to numerous conditions and form dense monocultures. In the fall of the second year, the stem breaks off and forms a tumbleweed, dispersing 100,000 seeds. Unpalatable to livestock. Location: The only known County location is on the south-facing slope surrounding the No Name Tunnel on Interstate 70 and along the Colorado River bikepath. Cultural Control: Prevent establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal while keeping native community healthy. Maintain healthy pastures and avoid over-grazing. Hand pull or shovel when soil is moist, before flowering, and turn over 31 to dry out. If flowering, collect specimens and bag them carefull y to collect all seeds. Seed bank must be monitored for years. Sites must be monitored for 10 years after plant is eradicated. Chemical Control: Apply in spring during rosette to bolting growth stages. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Mediterranean sage (Appendix A). MUSK THISTLE (Carduus nutans) Description: A member of the Aster family introduced from Eurasia. A winter annual or biennial; reproduces from seed. First year growth is a large, compact rosette from a large, fleshy, corky taproot. Second year stem is erect, spiny, 2 to 6 feet tall and branched at the top. Waxy leaves dark green with light green midrib and mostly white margins; flowers purple or occasionally white. Comments: Commonly found in pastures, roadsides and waste places. Prefers moist bottomland soil, but can also be found on drier uplands. Location: Scattered throughout the County; heaviest in the Crystal River Valley. Cultural Control: Musk thistle, like other biennial thistles, thrives on disturbance. The best management is to minimize disturbance. If it does occur, be certain to revegetate with competitive grasses. Biological Control: A weevil, Trichosirocalus horridus, attacks the crown area of the rosettes and weakens the plant before it bolts. This weevil has reduced stand density in areas where it has become well established. Chemical Control: Treat rosettes in spring or fall. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Musk thistle (Appendix A). 32 MYRTLE SPURGE (Euphorbia myrsinites) Description: A member of the Spurge family introduced from Eurasia as an ornamental. Perennial. Reproduces from seed. Capable of projecting seeds up to 15 feet. Blue-green waxy leaves. Plants emit a toxic milky latex when stems are broken. Flowers yellow-green petal-like bracts that appear from March to May. Comments: A popular plant in xeriscapes and rock gardens. Prefers sunny to partly sunny areas in well-drained soils. Poisonous if ingested; milky sap causes blisters upon contact. Most important consideration is replacing it in nurseries with alternative native or non-invasive cultivated plants. Remove plants before seed is set, in moist conditions. Location: Fairly common in Glenwood Springs and Battlement Mesa. Isolated patches have been found in Westbank, Peach Valley and New Castle. Cultural Control: Area must be monitored for 9 years after last flowering plant is eradicated. Prevent the establishment of new infestation by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, while keeping native community healthy. Maintain healthy pastures and avoid over- grazing. Mechanical Control: Hand pull or dig when soil is moist. Make certain to pull all the roots and wear rubber gloves and eye protection to protect yourself from the toxic milky sap. Treatment follow-up is important to check root fragment re-sprouts that will occur when the taproot is not completely removed. Chemical Control: Treat at flowering stage in spring or fall regrowth. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Myrtle spurge (Appendix A). OXEYE DAISY (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) Description: A member of the Aster family; a native of Eurasia. Rhizomatous perennial, escaped ornamental. White ray and yellow disk flowers, which bloom from June through August. 33 Comments: Commonly sold in wildflower seed mixes or transplanted as an ornamental despite its tendency to crowd out more desirable vegetation. Location: A rapidly spreading weed in Garfield County on the increase along Main Elk Creek, East Elk Creek, Canyon Creek, Crystal Springs, Missouri Heights and Four Mile Creek. Mechanical Control: Hand pull or dig when soil is moist. Chemical Control: Treat at flowering stage. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Oxeye daisy (Appendix A). Education: The key to oxeye daisy management is to create an awareness among homeowners, nurseries, landscapers and landscape architects that oxeye is a noxious weed and therefore should not be specified in plantings, sold in nurseries or planted in home gardens or large-scale landscape projects. PERENNIAL PEPPERWEED (Lepidium latifolium) Description: A member of the Mustard family introduced from southern Europe and western Asia as a contaminant in sugar beet seed. Perennial. Reproduces from seed, roots and shoots. One to over 3 feet in height and has waxy leaves with a white midrib. White flowers in dense round clusters at branch tips. Comments: Can grow in a variety of habitats but frequently found in moist soils such as riparian areas, wetlands, marshes, irrigation ditches, canals and floodplains. Alters ecosystems by acting as a “salt pump,” pulling salts from deep in the soil and excreting them on the surface. Change in soil pH alters biodiversity drastically and deceases agriculture and pasture production. Extremely invasive. The best method is prevention. In order to control this plant intensive use of herbicides and revegetation must be utilized. Location: Scattered throughout central to western Garfield County, with the largest infestation found along Parachute Creek. 34 Cultural Control: Prolonged spring flooding of new growth will kill pepperweed. Reestablishment of native and desired plants can take years. Re- plantings must be repeated. Chemical Control: Apply when plant is in bolting to early flower growth stage. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Perennial pepperweed (Appendix A). PLUMELESS THISTLE (Carduus acanthoides) Description: A member of the Aster family introduced from Eurasia. Winter annual or biennial; prolific seed producer. Distinguished from musk thistle by smaller flowers from ½ to 1 inch in diameter. Leaves lack prominent white margin present on musk thistle leaves. May grow to 5 feet or more. Flowers reddish-purple, either solitary or clustered. Comments: Found in pastures, river valleys and along roadsides. Location: Common in southern Garfield County; rapidly spreading south of Battlement Mesa. Biological Control: A weevil, Trichosirocalus horridus, attacks the crown area of rosettes and weakens the plant before it bolts. This weevil has reduced stand density in areas where it has become well established. Cultural Control: Like other biennial thistles, it thrives on disturbance. The best management is to minimize disturbance and revegetate with competitive species. Mechanical Control: Mowing is generally not effective due to the plant’s capacity for rapid regrowth. Hand cutting is not effective unless there are repeated follow-up treatments and should only be conducted if there is a commitment to follow-up efforts. Plumeless tends to branch out where it is cut and then re-flowers. Pulling can be ver y effective, especially after a light rain. Hand-pulling with a good set 35 of gloves is preferable to shoveling which disturbs the ground creating a potential seedbed for future infestations. Chemical Control: Treat rosettes in spring or fall. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Plumeless thistle (Appendix A). POISON HEMLOCK (Conium maculatum) Description: A member of the Parsley family. A biennial forb native to Europe. Grows 4 to 10 feet tall. Has white flowers in an umbrella-like cluster. Leaves are shiny green and finely divided, with a musty odor. Comments: Seeds may remain viable in soil for about 3 years. All parts of the plants are highly poisonous. Found along streams, ditch banks and pasture borders. Highly poisonous. Location: Garfield and Baldy Creeks. Cultural Control: The key to control is containment and prevention. Pulling the taproot when the soil is moist can be effective. When the plants are present, the use of herbicides is critical. Biological Control: Larvae of the hemlock moth, Agonopterix alstroemericana, feed on the leaves, stem, flowers and seeds causing severe defoliation and death of the plant. Mechanical Control: Deplete root reserves and reduce seed production with repeated mowing. Chemical Control: Treat in early spring. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Poison hemlock (Appendix A). PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE (Lythrum salicaria) Description: A member of the Loosestrife family introduced from Europe; an escaped ornamental. Prolific seed producer, able to produce over 36 10,000 seeds per square yard. Erect, square stem; can reach 1½ to 8 feet tall. Magenta-colored flowers. Comments: Highly aggressive invader species found in most wetland sites throughout the state. If left unchecked, a wetland will eventually become a monoculture of loosestrife, posing a severe threat to waterfowl habitat and impeding water flow in irrigation ditches. Location: Tara Park in Silt and the Westbank subdivision in Glenwood Springs. Mechanical Control: Include hand-pulling, mowing and flooding. Hand-pulling is effective only on small plants, when infestations are detected early. The root system must be completely removed, since the root sections can sprout and form new plants. Chemical Control: Cut and properly dispose of flower heads before chemical treatment. Treat in summer. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Purple loosestrife (Appendix A). RUSSIAN KNAPWEED (Acroptilon repens) Description: A member of the Aster family introduced from Europe. Perennial that reproduces from seed with an extensive underground root system. Ridged stems are stiff and 1 to 3 feet high, with thistle-like flowers that are lavender to white. Comments: Very difficult to control or eradicate once it becomes established. Grows in cultivated fields, along ditch banks, fence rows, roadsides and in waste places. Toxic to horses, and will cause death if consumed over a period of time. Location: Very common in Garfield County; most common in Dry Hollow, Silt Mesa and Missouri Heights. Cultural Control: A single control strategy such as mowing or an herbicide usually is not sufficient. Tends to form monocultures by eliminating other plants. Sowing desirable plant species is necessary after the weed is controlled. Research indicates that the native grasses, 37 streambank wheatgrass and thick-spike wheatgrass will establish in an area after Russian knapweed is suppressed with herbicides. If the stand is not too old and grasses are still present, stimulating grass growth by irrigation, where possible, should increase grass competition with knapweed and keep it under continual stress. Mechanical Control: Repeated mowing combined with herbicide applications will gradually stress the plant. Chemical Control: Treat in spring to bud stage or to dormant plants in fall after the first freeze. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Russian knapweed (Appendix A). RUSSIAN OLIVE (Elaeagnus angustifolia) Description: Member of the Oleaster family. A hardy, fast-growing tree from Europe, Russian olive has been promoted for windrow and ornamental plantings. Many reach heights from 10 to 25 feet. Trunks and branches armed with 1 to 2 inch woody thorns. Leaves covered with small scales which give the foliage a distinctive silvery appearance. Fruit berry-like and silvery when first formed but turns brown at maturity. Comments: Once imported as a wind-break, it has spread to riparian areas throughout the County where it is becoming the dominant plant. It has invaded cottonwood areas along streams, and impacted wildlife and bird habitat. Location: Very common along the Colorado River and other drainages especially between Silt and Rifle in western Garfield County. Cultural Control: Plant native trees or less aggressive introduced trees. In riparian areas, establish native riparian vegetation. Mechanical Control: Small trees may be controlled mechanically by using an appropriate tool or shovel. Chemical Control: Treatments include cut-stump, foliar or basal bark. Timing varies; avoid late spring and early summer during heavy sap flow. For 38 specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Russian olive (Appendix A). SALT CEDAR (Tamarix ramosissima, Tamarix parviflora) Description: A member of the Tamarisk family. Deciduous or evergreen shrub or small tree, 5 to 25 feet tall. Comments: May live 50 to 100 years. Tolerance to saline and alkaline soil and water. Copes with high concentrations of dissolved solids by absorbing them through its roots and excreting salts through glands in its stem and leaves which eventually form a saline crust on the soil. A single plant of salt cedar will use about 200 gallons of water a day while it is actively growing. Leaves small and scale-like, on highly branched slender stems. Ramosissima flowers are 5-petaled and pink to white; Parviflora flowers are 4-petaled. Location: Widespread throughout Garfield County in riparian areas. Biological Control: Tamarisk leaf beetle, Diorhabda carinulata, has been released along the mainstem of the Colorado River in western Garfield County and some tributaries, and is now established. Adult and larvae cause defoliation. Cultural Control: Establish native riparian vegetation. Mechanical Control: Historically, salt cedar management projects have included root plowing and raking, dozing, mowing and prescribed burning. These methods provide only short-term benefits and are labor intensive. Chemical Control: Treatments include cut-stump, foliar or basal bark. Timing varies; avoid late spring and early summer during heavy sap flow. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Salt cedar (Appendix A). 39 SCENTLESS CHAMOMILE (Tripleurospernum perforata) Description: A member of the Sunflower family introduced from Europe. Annual, biennial or short-lived perennial forb; reproduces b y seed. Flowers are daisy-like with 1 yellow centered flower with white petals for every stem. Leaves are alternate, finely divided, fernlike, odorless when crushed. Stems can grow 3 to 6 feet tall. Location: While rare, may be found throughout the County in small numbers. Comments: Scentless chamomile is most commonly found in moist areas such as ha yfields, pastures, roadsides, stream banks, fence lines and drainages. A single plant can produce 300,000 seeds. Has the potential to be devastating in agricultural settings because it causes blistering on livestock muzzles and irritation to mucous membranes. Cultural Control: Any practice that aids in the establishment of forage into a firm moist seedbed will help reduce growth. Integrated management is the most effective method for controlling scentless chamomile. A combination of tillage, herbicide and competitive cropping can be very effective in preventing seed production and crowding out infestations. Chemical Control: Treat in rosette or bolting stage. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Scentless chamomile (Appendix A). SCOTCH THISTLE (Onopordum acanthium) Description: A member of the Aster family introduced from Europe or eastern Asia. A biennial that can reach a height of 8 feet. Rosette forms the first year and can have leaves up to 2 feet long and 1 foot wide. The second year the plant produces flowers that are reddish-purple to violet. Comments: Found primarily along roadsides and railroads, but can become an impassable obstacle to livestock on rangeland and pastures. Location: Common in the County. The worst infestations are located between Glenwood Springs and New Castle. 40 Cultural Control: Reseed disturbed sites with appropriate perennial grasses. Mechanical Control: Digging the plant at the rosette stage is effective. Chemical Control: Treat rosettes in spring or fall. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Scotch thistle (Appendix A). SPOTTED KNAPWEED (Centaurea stoebe) Description: A member of the Aster family, native to central Europe. Short- lived, non-creeping perennial that reproduces from seed and forms a new shoot each year from a taproot. One or more shoots up to 4 feet tall. Flowers lavender to purple. Comments: Occupies dry meadows, pastures, stony hills, roadsides and the sandy or gravel flood plains of streams and rivers, where soils are light textured, well-drained and receive summer precipitation. Tolerates dry conditions similar to diffuse knapweed, but will survive in higher moisture areas as well. One of the most invasive, aggressive weeds to plague the western United States. Location: Scattered, isolated patches are increasing in the County. A large infestation is located just west of the Riverbend subdivision southeast of New Castle. Also North Dry Fork northwest of DeBeque, the East Divide area, Cardiff area south of Glenwood Springs, and Battlement Creek. Biological Control: A root-boring weevil, Cyphocleonus achates, weakens plants by destroying the root system. The weevil larvae of Larianus minutus feed within the seedhead and cause defoliation. Cultural Control: If desirable grass competition is evident in spotted knapweed stands, judicious herbicide application that does not injure grasses may release them to compete effectively with the weeds. Irrigation may help stimulate grass competition in these cases. Seeding suitable perennial grasses is necessary to prevent weed reinvasion. 41 Chemical Control: Treat spring or fall rosettes. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Spotted knapweed (Appendix A). SULFUR CINQUEFOIL (Potentilla recta) Description: A member of the Rose family introduced from Eurasia. Perennial, reproduces from seed. Leaves are palmately compound with 5 to 7 toothed leaflets. Flowers light yellow with 5 petals, seeds are coated with a net-like pattern. Comments: Most commonly found in disturbed areas such as roadsides and pastures. Prefers dry, sandy, gravelly and rocky soils that receive 13 to 50 inches of annual precipitation. Unpalatable to livestock due to a high concentration of phenolic tannins. Can live for 20 years. Location: Found in South Canyon. Cultural Control: Small infestations can be controlled by hand pulling while larger infestations are commonly controlled with herbicides. Re- vegetation should focus on improving the competitiveness of native communities. Increasing the competitiveness of native communities can prevent the establishment of sulfur cinquefoil. As with all weeds, disturbance and bare ground should be avoided. Chemical Control: Treat anytime during the growing season. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Sulfur cinquefoil (Appendix A). YELLOW STARTHISTLE (Centaurea solstitialis) Description: A member of the Aster family introduced from Europe. Annual; prolific seed producer. Grows two to 3 feet tall. Flowers are yellow, located singly on ends of branches, armed with sharp straw-colored thorns up to ¾ inches long. Comments; In California alone, this plant has infested more than 20 million acres. “Chewing disease” results when horses are forced to eat yellow starthistle. 42 Location: No known infestations in the County, however there have been reports in the past of single plant infestations. Biological Control: A seed-feeding beetle, Bangasterus orientalis, has been released in California and Idaho. Seed weevils and seed flies have also been released. Cultural Control: Vigorous competitive grass is essential to maintain a plant community’s resistance to starthistle invasion. Mechanical Control: Mowing or cutting is rarely effective. Chemical Control: Treat during rosette growth stage. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Yellow starthistle (Appendix A). YELLOW TOADFLAX (Linaria vulgaris) Description: A member of the Figwort family sometimes called common toadflax or “Butter and Eggs.” Introduced from Europe. Escaped ornamental perennial reproducing by seed and rootstalk. Flowers bright yellow with deep orange centers that resemble the snapdragon. Comment: Has now become a serious problem to rangelands and mountain meadows. Does well in all types of soils. Its displacement of desirable grasses not only reduces ecological diversity, but also reduces rangeland value and can lead to erosion problems. Because of its early vigorous growth, extensive underground root system and effective seed dispersal methods, yellow toadflax is difficult to control. Location: Infests thousands of acres in the Flat Tops Wilderness. Increasing in the Lookout Mountain area above Glenwood Springs. Biological Control: The defoliating moth, Calophasia lunula, has been released on Dalmatian and yellow toadflax. It may defoliate up to 20% of the leaves of the plant. Mecinus janthinus, a stem-boring weevil, is 43 capable of killing a large portion of the above-ground plant by boring into and killing stems where the larvae feed and live. Cultural Control: Attempt to maintain competitive communities of desirable species. Reseed any open ground with perennial grasses to prevent invasion by other weed species. Education: The key to management of escaped ornamentals is to create awareness among homeowners, nurseries, landscapers and landscape architects that yellow toadflax is a noxious weed and therefore should not be specified in plantings, sold in nurseries or planted in home gardens or large-scale landscape projects. Mechanical Control: Digging and pulling where feasible can provide effective control if conducted annually for 10 to 15 years. Chemical Control: Treat at flowering through fall. For specific treatments for rangeland and pasture sites, refer to the Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheets – Yellow toadflax (Appendix A). 2.06 Identification of Native and Noxious Thistles A. Colorado has several species of thistle which are native and do not cause the problems of the noxious species. Some of them are very rare. An excellent reference guide is “Thistles of Colorado,” published by the Larimer County Weed District. Native thistles share these characteristics: 1. They have mostly white, sometimes very pale lavender flowers and are more succulent than the noxious species. The flowers may have a hairy or fuzzy appearance and stems of some species are reddish. 2. They are valuable to pollinators and wildlife and contribute to biodiversity. 3. They are sometimes inadvertently sprayed, pulled, clipped or dug up because they are confused with noxious, non-native thistles. 4. Among the native thistles in Garfield County are Barneby’s thistle (Cirsium barneybi), fringed thistle (Cirsium centaureae), Fish Lake thistle (Cirsium clavatum var. americanum), Rocky Mountain thistle (Cirsium perplexans), and adobe thistle (Cirsium perplexanis). B. Five introduced thistle species include Canada, musk, plumeless, bull and Scotch. 1. Canada thistle is a perennial and has an extensive root system. 2. Plumeless, Scotch and musk thistles are biennials. They are relatively shallow- rooted and reproduce by seed only. 44 3. Canada and plumeless are often mistaken for each other. It is very simple to tell them apart: a) Canada has a smooth stem; plumeless has a spiny stem and leaves. b) The bracts under the flower of Canada are spineless; bracts under the leaves of plumeless appear as sharp spines. c) The flowers of musk thistle are about 3 times larger than those of Canada or plumeless. 4. Musk thistle seedlings have a very prominent white midrib. 5. Scotch thistle leaves are larger than those of the other thistles. They grow up to 2 feet in length and 1 foot wide. The leaves are covered with dense hairs which give them a grey appearance. 6. The leaves of bull thistle are deeply lobed and spiny with prickly hair above and cottony hair below. Canada leaves are smooth above and smooth or hairy below. 7. All of the biennial thistles may grow to heights of greater than 6 feet. Canada thistle may grow from 1 to 4 feet tall. 45 SECTION III JURISDICTIONAL OVERVIEW OF AREAS OF INFESTATION 3.01 Overview It is the goal of Garfield County to develop and implement a comprehensive noxious weed management program on all County-owned property and to be available as a resource for private landowners and public land managers. The County has adopted an “early detection, early treatment” policy for the purpose of establishing priorities. Earl y detection involves identification and documentation of recently introduced weed species into an area. Early treatment is the follow-up that could possible eradicate new infestations. 3.02 County Land: Roads, Airport, Landfill A. Roads: Garfield County has over 900 miles of county roads. Roadsides shall be managed for weeds on the County’s noxious weed list and Colorado listed weeds designated for eradication. 1. A Priority List of roads will be established each growing season based upon input from the Road and Bridge Department, the public and past observations by staff. Roadsides will be selectively spot-treated for noxious weeds. 2. There will be no general herbicide applications to non-listed weeds unless specifically requested by the Road and Bridge Department or the County Commissioners to treat a roadside for safety and sight reasons or to protect new paving. 3. Roadside treatment will start in the warmer, western end of the County in mid- April and move east and south as the growing season progresses. Each road on the Priority List will be treated at least twice. If time and workload allows some of the heavily infested roadsides will be treated a third time. B. Airport: The Airport will be treated on an as-needed basis for noxious weeds. 1. There are scattered infestations of Russian knapweed, musk thistle, whitetop, tamarisk and Russian olive on Airport property. 2. In 2006, ten acres of tamarisk were treated using the cut-stump method with the Rifle Correctional Crew on property along lower Mamm Creek. Annual follow-up is necessary. C. Landfill. The West Garfield County Landfill will be treated on an as-needed basis for noxious weeds. There are isolated patches of musk thistle, Scotch thistle and tamarisk at the Landfill. 3.03 State Land A. Colorado Department of Transportation’s state highways in Garfield County are Highways 13, 82, 133, 139, 325 and U.S. Highway 6&24. These highways are 46 managed for noxious weeds by CDOT through their offices in Glenwood Springs, Grand Junction and Craig. 1. Goals: a. Manage all noxious weeds in accordance with the Garfield County Weed Management Plan and the latest version of State Rules and Regulations Pertaining to the Noxious Weed Act, (8CCR 1206-2). b. Establish an intergovernmental agreement with CDOT that enables the County to perform weed management on a very limited basis. The major responsibility for weed management would still lie with CDOT. 2. Key Species: a. Interstate 70: Diffuse knapweed, spotted knapweed, Russian knapweed, Scotch thistle, Russian olive, tamarisk. b. Glenwood Canyon Bike Path: Chinese clematis, Russian knapweed, hoary cress, tamarisk, common tansy, plumeless thistle, Canada thistle. c. Highway 13: Musk thistle, yellow toadflax, Russian knapweed, Scotch thistle. d. Highway 82: Plumeless thistle, Canada thistle, Russian knapweed. e. Highway 133: Oxeye daisy, yellow toadflax, plumeless thistle, Canada thistle. f. Highway 139: Whitetop, Russian knapweed, spotted knapweed, Canada thistle. g. Highway 325: Diffuse knapweed, Canada thistle, Russian knapweed. h. Highway 6&24: Diffuse knapweed, Russian knapweed, Scotch thistle, Canada thistle, whitetop. B. Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife 1. The Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife has a weed management program in place for the Garfield Creek State Wildlife Area. Garfield County partnered with the DPW to map the area for noxious weeds in 2009. 2. The Division has two ponds adjacent to Cottonwood Park in Parachute. Key species are tamarisk and Russian olive. 3. Rifle Gap, Rifle Falls and Harvey Gap have weed management programs for those properties. C. Garfield County is available to provide technical assistance and weed identification upon request. 3.04 Federal Land A. Bureau of Land Management The BLM within Garfield County manages its noxious weeds through the Field Offices in Silt (Colorado River Valley) and Grand Junction. Garfield County has an intergovernmental agreement with the Colorado River Valley Field Office to treat noxious weeds on BLM land as a supplement to the BLM’s own program. This agreement is reviewed and modified on an annual basis. Resources are limited and may provide for approximately 10 sites per year to be treated by County crews. 47 B. White River National Forest The WRNF within Garfield County manages its noxious weeds through its Ranger Districts in Rifle, Carbondale, Eagle and through the Supervisor’s Office in Glenwood Springs. The WRNF has an intergovernmental agreement with Garfield County that supplements the Forest’s program. 3.05 Municipalities The towns and cities within the County include Carbondale, Glenwood Springs, New Castle, Parachute, Rifle and Silt. Municipalities have specific responsibilities as described in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act (See Section 1.03 of this plan). As of December 2015, all municipalities have a representative on the County Weed Advisory Board which serves in an advisory capacity. This cooperation does not preempt the above-stated responsibilities. Listed below are general descriptions of the weed issues in each municipality. The list is meant to provide institutional memory as to where key species are known to occur. The list is not all-inclusive. The suggested goal for each municipality is to manage all noxious weeds in accordance with the latest version of State Rules and Regulations Pertaining to the Noxious Weed Act (8CCR 1206-2). A. Carbondale: 1. Key Species: Absinth wormwood, diffuse knapweed, yellow toadflax, whitetop, Canada thistle, plumeless thistle, oxeye daisy. 2. Locations: a. North Face Park/Roaring Fork High School: Canada thistle, oxeye daisy, plumeless thistle. b. Nature Park: Canada thistle, oxeye daisy, yellow toadflax. c. Bull Pasture Park: Canada thistle, absinth wormwood. d. Carbondale Ditch: Canada thistle, absinth wormwood. e. Weaver Ditch: Absinth wormwood. f. Bowls and Holland Ditch: Absinth wormwood. g. Snowmass and White Hill Trails: Canada thistle. h. River Valley Ranch Golf Course: Absinth wormwood. i. County Road 108: Whitetop. B. Glenwood Springs 1. Key Species: Myrtle spurge (List A), Dalmatian toadflax, diffuse knapweed, tamarisk, Scotch thistle, plumeless thistle, sulfur cinquefoil, oxeye daisy. 2. Locations: a. South Canyon Landfill: Scotch thistle. b. South Canyon Parklands: Scotch thistle, tamarisk, Dalmatian toadflax, sulfur cinquefoil, oxeye daisy. c. Glenwood Springs Airport and rodeo grounds: Dalmatian toadflax, diffuse knapweed. 48 d. Two Rivers Park: Tamarisk, Russian olive. e. Midland Avenue: Dalmatian toadflax. C. New Castle 1. Key Species: Scotch thistle, Russian knapweed, myrtle spurge (List A), tamarisk, oxeye daisy, whitetop. 2. Locations: a. Castle Valley Boulevard: Scotch thistle, whitetop, Russian knapweed. b. 7th Street: Myrtle spurge, absinth wormwood. c. Riverside Park: Oxeye daisy, Russian knapweed. d. Colorow Trail: Russian knapweed, Scotch thistle, whitetop. e. Lakota Canyon subdivision: Scotch thistle. D. Parachute 1. Key Species: Russian knapweed, whitetop, Russian olive, tamarisk, Scotch thistle, diffuse knapweed. 2. Locations: Cottonwood Park: Whitetop, tamarisk. E. Rifle 1. Key Species: Tamarisk, Russian olive, plumeless thistle, Canada thistle, yellow toadflax, Scotch thistle, Russian knapweed. 2. Locations: a. Rifle Mountain Park: Yellow toadflax, plumeless thistle, Canada thistle. b. Centennial Park: Tamarisk, Russian olive, Russian knapweed. F. Silt 1. Key Species: Tamarisk, Russian olive, Russian knapweed, musk thistle, Scotch thistle, hoary cress. 2. Locations: a. River Park: Russian knapweed, hoary cress, tamarisk, Russian olive. b. Stoney Ridge: Tamarisk. c. Tara Park: Russian olive, tamarisk, purple loosestrife. 3.06 Unincorporated Battlement Mesa Battlement Mesa is a community of 4,500 residents in unincorporated Garfield County. Garfield County Vegetation Management has collaborated with the Battlement Mesa Company and the Battlement Mesa Service Association on noxious weed management projects. A. Key Species: Russian olive, Russian knapweed, hoary cress, common teasel, musk thistle, myrtle spurge, chicory, common burdock, tamarisk, Canada thistle, perennial pepperweed, plumeless thistle, houndstongue. B. Locations: 49 1. Battlement Mesa Golf Course: Common teasel, Russian knapweed, common burdock, tamarisk, Canada thistle, perennial pepperweed, plumeless thistle, houndstongue, Russian olive, hoary cress. 2. Monument Gulch: Musk thistle, Russian knapweed, tamarisk, houndstongue, plumeless thistle, cheatgrass. 3. Metro District Water/Sewer Plant and areas along the Colorado River: Russian knapweed, hoary cress, Russian olive, musk thistle. 4. Battlement Mesa neighborhoods and subdivisions: a. Eagle’s Point: Russian knapweed. b. Battlement Reserve: Myrtle spurge. c. Willow Creek: Russian knapweed in vacant lots. d. Spencer Parkway: Russian knapweed on medians and roadsides. e. Stone Corral and areas around County Road 302: Russian knapweed. 3.07 Railroad The Union Pacific Railroad owns the rail line that generally runs parallel to Interstate 70 from Glenwood Canyon to the Mesa County line. Garfield County worked with other Western Slope counties to develop a weed management plan for UP in 2010. Portions of the rail line between Glenwood Springs and Rifle were mapped by the County in 2009 with the cooperation of UP. A. Suggested Goal: Manage all noxious weeds in accordance with the Garfield County Weed Management Plan and the latest version of State Rules and Regulations Pertaining to the Noxious Weed Act (8CCR-1206-2). B. Key Species: Scotch thistle, tamarisk, Russian knapweed, whitetop, Russian olive, common tansy, Chinese clematis. 50 SECTION IV IMPLEMENTATION OF WEED MANAGEMENT PLAN 4.01 Objectives and Goals A. Management Goals for Weed Species. Management goals will vary from species to species, by location and over time. 1. For some species, such as Colorado List A species, complete eradication of existing infestations and total suppression of newly identified infestations is mandated by State law. 2. Containment of existing intentional plantings, exclusion of seed from new wildland or open space mixes and elimination of targeted escaped infestations are goals for certain ornamentals such as oxeye daisy. 3. Russian knapweed, tamarisk and Russian olive infestation are so widespread that they must be managed, in many cases, merely for containment and reduction in the rate of spread. Eradication of these stands may only be viewed as unlikely in some instances or as a long range objective. B. Objectives: 1. Develop and implement a comprehensive noxious weed management program on all County-owned property. 2. Educate the public concerning weed management issues. 3. Foster a spirit of cooperation among federal, state and local government agencies and private landowners. 4. Work with other government agencies and departments to institute Best Management Practices and policies that stress prevention as a weed management tool. 5. Promote and use integrated management techniques. 6. Establish and maintain healthy plant communities with native or beneficial vegetation. 7. Restore and maintain desirable plant communities, healthy ecosystems and productive agricultural lands in Garfield County. 8. Stop the spread of noxious weeds to non-infested lands. 9. Contain heavily weed-infested areas. 10. Implement Title 35, Article 5.5, of the Colorado Weed Management Act (8CCR 1206-2). C. In all cases, revegetation either from the existing seed bank or through supplemental planting must be included as a management goal. Without revegetation, disturbed or denuded soils invite weed infestation. 51 4.02 Prevention and Detection Prevention is the highest priority weed management technique on non-infested lands. Among government officials, land managers, farmers, ranchers and the general public there is a growing recognition that protecting weed-free plant communities is the most economical and efficient land management practice. A. Weed-free plant communities: 1. Provide essential wildlife habitat and forage. 2. Save ranchers and farmers many billions of dollars in labor costs and lost production. 3. Ensure aesthetic and recreational qualities of an area. 4. Prevent soil erosion and improve water quality. The spread of noxious weeds is most likely to occur where soil has been disturbed either by human activities such as road and trail cuts, construction sites, the spread of gravel, road fill and topsoil contaminated with noxious weed seed, or over-grazing. B. Exotic plants and seeds such as oxeye daisy, purple loosestrife, chicory, toadflax and Russian olive escape from our yards and gardens. Since they are attractive and establish themselves quickly, they are popular with landscapers and gardeners for ornamental planting and may be purchased through nurseries. They have the same ability to dominate and spread, however, as other better known noxious weeds. C. Other methods of weed introduction include: 1. Contaminated seed, feed grain, hay, straw and mulch. 2. Movement of contaminated equipment, cars, bikes, etc. across uncontaminated lands. 3. Animal fur, fleece, human clothing. 4. Dried flower arrangements. D. Prevention is best accomplished by ensuring that new weed species seed or vegetative reproductive plant parts are not introduced into new areas, and by early detection of any new weed species before they become widespread. E. Strategies to prevent the introduction or establishment of noxious weeds in areas not already infested include: 1. Identification and eradication of small, new infestations. 2. Continuous monitoring and evaluation to prevent recurrence. 3. Identification of existing conditions, disturbances and activities that represent a potential threat to native habitat. 4. Identification of recently introduced weed species that represent a future threat. 5. Timely revegetation and reclamation of disturbed sites using appropriate native plant species. 6. The use of weed-free seeds and mulch. 7. County-wide promotion of the Colorado Weed Free Hay and Forage program. 8. Prioritization of weed management along areas of entry and dispersal. 52 9. Discouraging the sale of weedy ornamental plants and seed packets that contain weeds. 4.03 Garfield County Gravel Purchase Guidelines A. The County shall require the following before agreeing to purchase any gravel for County projects: 1. The gravel pit shall be inventoried and mapped by the pit operator for all plant species on Garfield County’s noxious weed list on an annual basis. 2. The gravel pit operator shall provide the County with a weed management plan. Noxious weeds shall be treated prior to seed formation. 3. The gravel pit operator must supply the County with a detailed treatment record. 4. The County will inspect the pit, the inventory and the application records 2 weeks prior to the purchase of gravel or other aggregates. 4.04 Education and Awareness A. Education must play a major role in implementing the weed management plan. Groups targeted for public education include farmers and ranchers, golf course managers, homeowner associations, private citizens, housing developers, gardeners, landscapers, nurseries, public and private land management agencies, recreational users, youth groups, schools, oil and gas companies, pipeline companies and other utilities. B. A partnership of the public and private sectors, along with awareness of noxious weeds and the problems they cause, is essential to maintain or create plant communities that are free of noxious weeds. C. Knowledge about how to identify weeds, how and where weeds are spread and what it takes to manage weeds is needed. D. Continuation and expansion of current educational programs as well as the development of new programs is a priority of the Garfield County Noxious Weed Management Plan. E. Garfield County Vegetation Management and other governmental agencies will provide this instruction. Workshops will be held throughout the year to enhance public awareness. F. Opportunities for education include: 1. Updates on County Website. 2. Widespread distribution of informative printed material. 3. Offering weed tours and talks to the public. 4. Private applicator certification, applicator safety and laws and regulations. 5. Proper calibration of spraying equipment. 6. Contacting area nurseries, landscapers and landscape architects to emphasize the problems created by escaped ornamentals. 53 7. Cooperation with local media to disseminate weed information. 8. Custom weed management recommendations for individual landowners. 4.05 Land Stewardship The Colorado Noxious Weed Act requires that all property owners use integrated methods to manage noxious weeds. Weed management must be ongoing, requiring an integrated approach in which proper land stewardship practices are utilized. Most weed species, if detected early, can be managed. A. Strategies for implementing a noxious weed management plan: 1. Identif y your plants. 2. Understand the target weed. Does it reproduce by seed or roots or both? 3. Maintain inventory maps. 4. Develop a noxious weed database. 5. Develop site-specific weed management plans in cooperation with other individual landowners and public agencies. 6. Develop a decision-making process that uses site-specific information to make decisions about treatment choices. 7. Develop a long-term strategy including regular monitoring of treatment areas. 8. Correct the situation or practices that allowed the weeds to spread. 9. Take necessary action. B. Maintaining land that is free of weeds is good stewardship. Landowners who do not manage their weeds place their neighbors’ land at risk. 4.06 Revegetation A crucial part of any weed management plan is the reintroduction of site-appropriate vegetation. A. Establishing a desirable plant community after noxious weeds have been removed from a highly infested area requires timely cultivation and reseeding. B. Since the seeds from noxious weeds may lay dormant for many years, removing all visible signs of the noxious weeds does not ensure against their return. C. Revegetation can help prevent the germination of weed seeds. It is important to inspect the land regularly to identify and treat small, new infestations. D. For proper revegetation, managed irrigation of dry areas and reseeding are essential to establish desirable communities. E. Native plants are most appropriate when the goal is restoration of native habitat. F. Weed-free seeds of native Colorado grasses, wildflowers or plant species appropriate to the site may be purchased, but the best source for seeds is from native species that grow in the immediate vicinity of the infestation. They will be best adapted to local conditions and will help maintain local integrity and genetic viability. 54 G. Using native plants or seeds to revegetate disturbed land reduces degradation of native ecosystems, reduces the need for herbicides and conserves water resources. H. Native plants provide broad biological diversity and help keep the Colorado landscape from being irrevocably altered by non-native species. I. When the goal is reclamation – reseeding for quick ground cover establishment or erosion control – it may be appropriate to use introduced, non-aggressive grasses and forbs. J. Contact the Natural Resources Conservation Service or Colorado State University Extension for specific seeding recommendations. General seeding recommendations: a) Study all vegetation in the area and surrounding areas. b) Preserve plant species native to Colorado. c) Test the soil for pH balance. d) Retain and utilize as much on-site topsoil as possible. e) Select a predominant species that is appropriate to the site. Then choose a few complementary species to provide a balanced plant community. f) Choose plants that are healthy, vigorous and pest-free. g) Use weed-free, non-hybrid seeds. h) Avoid commercial seed packets containing exotic plant species. i) Confirm viability and purity of seed through seed testing from an accredited seed testing lab. j) When choosing seeding rates, consider the guidelines provided by the Natural Resource Conservation Service. Fact sheets are available for individual species at the USDA-NRCS Plants Database website: http://plants.usda.gov/java/factSheet. 4.07 Requirements – Reclamation/Revegetation Plan, Soil Management Plan and Security Various land use change permits processed through the Community Development Departments (e.g. grading, pipeline, and Land Use Change permits) may require a Reclamation/Revegetation and Soil Management Plan which includes a Weed Management Plan. A. Soil Plan to include: 1. Provisions for salvaging on-site topsoil. 2. Timetable for eliminating topsoil and aggregate piles. 3. Provision for soil cover if any disturbances or stockpiles that sit exposed for a period of 90 days or more. B. Reclamation/Revegetation Plan to include: 1. Plant material list and seed mix. Specifically, scientific names and common names and the application rate in terms of Pure Live Seed per acre. 55 2. Planting schedule which includes timing, methods, mulching and provisions for watering, if applicable. 3. A map of the impacted area with a calculation of the surface area of disturbance in acres of the disturbed area, at preliminary plan. 4. A Weed Management Plan for all listed Garfield County noxious weeds and State of Colorado listed noxious weeds that are targeted for statewide eradication. The Plan will include a site specific map and weed inventory. A Weed Management Plan is required if an area 1 acre or greater is disturbed for the purposes of site construction, development or grading but not including areas serving the long- term function of the site such as building footprint, road surface or permanent parking areas. 5. A revegetation security in cash, bond or letter of credit. 6. Agricultural practices are exempt from revegetation requirements unless they are in association with a subdivision or land use proposal. C. A financial security may be required for revegetation if, in the determination of the BOCC, the proposed project has: 1. A potential to facilitate the spread of noxious weeds. 2. A potential to impact watershed areas. 3. A potential for visual impacts from public viewing corridors. 4. Steep slopes of 15% or greater or unstable areas. 5. Disturbs large areas of 1 acre or greater where topsoil is exposed for the purposes of site construction, development or grading but does not comprise the long term functioning of the site (i.e. building footprint, road surface or permanent parking areas). D. The revegetation security will be in an amount to be recommended by the Vegetation Manager to the BOCC that will be site-specific and based on the amount of disturbance. 1. The security shall be held by Garfield County until vegetation has been successfully reestablished, or for a period of time approved by the BOCC, in any specific land use action, according to the Reclamation Standards. 2. The BOCC will designate a member of its staff to evaluate the reclamation prior to the release of the security. E. If a property owner fails to comply with his/her approved Reclamation/Revegetation and Soil Management Plan, the provisions of the County’s adopted land use and development code in regard to enforcement may be in effect. 4.08 Reclamation Standards Areas disturbed during development shall be restored as natural-appearing landforms that blend in with adjacent undisturbed topography within 90 days of completion of construction unless an alternative timeframe is approved by the Vegetation Manager. A. Site Stability. The reclaimed areas shall be stable and exhibit none of the following: 56 1. Large rills or gullies. 2. Perceptible soil movement or head-cutting in drainages. 3. Slope instability on or adjacent to the reclaimed area. 4. Slopes shall be stabilized using appropriate reshaping and earthwork measures, including proper placement of soils and other materials. B. Soil management. Topsoil management shall be salvaged from areas to be disturbed and managed for later use in reclamation. C. Erosion Prevention. The surface area disturbed at any one time during the development of a project shall be kept to the minimum necessary and the disturbed areas reclaimed within 90 days to prevent unnecessary or undue degradation resulting from erosion. 1. The soil surface must be stable and have adequate surface roughness to reduce run-off, capture rainfall and snow melt, and allow for revegetation. 2. Application of certified noxious weed-free mulch or erosion netting may be necessary to reduce soil movement, retain soil moisture and promote revegetation. 3. Soil conservation measures, including surface manipulation, reduction in slope angle, revegetation and water management techniques shall be used. 4. Sediment retention structures or devices shall be located as close to the source of the sediment-generating activities as possible to increase their effectiveness and reduce environmental impacts. D. Contouring and Revegetation. Abrupt transitions and linear placement on visible slopes shall be avoided. Areas disturbed by grading shall be contoured so they can be revegetated and shall be planted and have vegetation established. 1. When final landform is achieved, the surface shall be stabilized by vegetation or other means to reduce further soil erosion from wind or water, provide forage and cover, prevent fugitive dust as required by State Statute, and reduce visual impacts. 2. A uniform vegetative cover shall be established with an individual plant density of at least 70% of pre-disturbance levels within 4 growing seasons. State or county-listed noxious weeds, as well as alien annual invasive species, do not count as part of the 70% cover. 3. Application of topsoil. Topsoil will be stockpiled, placed on disturbed areas and managed for later use in reclamation. Provisions for salvaging on-site topsoil, a timetable for eliminating topsoil and aggregate piles and a plan that provides for soil cover if any disturbances or stockpiles sit exposed for a period of 90 days or more will be reviewed and accepted by the Garfield County Vegetation Manager. 4. Specific criteria for evaluating revegetation success must be site-specific and included as a part of the reclamation plan. 5. Vegetation production, species diversity and cover shall support the post- disturbance land use. 57 6. Areas where post-disturbance land use does not include lawns, gardens and flower beds shall approximate the surrounding undisturbed areas or be revegetated to a desired plant community with a composition of species and plant cover typical to that site. 7. The vegetation shall stabilize the site and support the planned post-disturbance land use, provide natural plant community succession and development, and be capable of renewing itself. This shall be demonstrated by: a. Using certified noxious weed-free seed. b. Successful on-site establishment of the species included in the planting mixture or other desirable species. c. Evidence of vegetation reproduction, either spreading by rhizomatous species or seed reproduction. d. Evidence of overall site stability and sustainability. 8. The revegetation plan shall provide for the greatest probability of success in plant establishment and vegetation development by considering environmental factors such as seasonal patterns of precipitation, temperature and wind, soil texture and fertility, slope stability and direction of slope faces. 9. To ensure the establishment of a diverse and long-lasting vegetative cover, the permittee shall employ appropriate techniques of site preparation and protection. 10. Species diversity should be selected for long-term land uses and provide for a reduction in visual contrast. 11. Where vegetation is to be used, a diversity of vegetation species shall be used to establish a resilient, self-perpetuating ecosystem capable of supporting the post- disturbance land use. 12. Species planted should include those that will provide quick soil stabilization, litter and nutrients for soil building and are self-renewing. 13. Integrated weed management methods shall be employed for all noxious weed species on the Garfield County List. Weed management methods shall be used whenever the infestation of the reclaimed area by noxious weeds threaten nearby areas. 14. Where revegetation is impractical or inconsistent with the surrounding undisturbed areas, other forms of surface stabilization shall be used. 4.09 Mapping and Inventory A. The Vegetation Manager will establish and maintain visual maps of past and present infestations of noxious weeds on County land. This will provide a graphic representation of weed management progress and needs. B. The primary goal of mapping will be to record the noxious weed species present, areas infested, density of infestations and other site factors pertinent to successfully managing the infestation. 58 C. Mapping priorities will be List A species, List B species designated for eradication and support for future grant-funded projects. 59 SECTION V ENFORCEMENT The control of noxious weeds is the responsibility of the subject property’s owner or occupant. The Garfield County Vegetation Manager is available to provide technical assistance. Enforcement of the Garfield County Weed Management Plan is authorized by the Colorado Noxious Weed Act (the Act), C.R.S 35-5.5-101.l, et seq. The Act directs local governments to take the necessary steps to manage noxious weeds in their jurisdiction, and provides specific authorization for local enforcement of duly adopted Weed Management plans. Garfield Count y will manage noxious weeds identified in the Garfield County Weed Management Plan and the Act in accordance with the following procedures: 5.01 Compliance: Private Lands A. Inspection: Garfield County, through its delegates, agents and employees shall have the right to enter upon any premises, lands or places whether public or private, during reasonable business hours for the purpose of inspecting for the existence of noxious weed infestations when at least one of the following has occurred: 1. The landowner had requested an inspection. 2. A neighboring landowner or occupant has reported a suspected noxious weed infestation and requested an inspection. 3. An authorized agent of the County has made a visual observation from a public right-of-way or area and has reason to believe that a noxious weed infestation exists. B. No entry upon any premises, lands or places shall be permitted until the landowner or occupant has been notified by certified mail that such an inspection is pending. Where possible, inspections shall be scheduled and conducted with the concurrence of the landowner or occupant. 1. If after receiving notice that an inspection is pending, the landowner or occupant denies access to the Garfield County inspector, the inspector may seek an inspection warrant issued by a municipal, county or district court having jurisdiction over the land. The court shall issue an inspection warrant upon presentation by Garfield County, through its agent or employee, of an affidavit stating: a. The information which gives the inspector reasonable cause to believe that any provision of the Act or the Garfield County Weed Management Plan is being or has been violated. b. That the occupant or landowner has denied access to the inspector. c. A general description of the location of the affected land. 2. No landowner or occupant shall deny access to such land when presented with an inspection warrant. 60 C. Management 1. If following inspection pursuant to 5.01(A), land is found to contain designated noxious weeds, Garfield County through its agent or employee, will give the landowner written notice, personally or by certified mail. The notice shall: a. Name the noxious weeds. b. Identify the location of the noxious weeds. c. Advise the landowner to control the noxious weeds. d. Specify the best available control methods of integrated management. e. The notice shall include an offer to consult with the landowner in the development of a management plan for the control of noxious weeds on the land. 2. The notice shall also state that the landowner has a reasonable period of time not to exceed 10 days, or 5 days for State List A species and populations of State List B species designated for eradication after receipt of notice to do one of the following: a. Option I: Comply with the terms of the notification. b. Option II: Acknowledge the terms of the notification and submit an acceptable plan and schedule for the completion of the plan for compliance to the Garfield County Vegetation Management Department. c. Option III: Request an arbitration panel to determine the final management plan. 3. If the landowner chooses Option I, the Garfield County Vegetation Management Department or its representative will re-inspect the land to confirm compliance within a reasonable period of time not to exceed 10 days, or 5 days for State List A species and populations of State List B species designated for eradication. 4. If the landowner chooses Option II, the Garfield Vegetation Management Department or its representative will review the proposed weed management plan and determine its efficacy. If the plan is acceptable, the Garfield Count y Vegetation Management Department will monitor the landowner’s compliance with the management plan, and after completion, will re-inspect to ensure that the noxious weeds have been effectively managed. 5. If the landowner chooses Option III, an arbitration panel will be selected by the Garfield County Board of County Commissioners in accordance with C.R.S. 35- 5.5-109(4)(b). a. The arbitration panel shall be comprised of a weed management specialist or weed scientist, a landowner of similar land in the Garfield County, and a third panel member chosen by agreement of the first two panel members. b. The landowner or occupant shall be entitled to challenge any one member of the panel, and the Garfield County Board of County Commissioners shall name a new panel member from the same category. 61 c. The decision of the arbitration panel shall be final. d. A hearing shall be set for a time and date as soon as practical after the panel is appointed. e. The Garfield County Vegetation Management Department or its representative shall give written notice, personally or by mail, of the hearing date and time to any complainant. The landowner or occupant is entitled to appear before the panel, individually or by representative, as is any complainant. f. The arbitration panel will be required to develop the final management plan not more than 2 calendar weeks after the hearing is completed. g. In the event of non-compliance with any management plan developed and approved by the arbitration panel, in addition to remedies set forth in paragraph 5.01(D), the arbitration panel shall have the ability to award cost s of the arbitration to the prevailing party including the arbitration panel fees and expenses. h. These fees and expenses may include, but are not limited to salary, wages, travel and per diem expenses. D. Failure to Comply. In the event the landowner or occupant fails to comply with the notice to manage the identified noxious weeds or fails to implement the plan developed by the arbitration panel, the Garfield County Board of County Commissioners has the authority to: 1. Compel management of the noxious weeds after notice to the landowner and a hearing. The Garfield County Vegetation Department or its representative shall give written notice of the hearing before the Garfield County Board of County Commissioners to the landowner personally or by certified mail which will include: a. Description of the affected land. b. Name of the noxious weeds and their location on the land. c. Date and time the Garfield County Vegetation Management Department or its representative will perform weed control on the land. d. Method of control to be applied. e. A statement that the Garfield County Board of County Commissioners may assess the whole cost of compliance, including up to 20% for inspection and other incidental costs in connection therewith, upon the lot or tract of land where the noxious weeds are located. Such assessment shall be a lien against the subject lot or tract of land until paid and shall have priority over all other liens except general taxes and prior special assessments. Such assessment may be certified to the Garfield County Treasurer and collected or paid over in the same manner as provided for the collection of taxes. Any funds collected pursuant to this section shall be deposited in the Garfield County Weed Fund or any similar fund. 62 2. Costs of providing for and compelling weed management shall not be assessed until the level of management called for in the notice or as developed by the arbitration panel has been successfully achieved. 3. Public Nuisance. If the landowner fails to comply with the notice to control the designated noxious weeds, fails to submit an acceptable management plan, or fails to compl y with a management plan as determined by an arbitration panel, the Garfield County Board of County Commissioners may declare the noxious weeds a public nuisance pursuant to C.R.S. 35-5.5-113. Once declared, such nuisances are subject to all laws and remedies relating to the prevention and abatement of nuisances. E. Other occupants. Whenever the land is known to the Garfield County Vegetation Management Department or its representative to be occupied by someone other than the record owner, written notices also shall be given to the occupant, and the occupant shall be informed that pursuant to C.R.S. 35-5.5-109 and the Garfield County Weed Management Plan imposes on occupants the same responsibilities for noxious weed control as it imposes on landowners. F. Notice. 1. Whenever notice is given by mail, it shall be deemed given when deposited in a regular depository of the United States Postal Service, postage prepaid. 2. Notice to landowners shall be mailed to the affected lot or tract’s physical address and the landowner’s last known address as shown in the County Assessor’s records, and any other addresses the occupant has provided to the Garfield County Vegetation Management Department. 3. Notice to occupants shall be mailed to the affected lot or tract’s physical address and any other addresses the occupant has providedto the Garfield Count y Vegetation Management Department. G. Condition Precedent. No private land management shall be compelled without first applying the same or greater management measures to the County land or rights-of- way that are adjacent to the private property. 5.02 Compliance: Public Lands A. Municipalities. The governing body of each municipality in Garfield County shall adopt a noxious weed management plan pursuant to C.R.S. 35-5.5-106 for all lands within its jurisdiction. 1. Municipalities adopt and provide for the enforcement of such ordinances, resolutions, rules and other regulations as necessary to enforce such a plan. 2. Any municipal agent, delegate, employee, staff or contractor applying or recommending the use of chemical management methods in the administration of the Weed Management Plan shall be certified by the Colorado Department of Agriculture. 63 3. Municipalities may cooperate with counties and other municipalities to exercise any and all powers and authorities granted by the Act by entering into intergovernmental agreements. B. State Land. State boards, departments or agencies that administer or supervise state lands must manage noxious weeds pursuant to C.R.S. 35-5.5-110 on any lands under its jurisdiction, using methods prescribed by the local governing body in whose jurisdiction the state lands are located. 1. The Garfield County Board of County Commissioners, through its employees and agents, may give notice to the state board, department or agency advising of the presence of noxious weeds on public lands. This notice will specify the best available methods of integrated management. Wherever possible Garfield County shall consult with the state entity in development of a plan for the management of noxious weeds on the premises or lands in question. 2. Within a reasonable time after the receipt of the notification, not to exceed 10 days, the state entity shall do one of the following: a. Option I: Comply with the terms of the notification; b. Option II: Submit an acceptable management plan and a schedule for its completion to the Garfield County Vegetation Management Department; c. Option III: Request an arbitration panel to determine a final management plan. 3. If the state entity chooses Option I, the Garfield County Vegetation Management Department or its representative will re-inspect the land to confirm compliance within a reasonable period of time not to exceed 10 days, or 5 days for State List A species and populations of State List B species designated for eradication. 4. If the state entity chooses Option II, the Garfield County Vegetation Management Department or its representative will review the proposed weed management plan and determine its efficacy. a. If the plan is acceptable, the Department will monitor the state’s compliance with the management plan, and after completion, will re-inspect to ensure the noxious weeds have been effectively managed. 5. If the state entity chooses Option III, an arbitration panel will be selected by the Garfield County Board of County Commissioners in accordance with C.R.S. 35-5.5-110(2)(b). The arbitration panel shall be comprised of a weed management specialist or weed scientist, a landowner of similar land in Garfield County, and a third panel member chosen by agreement of the first two panel members. 6. The state entity will be entitled to challenge any one member of the panel, and the Garfield County Board of County Commissioners will name a new panel member from the same category. 7. The decision of the arbitration panel shall be final. 8. A hearing shall be set for a time and date as soon as practical after the panel is appointed. 64 9. The Garfield County Vegetation Management Department or its representative shall give written notice, personally or by mail, of the hearing date and time to any state entity. The state entity is entitled to appear before the panel, individually or by representative. 10. The arbitration panel will be required to develop the final management plan not more than 2 calendar weeks after the hearing is completed. C. Failure to Comply. In the event the state entity fails to comply with the notice to manage the identified noxious weeds, or implement the plan developed by an arbitration panel, the Garfield County Vegetation Management Department may undertake management of the noxious weeds at the expense of the state entity. 1. A written agreement for payment of the costs of noxious weed management will be reached within 2 weeks after the date such expenses are submitted to the state entity. 2. If no agreement for payment is reached, and if the costs of the noxious weed management is not immediately paid, such charge will be submitted to the controller who shall treat such amount as an encumbrance to the budget of the state entity, pursuant to C.R.S. 35-5.5-112. 3. Any state entity may enter into a contract with Garfield County to authorize management of noxious weeds on state-administered property on terms and conditions satisfactory to both parties. D. Federal land. Local governing bodies of all counties and municipalities are authorized pursuant to C.R.S. 35-5.5-111 to enter into cooperative agreements with federal and state agencies for the integrated management of noxious weeds within their jurisdictions. 1. Bureau of Land Management. The BLM within Garfield County manages its noxious weeds through its Field Offices in Silt (Colorado River Valley) and Grand Junction. Garfield County has an intergovernmental agreement with the Colorado River Valley Field Office to treat noxious weeds on BLM land as a supplement to the BLM’s own program. This agreement is reviewed and modified on an annual basis. Resources are limited and may provide for approximately 10 sites per year to be treated by County crews. 2. The White River National Forest has an intergovernmental agreement with the County to supplement the Forest program. Within Garfield County the Forest manages its noxious weeds through its Ranger Districts in Rifle, Carbondale and through the Supervisor’s Office in Glenwood Springs. 65 5.03 County Rights-of-Way Garfield County and each state entity must confirm that all public roads, highways, rights-of-way, and any easements pertaining to these, under the jurisdiction of these entities, are in compliance with C.R.S. 35-5.5-112, and any violations of the Act shall be the financial responsibility of the Garfield County or state entity. 66 SECTION VI PLAN EVALUATION 6.01 Plan Evaluation A. The goals and plan of work in the Garfield County Noxious Weed Management Plan will be reviewed and evaluated annually at the February Garfield County Weed Advisory Board meeting. Any proposed additions or changes shall be recommended by the Board and approved by ordinance by the BOCC before becoming final. B. The Garfield County Weed Management Plan shall be reviewed by the Weed Advisory Board at least every 3 years (C.R.S. 35-5.5-107(4)(a)). The management plan and any recommended amendments to the plan shall be transmitted to the BOCC for approval, modification or rejection. 67 APPENDIX A Photo s © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture; and map above by Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture.Updated on: 08/08 Absinth wormwoodColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Absinth is well branched and gets 3 feet tall and 2 feet across. Silver-grey leaves and small yellow flowers. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts A bsinth wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) is native to Eurasia, the Middle East and North Africa. It was introduced to North America in the early 19th century to be cultivated for medicinal use. It was first reported outside cultivated gardens in 1841, along roadsides and waste grounds. A bsinth wormwood is a long- lived perennial that possesses a strong sage odor and bitter taste. Plants grow 2 to 4 feet in height and are prolific seed producers. It has a taproot that can reach 2 inches in diameter and shallow lateral fibrous root branches that can extend up to 6 feet long in all given directions. Plants are woody at the base and regrow from the soil level each spring. The stems are numerous and are covered with fine, gray hairs while the leaves area blue-olive green, alternate and highly divided. Flowers are small, yellowish and arranged in large, spike-like panicles. The seed viability is estimated to be 3 to 4 years and are easily scattered by wind, water, animals, and in hay. The seeds are less than 1/6 inch long, smooth, flattened and light gray. Key ID Points Artemisia absinthium L.Absinth wormwood Identification and Management H abitats for Absinth wormwood include disturbed sites, moist soils, and is also shade tolerant. It can occur in 5,000 to 7,000 feet elevation and is considered a weed in pastureland, cropland, and rangeland. Absinth wormwood is listed as poor palatability in horses, but good for sheep. T he key to effective control of Absinth wormwood is a combination of control methods. Compared to most perennials, it is fairly easy to control with chemicals in combination with mechanical control. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. A bsinth wormwood is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations CULTURAL Cultural controls are possible in theory, but are very ti me consuming and expensive. Complete removal of any seedlings or newly established plants by conti nual hand pulling is also possible. BIOLOGICAL There is no biological control available for Absinth wormwood. Since biological control agents take years to research, develop and release, no releases are expected in the foreseeable future. For more informati on, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Hand pull or dig when soil is moist. Make certain to pull all the roots, including short horizontal roots. Bag specimens carefully so as to not scatt er seeds if removed during or aft er fl owering. Multi ple mowings prior to seed generati on can cause stress and may provide a control opti on. Top to bottom photos, © Chris Evans, River to River CWMA, Bugwood.org; Mary Ellen (Mel) Harte, , Bugwood.org; and Richard Old, XID Services, Inc., Bugwood.org.Absinth wormwoodIntegrated Weed Management: Absinth Wormwood is easily controlled using a combination of methods such as chemical and mechanical. Compared to most perennials, it is fairly easy to control. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Picloram (Tordon 22K- restricted use) 1 pint product/acre Apply when plant is 12 inches tall through flowering growth stage. Do not use near trees, desirable shrubs or water. (Summer to Early Fall) Aminopyralid (Milestone - general use) 7 fl oz product/acre Apply when plant is 12 inches tall though flowering growth stage. (Summer to Early Fall) Clopyralid +2,4-D (Curtail - general use) 2 quarts product/acre Apply when plant is 12 inches tall through flowering growth stage. (Summer to Early Fall) Dicamba (Banvel, Vanquish, Clarity - general use) 1 quart product/acre Apply when plant is 12 inches tall through flowering growth stage. Do not use near trees, desirable shrubs or water. (Summer to Early Fall)Management Recommendations2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © (2 on bottom, left): Steve Dewey, Utah State University; (Top left and top center): Mary Ellen Harte, forestryimages.com and Map above by Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Black henbaneColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Shallow lobed leaves that have sticky hairs. Flowers have purple centers and veins. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts B lack henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) was introduced from Europe as an ornamental and medicinal herb. In Colorado it is mostly found on the western slope. The plant blooms June through September and may be an annual or biennial. A mature plant reaches 1 to 3 feet in height with foliage that has a fowl odor. Leaves are shallowly lobed to coarsely toothed with sticky hairs. The outer part of the flower is brownish yellow in color with a purple center and veins. Fruits are approximately 1 inch long with 5 lobes. A ll parts of Black henbane are poisonous to both livestock and humans when ingested. However; the plant is usually avoided by livestock due to the foul odor. The plant is a strong competitor for moisture and nutrients and produces a persistent litter effecting germination and growth of native plants. Black henbane invades disturbed and overgrazed sites. A good preventable measure is to guard against overuse. H abitats for Black henbane included disturbed open spaces, roadsides, fields, waste places and abandoned gardens. It grows in most soil types but likes sandy or well Key ID Points Hyoscyamus nigerBlack henbane Identification and Management drained loam soils. The seed viability or longevity is considered to be 1 to 5 years. T he key to effective control of Black henbane is guarding against disturbance and overuse, this can prove to be a good preventative measure against black henbane. Mechanical control and chemicals are the most commonly recommended method. Controlling plants in the spring or early summer prior to seed production is most effective, follow-up treatments are recommended to pick up missed or late bolting plants. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. B lack henbane is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado.gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 08/08 CULTURAL Cultural controls are possible in theory, but are very time consuming and expensive. Complete removal of any seedlings or newly established plants by continual hand pulling is also possible. BIOLOGICAL There is no biological control available for Black henbane. Since biological control agents take years to research, develop and release, no releases are expected in the foreseeable future. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Hand pull or dig from moist soil, so the entire tap root system can be removed. Tillage will control henbane, but is usually not recommended due to the land it occupies: rangeland, roadsides and pastures. Be sure to bag specimens carefully if removed during or after flowering. Top to bottom photos, © (Top 2 photos) Stevens County (Washington State) Noxious Weed Control Board; and bottom photo David Hallinan, Bannock County Weed Superintendent, Idaho Weed Awareness Campaign.Black henbaneIntegrated Weed Management: Controlling plants in the spring or early summer prior to seed production is most effective, follow-up treatments are recommended to pick up missed or late bolting plants. Constant monitoring of site after last adult flowering plant is removed is suggested since seed viability can be up to 5 years. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Metsulfuron (Escort XP) 1 oz product/acre plus 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Surfactant absolutely necessary. Apply late bolt to early flower. (Summer to Early Fall) Picloram (Tordon 22K *this is a Restricted Use Pesticide*) Apply at 1 qt/acre plus 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when soil moisture adequate and weeds rapidly growing. (Late Spring to Early Fall)Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © Lower left by: Ohio State Weed Lab Archive, Ohio State University, Bugwood.org; Richard Old, XID Services, Inc., Bugwood.org; All others by Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture. BouncingbetColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Leaves are opposite, smooth, narrow, and 2-4 inches long. Flowers have five petals and are generally light pink to white. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts B ouncingbet (Saponaria officinalis) is a perennial forb. The flowers are crowded at the ends of branches, and have five petals that are generally light pink to white and slightly notched at the apex. Flowering begins in July and continues until September. The fruits are many-seeded capsules and seeds are dull-black and roundish or kidney-shaped. Bouncingbet reproduces by seed and spreads by rhizomatous swollen nodes. Leaves are opposite, smooth, narrow, 2 to 4 inches long and have three distinct veins from the base. The stems are erect, sparingly branched, smooth, and forming. Mature plants grow up to three feet tall. B ouncingbet can be poisonous to livestock and humans. It is generally considered unpalatable to livestock. The plant contains sapogenic glycosides that cause gastrointestinal irritation and can destroy red blood cells when absorbed in the blood streams of grazing animals. T he habitat of Bouncingbet is often found in large dense patches on hillsides, along rivers, roadsides, meadows, and waste areas. It prefers moist, well-drained soil, and full sun to partial shade and is currently found primarily in municipal areas and nearby wildlands. Bouncingbet spreads rapidly, replacing Key ID Points Saponaria officinalisBouncingbet Identification and Management more valuable species (e.g. perennial grasses). Bouncingbet is increasingly common in Colorado, particularly in residential areas and local open spaces where it has escaped as an ornamental species. Bouncingbet was originally introduced from Europe as a garden ornamental. T he key to effective control of Bouncingbet is early detection and prevention of new infestations, since it is not yet widespread in Colorado. If infestations are discovered, they should be controlled immediately, and all seed production prevented. Since Bouncingbet usually grows in dense patches it is relatively easy to spot and treat. Be aware that this species is often found in wet areas, which may restrict the use of certain herbicides. As with all perennial weeds that have extensive root systems, the key to controlling Bouncingbet, is to eliminate seed production while depleting the nutrient reserves in the roots. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. B ouncingbet is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado.gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 08/08 CULTURAL Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, eliminating seed production and maintaining healthy native communities. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. BIOLOGICAL There is no biological control available for Bouncingbet. Since biological control agents take years to research, develop and release, no releases are expected in the foreseeable future. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Physical or mechanical control of Bouncingbet is NOT recommended because the plant reproduces clonally from its root system. Handpull or dig only single plants/new infestations when soil is moist to make certain entire root system is excavated.BouncingbetIntegrated Weed Management: Since Bouncingbet usually grows in dense patches it is relatively easy to spot and treat. Be aware that this species is often found in wet areas, which may restrict the use of certain herbicides. As with all perennial weeds that have extensive root systems, the key to controlling Bouncingbet is to eliminate seed production while depleting the nutrient reserves in the roots.http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Chlorsulfuron (Telar)1 oz product/A + 0.25% v/v Apply at bolting to bud growth stage. (Late Spring to Mid Summer)Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © Top to bottom: Michael Shephard, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org; Richard Old, XID Services, Inc., Bugwood.org; and Dale Swenarton, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Photos © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture, map above by Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture, Updated on: 08/08 Bull thistleColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Leaves are prickly-hairy above and cottony below. Heads cobwebby- pubescent (hairy). Flowers are composite and purple in color. 1. 2. 3. Identification and Impacts B ull thistle (Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore) is a biennial forb that was introduced to North America as a seed contaminant and is now widespread. Gumdrop- shaped flowers are pinkish to dark purple in color and 1 ½ to 2 inches in diameter. The flower bracts are somewhat tapered and covered with spines. Seeds are capped with a circle of plume-like white hairs. Leaves are alternate. In Colorado, Bull thistles are the only species that are prickly hairy on the top and are cottony-hairy on the undersides of the leaves. In mature plants the leaves extend down, clasping the stem and are divided into segments. The plant has a short, fleshy taproot with several primary roots extending from the root crown. Seed leaves are round to spatulate, and smooth. Mature plants can produce up to 4,000 seeds per plant. H abitats for Bull thistle include dry to moist environments. It thrives on nitrogen-rich soils, and it grows on gravelly to clay-textured soils. Bull thistle cannot withstand deep shade and is commonly seen in areas such as pastures, overgrazed rangeland, roadsides, and logged areas. Within Colorado Bull thistle infestations have been reported to occur in nearly all counties west of the continental divide, this plant has also been observed in the Upper Arkansas Watershed and in pockets on the plains. It is widespread throughout the United States and parts of Canada. Key ID Points Cirsium vulgare (Savi) TenoreBull thistle Identification and ManagementHeavy infestations can reduce livestock forage. Additionally, the presence of bull thistle in hay decreases the forage value and lowers the market price. It is an aggressive weed, but it will not withstand cultivation. Bull thistle is often a transient species, appearing in recent clear cuts or disturbed areas and becoming a dominant species for several years. It has been reported to cause hay fever in some individuals and is often confused with musk thistle. T he key to effective control of Bull thistle is maintaining healthy pastures and rangeland , guarding against disturbance or overuse, and as with most biennial limit seed production. To reduce seed production, plants with buds or flowers should be collected and immediately disposed of or destroyed. Chemical control is most effective when plants are in rosette stage, spring or early fall. Mechanical controls can be used to eliminate small patches or plants in a later growth stages. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. B ull thistle is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www. colorado.gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations CULTURAL Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, eliminating seed production and maintaining healthy native communities. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. BIOLOGICAL Urophora stylata, a fly predator, is used to help control this thistle. The female fly lays eggs in the seed head of the thistle. The maggot then consumes the seed in the flower. This species has overwintered in Colorado but the limited numbers will not allow for general redistribution. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Because biennial thistles do not reproduce from their roots, any mechanical or physical method that severs the root below the soil surface will kill the weed. It is necessary to revegetate the site with desirable plants. Tillage, hoeing, or even hand- pulling should be successful (not on rangeland), providing it is done before the reproductive growth stages. Bull thistleIntegrated Weed Management: Prevention is the most effective control with Bull thistle, maintaining healthy pastures and rangeland and continually monitor your property for new infestations. As with most biennials, limiting seed production is another key to controlling plant populations. Chemical and mechanical options to control Bull thistle are also effective. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Clopyralid (Transline or Stinger) 0.13 to 0.5 Apply to rosettes in spring or fall. Clopyralid + 2,4-D (Curtail) 0.2 + 1.0 to 0.3 + 1.5 Apply to rosettes in spring or fall. Dicamba (Banvel, Vanquish, or Clarity) 0.5 + 1.0 Apply to rosettes in spring or fall if good growing conditions exist. 2,4-D or 2,4-D + dicamba (Rangestar) 1.5 to 2.0 1.0 + 0.5 Apply to rosettes in spring. Picloram (Tordon 22K *restricted use chemical) 0.13 to 0.25 Apply to rosettes in spring or fall. Chlorsulfuron (Telar)0.047 (0.75 oz ai)Spring from bolting to bud stages; add a non- ionic surfactant Metsulfuron (Escort XP)0.019 (0.3 oz ai)Spring from bolting to bud stages; add a non- ionic surfactant.Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © Top to bottom: Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture; Eric Coombs, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org; and UAF Cooperative Extension Archive, University of Alaska - Fairbanks, Bugwood.org. Canada thistleColorado Dept. of Agriculture Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street, Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Purple flowers form in clusters of 1-5 per branch. Floral bracts are spineless. Small heads, vanilla scent. 1. 2. 3. Identification and Impacts C anada thistle (Cirsium arvense) is a non-native deep-rooted perennial that spreads by seeds and aggressive, creeping, horizontal roots (rhizomes). Canada thistle can grow 2 to 4 feet in height. The leaves are oblong, spiny, bright green in color, and are only slightly hairy on the undersurface. Flowers occur in small clusters that form on the ends of branches. They are about 1 cm in diameter, tubular shaped, and vary from white to purple in color with a strong vanilla scent (female flowers). C anada thistle emerges from its root system from late April through May. It begins to flower in late spring to early summer with increase in day length. Canada thistle only produces about 1,000 to 1,500 seeds per plant. Typically, it reproduces vegetatively through a creeping root system, and can quickly form dense stands. Every piece of root, from 1/2 to 1 inch in length, is capable of forming new plants. The key to controlling Canada thistle is to eliminate seed production and also to reduce the plant’s nutrient reserves in its root system through persistent, long-term management. Key ID Points Cirsium arvenseCanada thistle Identification and Management C anada thistle is one of the most feared noxious weeds in the U.S. as it can infest many land types, from roadsides, ditch banks, riparian zones, pastures, irrigated cropland, to the most productive dryland cropland. Forage production is severely reduced because cattle will not graze near infestations. T he key to effective control of Canada thistle is combining control methods. These weeds need to be continually stressed, forcing it to exhaust root nutrient stores and eventually die. Of all control methods, prevention is most important. Maintain healthy pastures and rangeland and continually monitor your property for new infestations. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. C anada thistle is designated as a “List B” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Program link or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations All photos © Kelly Uhing, Infestation map above, Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Canada thistle during the flowering stage. This stage typically occurs in the early summer. Seed production will follow and effective management options will then become limited. Updated on: 08/08 CULTURAL Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of Canada thistle. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. Bare ground is prime habitat for weed invasions. BIOLOGICAL Cattle, goats, and sheep will graze on Canada thistle when plants are young and succulent in the spring. Follow up grazing with a fall herbicide application. Insects are available but have not been effective. Insects can be obtained at no charge from the Colorado Department of Agriculture. Please call 970-464-7916 or visit www.colorado.gov/ag/csd for more information. MECHANICAL Due to extensive root system, hand- pulling this plant is not a viable option. Mowing can be effective if done every 10 to 21 days throughout the growing sea- son. Combining mowing with herbicides will further enhance control of Canada thistle. Bindweed mite damage Canada thistleIntegrated Weed Management: Combining control methods for Canada thistle is imperative. This weed needs to be continually stressed, forcing it to exhaust root nutrient stores and eventually die. Of all control methods, prevention is most important. Maintain healthy pastures and rangeland and continually monitor your property for new infestations.www.colorado.gov/ag/csd HERBICIDES The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gallons per acre. Please read label for exact rates. The herbicide label is the LAW! Management RecommendationsHERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Aminopyralid (Milestone) 5-7 ounces/acre or 1 teaspoon/gal water Apply in spring at the pre-bud growth stage and/or to fall regrowth. Add non-ionic surfactant 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Chlorsulfuron (Telar DF) 1-3 ounces/acre or 0.50 grams/1 gal water Apply in spring during bud to bloom stage and/ or to fall regrowth. Add non-ionic surfactant 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Clopyralid + 2,4-D (Redeem R&P) 3 pints/acre or 1.25 oz/gal water Apply from rosette to bud stage when all plants have emerged. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. (Spring or Fall) Picloram (Tordon 22K *This is a Restricted Use Pesticide*) 1 qt/acre or 1.0 oz/gal water Spring - early bud stage and/or fall regrowth. DO NOT apply near or under trees or where soils have rapid permeability or where water level is high. Add a non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Integrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture Photos © All Photos from Kelly Uhing, Department of Agriculture; Except middle left Colorado State University Extension, East Adams County 1 ChicoryColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Identification and Impacts C hicory (Chichorium intybus) a perennial forb native to Eurasia. Plants initially appear as a basal rosette with leaves similar to a common dandelion. The leaves are lanceolate shaped and have rough hairs on the upper and lower surfaces. They are slightly lobed or dissected with toothed margins and can be 3 inches to 10 inches in length. The lobes and dissections are not opposite, like dandelions. The leaves that appear on the flowering stem are similar in shape but smaller in size. Stems can reach up to 3 to 5 feet in height and are sticky to glabrous to the touch. The plants flowering stems appear later in the growing season, producing purple to blue to white flowers. The flowers are in clusters of 1 to 3, and individual flowers are about 1 inch in diameter with toothed petals. The root system consists of a large brown taproot, which will produce a milky sap if broken. Chicory generally reproduces by seeds, that can survive up to 4 years. H abitats for Chicory include, pastures, turfgrass, hayfields, roadsides, waste ground, and any disturbed site. Plants can survive in Key ID Points Chichorium intybusIdentification and Management infertile and dry conditions. Plants can even be present after a drought period. It is found throughout Colorado from elevations of 4,000 to 7,000 feet. The milky sap released from all parts of the plant can cause dermatitis if it contacts the skin. Animals will consume Chicory. If consumed by dairy cattle, it can leave a bitter taste to the milk. T he key to effective control of Chicory is preventing the establishment of the plant on disturbed sites. The plants can not resist persistent cultivation. Mechanical and chemical treatments are effective as well. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. C hicory is designated as a “List C” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local jurisdictions managing this species. For more information, visit www.colorado.gov/ag/weeds or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List C Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 08/09 CULTURAL Planting desirable grasses and forbs to outcompete chicory is an effective management tool. Reestablishing a healthy plant community where disturbed or bareground is present helps with management. For specific seed recommendations contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Services for seed mixes. BIOLOGICALCurrently there is not any biocontrol available for Chicory. Biocontrol takes many years of research and development. For more information contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916 for more information. MECHANICAL Hand pull or dig when soil is moist, but make sure to wear gloves. Bag specimens carefully so as not to scatter seeds. The key to effective control is to prevent seed production and/or spread. Mowing can also be an effective management option. Chicory plants don’t respond well if mechanical treatments are persistent. Photos © Top to Bottom; (Unklnown) Viginia Tech Weed Guide; Whitney Cranshaw, colorado State University, Bugwood.org; Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture ChicoryI ntegrated Weed Management: Identifying and preventing the establishment of Chicory on disturbed sites proves to be the most effective control. Plants can also be controlled using a combination of chemical and mechanical treatments. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/weedsHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Aminopyralid (Milestone) 4-6 oz./acre or 1 teaspoon/gal water Spring at actively growing stage. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. 2,4-D Amine 2-4 qt./acre Apply to early growth of flower bud stage in spring. DO NOT apply when outside temperature exceed 85 degrees. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. 2,4-D+Dicamba 3 pints/acre Apply to early growth stage to early bolting stage in spring. Picloram (Tordon 22K *This is a Restricted Use Pesticide*) 1-2 pts/acre or 0.75 oz/gal water Apply in spring seedling to early growth stages. DO NOT apply near trees/shrubs/high water table.Management Recommendations2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List C Species Photos and Map © Colorado Department of Agriculture. 1 Chinese clematisColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 1. Solitary flowers with four yellow sepals. 2. A herbaceous to woody vine climbing perennial. Identification and Impacts Chinese clematis (Clematis orientalis) is a herbaceous to woody vined perennial that is native to Eurasia. It is an escaped ornamental species that is a deciduous climber growing up to 12 feet. Solitary flowers have four yellow sepals (petal-like structures) that are often nodding. Each flower produces numerous feathery, long- tailed fruits which are conspicuous all winter. The plant flowers from August to September. Habitats for Chinese clematis include roadsides, riparian corridors and rocky slopes. It is sometimes found in open woods. Plants prefer sunny areas but have shown to be somewhat shade tolerant. Chinese clematis prefers well-drained soils. Chinese clematis can cause death to young trees and brush. It outcompetes native shrubs and herbaceous species. Plants will completely cover; rock walls, trees, bushes and fences. The juice of freshly crushed leaves and stems have blister causing agents. Key ID Points Clematis orientalisChinese clematisIdentification and Management The key to effective control of Chinese clematis is preventing the plants from going to seed. Pulling the woody stem prior to flowering can be an effective control. Chemical treatments are also effective when dealing with Chinese clematis. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. Chinese clematis is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado.gov/ag/weeds and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 08/08 CULTURALCultural controls are possible in theory, but are very time consuming and expensive. Complete removal of any seedlings or newly established plants by continual hand pulling is also possible. BIOLOGICALThere is no biological control available for Chinese clematis. Since biological control agents take years to research, develop and release, no releases are expected in the foreseeable future. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Hand pull or dig when soil is moist. Make certain to pull all the roots and bag specimens carefully so as to not scatter seeds if flowering. Top to bottom photos, © (Top 2 photos) Stevens County (Washington State) Noxious Weed Control Board; and bottom photo David Hallinan, Bannock County Weed Superintendent, Idaho Weed Awareness Campaign.Chinese clematisIntegrated Weed Management: The most effective control method for dealing with Chinese clematis is preventing the plant from going to seed. Pulling the plant from the ground, by the woody stem, prior to the plant flowering is the most effective control. Chinese clematis also responds well to chemical treatments. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/weedsHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Metsulfuron (Escort XP) 1 oz product/acre plus 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply at flowering growth stage. (equivalent to 1 qt. over 100 gal. of total spray solution) (Fall) Imazapic (Plateau) 12 fl oz product/ acre plus 1 qt/acre methylated seed oil Apply at flowering growth stage. (Fall) 2, 4-D amine 2,4-D amine that is 4.0 lb active ingredient/ gallon of product Apply at flowering to early post flowering growth stages, will damage neighboring brush species, if present (2 qts.product/acre) (Fall) Picloram (Tordon 22K *this is a Restricted Use Pesticide*) 1 qt product/acre Apply at flowering growth stages, will damage neighboring brush species, if present, do NOT apply near trees or water. (Fall)Management Recommendations2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © All Photos from Kelly Uhing, Department of Agriculture 1 Common burdockIdentification and Impacts C ommon burdock (Arctium minus) is a biennial forb that is native to Europe. The first year of growth is a basal rosette, producing large cordate, thickly hairy leaves. The second year of growth, is a coarse, multi-branched, erect stem that will grow to heights of 3 to 10 feet tall. The large, dark green leaves are alternate and appear to have toothed or wavy margins. They are broadest and the base of the leaf and diminish as they approach the tip of the leaf, and have a hairy underside. The flowers appear at the end of the branches, numerous, clustered and are pink to purple in color. At the base of the flower there are many spines that often have a hook on the end. The flower and the spines dry and becomes an easily dispersible bur. Flowering and seed production occur from July to October. The plant grows from a sturdy taproot that is brown and fleshy in color. H abitats for Common burdock include roadsides, ditch banks, waste places, pastures, and fence rows. Animals will avoid eating the plant in both years of growth, the first year due to the hairy leaves and the second Key ID Points Arctium minusIdentification and Management year due to the spines and burs. The burs can easily get entangled into livestock fur, make distribution easy over large areas. T he key to effective control of minimizing soil disturbance and preventing the establishment of plants. Using an integrated weed management approach combining chemical, cultural, and mechanical methods to control these plants is effective. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. C ommon burdock is designated as a “List C” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local jurisdictions managing this species. For more information, visit www.colorado.gov/ag/weeds or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List C Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 08/09 CULTURAL Minimizing soil disturbance and encouraging the establishment of desirable grasses and forbs, can assist in controlling Common burdock. For specific seed recommendations contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Services for seed mixes. BIOLOGICALCurrently there is not any biocontrol available for Common burdock. Biocontrol takes many years of research and development. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916 for more information. MECHANICAL Hand pull or dig when soil is moist, but make sure to wear gloves. Bag specimens carefully so as not to scatter seeds. Mowing is also effective, cutting the top growth of the plant. The key to effective control is to prevent seed production and/or spread. Photos © Top to Bottom; Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture; Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org; Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture Common burdockI ntegrated Weed Management: Preventing the establishment and minimizing soil disturbance is an effective way to control Common burdock. Combining treatment methods of cultural, mechanical and chemical assist with controlling these plants.http://www.colorado.gov/ag/weedsHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Aminopyralid (Milestone) 4-7 oz/acre or 1 teaspoon/gal water Apply in rosette stage in spring or fall. Add non-ionic surfactact @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Clopyralid (Stinger)1/2-1 1/3 pts/acre Apply to young to actively growing plants in the spring. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 pt/100 gal water. 2,4-D Amine 2 pts/acre Apply to young to actively growing plants in the spring. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 pt/100 gal water. 2,4-D Dicamba 1 pt/acre Apply to young to actively growing plants pre-flower stages in spring. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal water or 1 pt/100 gal water.Management Recommendations2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List C Species Photos © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Common tansyColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Button shaped flowerheads lack petals . Foliage is strong smelling when crushed . Slender leaflets. 1. 2. 3. Identification and Impacts C ommon tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) is a perennial plant that reproduces by both seed and creeping rootstocks. Seeds are yellowish brown achenes with short, five-toothed crowns. Yellow flowers are numerous in flat-topped dense clusters at the tops of the plants. Button-like flower heads lack ray flowers. Flowering typically occurs from July to September. The leaves are alternate, deeply divided into numerous narrow, individual leaflets. Mature plants are 1.5 to 6 feet tall. Stems are often purplish-red in color and extensively branched towards the top. The foliage emits a strong odor when crushed. H abitats for Common tansy include along roadsides, streams, irrigation ditch banks, waste places, ornamental beds and in pastures. It grows best in full sun and on fertile, well-drained soil. Common tansy is found throughout the United States, although it is native to Europe. C ommon tansy is considered undesirable forage for livestock. The plant is considered toxic if large quantities are consumed; fortunately animals rarely ingest it as it is very unpalatable. Common tansy can impact forage quality and quantity. With adequate moisture common tansy will displace native and other desirable species. Key ID Points Tanacetum vulgare L.Common tansy Identification and Management T he key to effective control of Common tansy is to stop the establishment and spread of infestations. Mechanical and hand cutting/pulling can assist with limiting seed production, but will not eradicate plants. Common tansy is considered toxic, use protective equipment when controlling. Another effective contol method is using herbicides. A combination of these two methods, will offer desirable results. Since Common tansy grows rhizometously, depleting the storage of carbohydrates in the root system will help control the plants. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. C ommon tansy is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 08/08 CULTURAL Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, eliminating seed production and maintaining healthy native communities. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. BIOLOGICAL There is no biological control available for Common tansy. Since biological control agents take years to research, develop and release, no releases are expected in the foreseeable future. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Controls such as hand cutting are most effective in combination with other methods. Tansy regenerates from root fragments, so cultivation could expand the size of an infestation. Common tansy can be mowed just before flowering and seed set to decrease seed production. This method may have to be repeated to eliminate re-growth from the rootstocks.Common tansyIntegrated Weed Management: Preventing the establishment and seed production of the plants is the most effective control method. Combining control methods, mechanical and chemical will help deplete the storage of essential carbohydrates in the root system and control the plants.http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Metsulfuron (Escort XP)1 oz product/ac. + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply to when in bolting to bud growth stages. (Late Spring to Mid Summer)Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © Top to bottom: Jan Samanek, State Phytosanitary Administration, Bugwood.org; Richard Old, XID Services, Inc., Bugwood.org; and Michael Shephard, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org. Photos © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture.Updated on: 08/08 Common teaselColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Grows over 6 feet tall. Leaves at the base are dark green and appear rippled. Flowers are purple or white. 1. 2. 3. Identification and Impacts C ommon teasel (Dipsacus spp.) is a biennial or sometimes monocarpic perennial forb. The fruits are a four-angled achene, each containing a single seed. Common teasel can produce more than 2,000 seeds per plant. The flowers are purple or white with spiny, awned bracts at the base. The flower head is generally egg-shaped, with a square base. The floral bracts at the base of the head are generally longer than the head. Rosette leaves are conspicuously veined, with stiff prickles on the lower midrib and appear to be wrinkled. Stem leaves are simple, opposite, net- veined, stalkless, and clasp the stem. Mature plants can grow up to or over six feet tall. The taprooted stem is rigid with several rows of downward turned prickles. Plants die after production of seed has occurred. H abitats for Common teasel include open, sunny habitats that range from wet to dry levels. It is generally found along irrigation ditches, rivers, abandoned fields, pastures, waste places, and forests. Common teasel is spreading rapidly in America, particularly in the Pacific Northwest. In Colorado, teasel is usually found in relatively moist, disturbed situations but is moving into drier areas. Seeds can stay viable for at least 2 years. Seeds don’t generally disperse far form the parent plant. Plants can regenerate Key ID Points Dipsacus spp.Common teasel Identification and Management fairly easily, due to the bare ground where the basal leaves were. Common teasel is native to Europe where it historically had many uses. T he key to effective control of Common teasel is prevention. Eliminate seed production to decrease the spread of this forb, and continue to deplete the seed bank for four to six years. Reseeding areas with perennial grasses for several years will reduce an infestation. Mechanical and chemical control methods are effective when dealing with Common teasel. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. C ommon teasel is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations CULTURAL Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, eliminating seed production and maintaining healthy native communities. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. BIOLOGICAL There is no biological control available for Common teasel. Since biological control agents take years to research, develop and release, no releases are expected in the foreseeable future. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Treatments such as digging and cutting can be effective in certain situations. Digging at the rosette and bolting stage, making sure that the majority of the root comes up, can be effective. Cutting plants when near the flowering stage is also effective. When using either of these methods, revisiting the site frequently is recommended to ensure regrowth does not occur. Common teaselIntegrated Weed Management: The key to controlling Common teasel is to eliminate seed production and exhaust the seed bank in the soil. Common teasel does not reproduce vegetatively and dies after seed production. Mechanical and chemical control methods can be effective.http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Metsulfuron (Escort XP)1 oz. of product/ac. + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when in rosette or bolting growth stage. (Spring or Fall rosettes or Early summer bolting) Aminopyralid (Milestone) 4 to 7 fl. oz./ac. (start with 7 fl. oz.) + 0.25% v/v non-ionice surfactant Apply when in rosette or bolting growth stage. Best choice of herbicide to use in riparian areas. (Spring or Fall rosettes or Early summer bolting) Imazapic (Plateau)8 to 12 fl. oz./ac. + 2 pt/ac. methylated seed oil Apply when in rosette or bolting growth stage. Good choice of herbicide to use in riparian areas. (Spring or Fall rosettes or Early summer bolting)Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org. Photos © Clockwise from lower left: 1995 Dean Wm. Taylor, Jepson Herbarium; Updated on: 08/08 Corn chamomileColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Has no odor. Small daisy-like flowers. Small, bushy forb that is 10 to 30 inches in height. 1. 2. 3. Identification and Impacts C orn chamomile (Anthemis arvensis L.) is an annual forb. The flowers are 0.75 inches in diameter and are borne at the ends of branched stems. Flowers resemble daisies with white ray flowers and yellow disk centers. The seeds are 10 ribbed with out glandular bumps. Leaves are alternate and finely dissected and mature plants are 10 to 30 inches tall. There is no odor when leaves are crushed, unlike Mayweed chamomile. Stems are erect, smooth, and highly branched above. Corn chamomile germinates readily in the spring and fall. It has a dense, fibrous root system, which spreads rapidly during wet periods. L ate summer and fall-germinated seedlings may overwinter as rosettes. In the spring, bolting commences with the elongation of the central stem. Overwintering plants flower in mid-May and spring germinated seedlings flower in June. Flowering stops after a killing frost, usually in October. The plant reproduces primarily by seeds. H abitats for Corn chamomile include: roadsides, ditches, in urban areas, waste places, cultivated Key ID Points Anthemis arvenisis L.Corn chamomile Identification and Management fields, and pastures. It can grow in a wide range of soils but seems to prefer moist, poorly drained soils. Corn chamomile prefers moist areas and increases in abundance during years of above average precipitation. T he key to effective control of Corn chamomile is prevention. Eliminate seed production to decrease the spread of this annual forb. Mowing is effective if done before the seed sets. Reseeding areas with perennial grasses for several years will reduce an infestation. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. C orn chamomile is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations CULTURAL Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, eliminating seed production and maintaining healthy native communities. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. BIOLOGICAL There is no biological control available for Corn chamomile. Since biological control agents take years to research, develop and release, no releases are expected in the foreseeable future. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICALFrequent, shallow tillage can help exhaust the seed bank in non-native areas. Mowing is not an effective long-term control method due to the fact the plant will prostate, in the short-term mowing will assist with limiting seed production. Hand pulling can prevent spread into new areas and is effective on small infestations. Corn chamomileIntegrated Weed Management: Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal. Eliminate seed production to decrease the spread of this annual forb, and continue to deplete the seed bank for four to six years. Reseeding areas with perennial grasses for several years will reduce an infestation. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Metsulfuron (Escort XP)0.33 oz product/ac + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette to bolting growth stage. (Early Spring to Early Summer, sometimes Fall rosettes) Chlorsulfuron (Telar)0.33 oz product/ac + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette or bolting growth stage. (Early Spring to Early Summer, sometimes Fall rosettes) Aminopyralid (Milestone) 7 fl oz/ac + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette growth stage. (Early Spring to Early Summer, sometimes Fall rosettes)Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture Photos © Clockwise from lower left: Chris Evans, CWMA River to River; Richard Old, XID Services Inc., Bugwood.org; Todd Pfeiffer, Klamath County Updated on: 08/08 Cutleaf teaselColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Grows over 6 feet tall. Leaves are dark green and appear rippled. Flowers are purple or white. 1. 2. 3. Identification and Impacts C utleaf teasel (Dipsacus spp.) is a biennial or sometimes monocarpic perennial forb. The plant grows as a basal rosette for a minimum of one year then sends up a tall flowering stalk and dies after flowering. The period of time in the rosette stage varies depending on the amount of time needed to acquire enough resources for flowering to occur. The flowers are almost white (taninsh) or white with spiny, awned bracts at the base. The floral bracts at the base of the head are generally longer than the head and wider than Common teasel. Flowering plants have large, oblong, opposite leaves that form cups and are prickly. The fruits are a four-angled achene, each contains a single seed. A single teasel plant can produce over 2,000 seeds. Rosette leaves are conspicuously veined, vary from somewhat ovoid in young plants to large and oblong leaves that are quite hairy in older plants. Stem leaves are simple, opposite, broad and feathering lobed. Mature plants can grow up to or over six feet tall. Cutleaf teasel blooms from July through September. H abitats for Cutleaf teasel include open, sunny habitats that range from wet to dry levels. It is generally found along irrigation ditches, rivers, abandoned fields, pastures, waste places, and forests. Teasels are an aggressive exotic species that have the capacity to take over prairies Key ID Points Dipsacus spp.Cutleaf teasel Identification and Management and savannas if allowed to become established. S eeds typically don’t disperse far; most seedlings will be located around the parent plant. Parent plants often provide an optimal nursery site for new teasel plants after the adult dies. Dead adult plants leave a relatively large area of bare ground, formerly occupied by their own basal leaves, that new plants readily occupy. Seeds may have the capacity to be water-dispersed, which may allow seeds to be dispersed over longer distances. Immature seed heads of Cutleaf teasel are capable of producing viable seed. Lack of natural enemies allows teasel to proliferate. If left unchecked, teasel can quickly form large monocultures excluding all native vegetation. Cutleaf teasel is more aggressive than Common teasel. T he key to effective control of Cutleaf teasel is prevention. Eliminate seed production to decrease the spread of this forb, and continue to deplete the seed bank for four to six years. Reseeding areas with perennial grasses for several years will reduce an infestation. Mechanical and chemical control methods are effective when dealing with Cutleaf teasel. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. C utleaf teasel is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado.gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations CULTURAL Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, eliminating seed production and maintaining healthy native communities. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. BIOLOGICAL There is no biological control available for Cutleaf teasel. Since biological control agents take years to research, develop and release, no releases are expected in the foreseeable future. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Treatments such as digging and cutting can be effective in certain situations. Digging at the rosette and bolting stage making sure that the majority of the root comes up can be effective. Cutting plants when plants near the flowering stage is also effective. When using either of these methods, revisiting the site frequently is recommended to ensure regrowth does not occur. HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Metsulfuron (Escort XP)1 oz. of product/ac. + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when in rosette or bolting growth stage. (Spring or Fall rosettes or Early summer bolting) Aminopyralid (Milestone) 4 to 7 fl. oz./ac. (start with 7 fl. oz.) + 0.25% v/v non-ionice surfactant Apply when in rosette or bolting growth stage. Best choice of herbicide to use in riparian areas. (Spring or Fall rosettes or Early summer bolting) Imazapic (Plateau)8 to 12 fl. oz./ac. + 2 pt/ac. methylated seed oil Apply when in rosette or bolting growth stage. Good choice of herbicide to use in riparian areas. (Spring or Fall rosettes or Early summer bolting)Cutleaf teaselIntegrated Weed Management: The key to controlling Cutleaf teasel is to eliminate seed production and exhaust the seed bank in the soil. Cutleaf teasel does not reproduce vegetatively and dies after seed production. Mechanical and chemical control methods can be effective.http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © (Top and bottom) Chris Evans, River to River CWMA, Bugwood.org; (Middle Photo) Richard Old, XID Services, Inc., Bugwood. org. Clockwise, from lower left, photos: Unknown, Rich- ard Casagrande, University of Rhode Island; Stacey Leicht, University of Connecticut; Steve Dewey, Utah State University; and Kelly Uhing, Colorado Depart- ment of Agriculture.. Map by Crystal Andrews, CDA. Map of cypress spurge infestation. 1 Cypress SpurgeColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 1. Flowers are yellowish-green in color. 2. There are many branched stems that are covered with numerous narrow leaves. Identification and Impacts C ypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias) is a low growing perennial that overwinters as root and crown tissue. Cypress spurge reproduces by seed and lateral root buds. Leaves are linear, approximately 1/2 to 1 1/4 inches long and 1 to 2 mm wide. Upper stem leaves that occur near the inflorescence are yellow or yellowish-green in color. Leaves are stalkless, alternate, narrow and linear to lance-shaped. Stems are 4 to 32 inches high, hairless, green to yellowish green in color and branch in the upper portions. The leaves and stems emit a milky, toxic sap when broken. Flowers are yellowish-green usually turning reddish green towards maturity and are clustered in bunches at the ends of stems. T he plants milky sap is an irritant and may cause dermatitis or rashes. Although sheep may eat it, the plant is toxic to horses and cattle. Animals should not be pastured where spurges grow. Humans should be careful and avoid contacting the plant with bare skin as it can cause skin irritation for some people. C ypress spurge is an invasive ornamental plant that is native to Eurasia. It prefers direct sunlight, but is tolerant to the shade. It commonly occurs in dry to moderately moist meadows, pastures, forest edges, Key ID Points Euphorbia cyparissiasCypress spurge Identification and Management roadsides, Rights-of-Way, cemeteries, and gardens. Cypress spurge is popular in xeriscaping and rock gardens and generally does not occur on intensively cultivated soils. The soil seed reserve is estimated to be at least eight years. T he key to effective control of cypress spurge is preventing the establishment of viable plant communities. When establishment has occurred, there are different control methods to consider. Like most perennial plants, exhausting the nutrient reserves in the root system is important in controlling cypress spurge. Using a combination of mechanical and herbicide treatments in combination can achieve eradication over time. C ypress spurge is designated as a “List A” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be eradicated wherever found in the State. For more information visit www.colorado.gov/ag/weeds and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program link. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List A Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 01/09 CULTURAL Keeping desirable vegetation healthy and thick will help keep invaders out. Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal. Survey your land regularly to detect new invaders and eradicate any new populations quickly. BIOLOGICALBiocontrol agents are not included in the prescribed management plans by the State for List A Species. Eradication is the management objective of all List A’s. No biocontrol agent for Cypress spurge is available. For more information on biocontrol in Colorado, please contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Hand pulling or digging is a viable option when managing new, small cypress spurge infestations. Tillage may simply encourage its spread. Be sure soil is moist and extract the entire root system. When handling plants wear rubber gloves and eye protection to protect yourself from the irritating milky sap. Top photo, © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture; Bottom photo Todd Pfieffer Klamath County.Cypress spurgeIntegrated Weed Management: Since Cypress spurge has been identified in small quantities around Colorado, preventing the populations from spreading is important in management of the weed. Using a combination of control methods proves to be the most effective way to control populations. Using mechanical and herbicide control methods together proves to be key in eradicating established infestations. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/weedsHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands unless otherwise noted. Not all products listed are for use near homes. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Quinclorac (Paramount - non-crop - general use) 16 oz product/A + 2 pt/A methylated seed oil or crop oil concentrate Apply at the flowering stage. (Spring time) 2,4-D + dicamba (Rangestar - general use) 2 qt. 2,4-D (2.0 lb/ai) + 1 qt dicamba/A (1 lb ai) Apply at the flowering stage. (Spring time) Picloram (Tordon 22K-restricted use) 2-4 pints product/acre + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply in spring at full bloom, or in the fall during regrowth.Management Recommendations2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List A Species Clockwise, from lower left, photos © John M. Randall of The Nature Conservancy; and Linda Wilson and Susan Turner of Invasive.org. Infesta- tion map by Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Updated on: 08/08 Dalmatian toadflaxColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Showy yellow snapdragon-like flowers with an orange throat on elongated racemes. Thick, waxy, bluish heart- shaped leaves that wrap the stem. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts D almatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica) is a non-native, perennial forb introduced from the Mediterranean region as a folk remedy, fabric dye and ornamental. It reproduces both by seed and by extensive, creeping rhizomes. A single plant produces 500,000 seeds, most of which fall within 18 inches of the parent plant. Seeds can remain viable for at least 10 years. Dalmatian toadflax grows to 3 feet, and has bright yellow snapdragon-like flowers with an orange throat on elongated racemes. The alternate leaves are broad, with a thick, waxy cuticle and a bluish cast. Each leaf is heart-shaped and wraps the stem. H abitats for Dalmatian toadflax include disturbed open sites, fields, pastures, rangeland, roadsides, cropland and forest clearings. Infestations can begin in small disturbed sites, then spread even to rangeland and wildlife habitats in excellent condition. Dalmatian toadflax is a highly aggressive plant that can genetically adapt to varied environmental conditions and herbicide controls. Its extreme competitiveness is due to early spring regeneration from vegetative buds on roots that are not dependent on soil moisture or native plant competition. Once established, toadflax quickly overruns native plants and becomes Key ID Points Linaria dalmaticaDalmatian toadflax Identification and Management a monoculture that severely reduces forage, productivity, biodiversity and wildlife habitat. T he key to effective control of Dalmatian toadflax is prevention and integrating as many management strategies as possible. Prevention is always desirable when dealing with Dalmatian toadflax. Early detection and eradication can keep populations from exploding, making more management options available. With the plants varying genetically using many different approaches is important such as; chemical, mechanical, cultural and biological methods. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. D almatian toadflax is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations CULTURAL It is imperative to seed managed areas with competitive grasses such as thickspike wheatgrass and streambank wheatgrass. The combination of herbicide spraying and seeding competitive grasses controls Dalmatian toadflax better than spraying alone. (K.G. Beck, CSU) BIOLOGICAL Calophasia lunula, a predatory noctuid moth, feeds on leaves and flowers of Dalmatian toadflax. Eteobalea intermediella, a root boring moth, and Mecinus janthinus, a stem boring weevil, are also available. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL For small infestations, pulling toadflax by hand can be effective. Pull every year for 5 to 6 years to deplete the reserves of the root system. Monitor the site for 10 - 15 years to remove seedlings produced from dormant seeds. Top photo, © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Calophasia lunula larva photo © Bob Richard, USDA APHIS, Invasive.org. Handpulling toadflax photo © Lake Tahoe Environmental Education Coalition.Dalmatian toadflaxIntegrated Weed Management: Because of the high genetic variability of the toadflax species, it is critical to integrate as many management strategies as possible into the control program. Two local populations may respond differently to the same herbicides. Keys to management are to prevent seed formation and vegetative spread by roots. Controlling toadflaxes is expensive and difficult, prevention is the best option. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Picloram (Tordon 22K) *Avoid spraying near trees and/or water 2-4 pints/acre Apply when flowering in spring and/or in the fall. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Chlorsulfuron (Telar)2-3 oz./acre Apply at flower stage in spring and/or in the fall. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal. water or 1 qt./100 gal. water. 2,4-D + Dicamba (Rangestar) 2 qt. + 2 qt/ acre Apply during pre-bloom to flower stage in spring. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/ gal. water or 1 qt/100gal water. Retreatment is required for several years. Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © Clockwise from lower left: Richard Old, XID Services Inc., Bugwood.org; dnr.state.wi.us; Tom Heutte, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org; Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture; and map above by Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture.Updated on: 08/08 Dame’s rocketColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Flowers are white or purple in color with four petals. Leaves are lanced shaped with toothed margins and 2- 4” long. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts D ame’s rocket (Hesperis matronalis) is a native Eurasia and is a biennial or short lived perennial forb belonging to the mustard family. The flowers are white to purple with four petals and are clustered in loose terminal stalks. Flowers appear from May to August and the plant can produce seeds and flowers on any flower cluster at the same time. The fruits are long, narrow and cylindrically shaped that contains many seeds. The seeds are small, angular, grooved and dark reddish brown. The seed pods are about 1 ½ inches long and very narrow. Leaves are slightly hairy, alternate, and 2 to 4 inches long. The leaves are lance shaped with toothed margins. A mature plant ranges from 4 inches to 3 feet in height. Dame’s rocket has a shallow fibrous root system. H abitats for Dame’s rocket include: gardens, partly shaded woodlands, ditches, roadsides, pastures, rangelands, thickets, open woods, disturbed sites, and other areas that have moist well drained soils and full sun to light shade. Many people think that it is a native wildflower and is planted as a garden ornamental, however; the plant quickly escapes cultivation due to its prolific seed production. It is often sold in “native wildflower” mixes, so please be sure to check the contents of “native wildflower” seed mixes and Key ID Points Hesperis matronalisDame’s rocket Identification and Management do not plant those that carry Dame’s rocket. T he key to effective control of Dame’s rocket is prevention. Locate and remove plants immediately before plants set seed to prevent the spread of Dame’s rocket. Since the plant reproduces solely by seed, integrated management efforts must include the elimination of seed production and depletion of seed bank. Combing control methods of herbicide and mechanical can be effective. Mechanical methods include removal of rosettes, and removal of seed heads from any plants that have bolted to prevent seed dispersal. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. D ame’s rocket is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado.gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations CULTURAL Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, eliminating seed production and maintaining healthy native communities. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. BIOLOGICAL There is no biological control available for Dame’s rocket. Since biological control agents take years to research, develop and release, no releases are expected in the foreseeable future. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Hand pull or dig when soil is moist, making sure to get the roots to prevent resprouting. Removing flowers before the plant sets seed will also be effective. Be sure to bag specimens carefully so the spread of seeds does not occur. Dame’s rocketIntegrated Weed Management: Locate and remove plants immediately before plants set seed to prevent the spread of Dame’s rocket. Since the plant reproduces solely by seed, integrated management efforts must include the elimination of seed production and depletion of seed bank. Combing control methods such as herbicide and mechanical can be effective. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE: Colorado State University is conducting experiments to provide data and recommendations. Recommedations should control, but waiting official data. Metsulfuron (Escort XP)1 oz product/ac. + 0.25% non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette or bolting growth stage. (Early Spring) Chlorsulfuron (Telar)1 oz product/ac. + 0.25% non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette or bolting growth stage. (Early Spring) Imazypic (Plateau)9 to 10 fl oz/ac. + 2 pt/ ac. methylated seed oil Apply when plant is in late flower growth stages. (Late Spring to Fall)Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © (Top and middle) Richard Old, XID Services, Inc., Bugwood.org; (Bottom) Tom Heutte, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org. Diffuse knapweedColorado Dept. of Agriculture Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Floral bracts have yellow spines with teeth appearing as a comb and a distrinct terminal spinte. Flowers are white or lavender. Seedlings have finely divided leaves 1. 2. 3. Identification and Impacts D iffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) is a non-native biennial forb that reproduces solely by seed. A biennial is a plant that completes its lifecycle within two years. During the first year of growth, diffuse knapweed appears as a rosette in spring or fall. During the second year in mid to late spring – the stem bolts, flowers, sets seed, and the plant dies. Once the plant dries up, it breaks off at ground level and becomes a tumbleweed which disperses the still viable seeds over long distances. A prolific seed producer, diffuse knapweed can produce up to 18,000 seeds per plant. Therefore, the key to managing this plant is to prevent seed production. Diffuse knapweed can grow 1 to 3 feet tall, and is diffusely branched above ground. This gives the plant a ball- shaped appearance and tumble-weed mobility when broken off. Leaves are small, and are reduced in size near the flowering heads. Flowers are mostly white, sometimes purple, urn-shaped, and are located on each branch tip. Bracts that enclose the flowerheads are divided like the teeth of a comb, and are tipped with a distinct slender spine. Upon drying, the bracts become rough, rendering them injurious to the touch. Flowers bloom July through August. Seed set usually occurs by mid-August. D iffuse knapweed tends to invade disturbed, overgrazed areas. Other habitats may also include rangeland, roadsides, riparian areas, and trails. It is a tough competitor Key ID Points Centaurea diffusaDiffuse knapweed Identification and Management on dry sites and rapidly invades and dominates disturbed areas. Once established, diffuse knapweed outcompetes and reduces the quantity of desirable native species such as perennial grasses. As a result, biodiversity and land values are reduced, and soil erosion is increased. T he key to effective control of Diffuse knapweed is to prevent the plant from flowering and going to seed. An integrated weed management approach dealing with Diffuse knapweed is highly recommended. There are many options of mechanical, chemical, and biological controls, available. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. D iffuse knapweed is designated as a “List B” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information, visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Program link or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division at 303-239-4100. Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Plant photo, top © Kelly Uhing. Infestation map above, Crystal Andrews. Flower photo © Cindy Roche. Rosette and leaf photos © Dale Swenarton. List B Species Updated on: 08/08 CULTURAL Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of diffuse knapweed. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions. BIOLOGICAL The seedhead weevil (Larinus minutus) and the root weevil fly (Cyphocleonus achates) provide fair to good control when used in combination with each other. Expect to wait at least 3 to 5 years for the insects to establish and achieve optimum results. This is an option for large infestations. To obtain the insects, contact the Colorado Department of Agriculture, 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Any mechanical or physical method that severs the root below the soil surface will kill diffuse knapweed. Mowing or chopping is most effective when diffuse knapweed plants are at full-bloom. Be sure to properly dispose of the flowering cut plants, since seeds can mature and become viable after the plant has been cut down. Diffuse knapweedIntegrated Weed Management: Diffuse knapweed is best controlled in the rosette stage. It is imperative to prevent seed production. Do not allow diffuse knapweed flowers to appear. Management must be persistent in order to deplete the seed bank in the soil. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csd HERBICIDES : The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. The herbicide label is the LAW! Management RecomendationsHERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Aminopyralid (Milestone) 5-7 ounces/acre or 1 teaspsoon/gal water Spring at rosette to early bolt stage and/or in the fall to rosettes. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. 2,4-D Amine 1 qt./acre or 1 oz/gal water Apply to spring/fall rosettes - before flowering stalk lengthens. DO NOT apply when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Clopyralid + Triclopyr (Redeem R&P) 1.5-2 pints/acre or 0.75 oz/gal water Apply from rosette to early bolt stage of growth and/or in the fall to rosettes. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Picloram (Tordon 22K *this is a Restricted Use Pesticide*) 1-2 pts/acre or 0.75 oz/gal water Apply to spring rosettes through mid-bolt and in fall to rosettes. DO NOT apply near trees/ shrubs/high water table. Integrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Weevil photo © J. Johnson, Univ. Idaho, bugwood.org. All other photos © Kelly Uhing. Photos © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture; Above map: Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture,Updated on: 05/09 Hoary cressColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 White flowers. Grows erect 10- 24” in height. Leaf is 3/4-4” long with blunt end and fine white hairs. 1. 2. 3. Identification and Impacts H oary cress (Cardaria draba), commonly known as whitetop, is a creeping perennial that is a member of the mustard family and native to Europe. The stems, in the rosette stage, may grow up to 2 inches in height and produce grayish-green leaves that are lance shaped. The leaves are alternate and 3/4 to 4 inches long. The upper leaves have 2 lobes that clasp the stem. The plant has numerous small, white flowers with 4 petals on stalks radiating from a stem. Seed capsules are heart- shaped with two small, flat, reddish brown seeds. One plant can produce from 1,200 to 4,800 seeds. The plants emerge in early spring with stems emerging from the center of each rosette in late April. Hoary cress flowers from May to June and plants set seed by mid-summer. H abitats for Hoary Cress include: fields, waste places, meadows, pastures, croplands and along roadsides. It is typically found on unshaded, generally open areas of disturbed ground. It generally does better with moderate amounts of precipitation and grows well on alkaline soils. Key ID Points Cardaria drabaHoary cress Identification and Management T he key to effective control of Hoary cress is prevention. Preventing the encroachment of these weeds is the most cost-effective management. Preventing invasions by limiting seed dispersal, monitoring and using weed free hay, and quarantine animals that may have grazed in infested areas. Beyond prevention, the key is early detection when infestations are small, and aggressive management. Integrated Weed Management is required for proper control. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. H oary cress is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado.gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations CULTURAL Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, eliminating seed production and maintaining healthy native communities. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Planting competitive legumes, such as alfalfa, can reduce Hoary cress in crop rotations. BIOLOGICAL There is no biological control avaiable for Hoary cress. Since biological control agents take years to research, develop and release, no releases are expected in the foreseeable future. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Mowing several times before the plants bolt stresses Hoary cress and forces the plant to use nutrient reserves stored in the root system. Combining mowing with herbicides will further enhance control of this weed. Mow repeatedly during the summer, then apply a herbicide in the fall. Top to bottom photos, © R. Old, XID Servisces; A. Sparks Jr., University of Georgia; and Kelly Uhing Hoary cressIntegrated Weed Management: No single treatment provides effective, long term control. The best and first defense is always prevention. Once established, integrate a variety of combinations of competitive planting, crop rotations, and herbicides. This can reduce Hoary cress to manageable levels. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Metsulfuron (Escort XP)1 oz. product/acre 0.25 v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply at the early bud growth stage; i.e. “broccoli” growth stage. (Early Spring to Early Summer) Chlorsulfuron (Telar)1 oz. product/acre 0.25 v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply at the early bud growth stage; i.e. “broccoli” growth stage. (Early Spring to Early Summer) Imazapic (Plateau)12 fl. oz./acre + 2 pints/acre methylated seed oil or crop oil concentrate Apply at late flower to post-flower growth stage. (Late Spring to Mid Summer)Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos: top left Aspen County, CO; all other Kelly Uhing , Colorado Department of Agriculture. HoundstongueColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Panicles of reddish-purple flowers with 5 petals and 5 soft, hairy sepals. Velcro-like seeds with 4 nutlets. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts H oundstongue (Cynoglossum officianale) is a short lived perennial or biennial forb. It produces rosettes in the first year, and bolts a stout, erect stem that is 1 to 4 feet tall, by mid-summer of the second year. Then it flowers and produces fruit. Flowers are reddish-purple (occasionally white) and droop slightly from densely clustered panicles. The five rounded petals are cupped by five sepals covered with long, soft white hairs. Flowering occurs May to July. The simple leaves are lance or oblong shaped, with a smooth edge and no teeth or lobes. Leaves are alternate, 1 to 12 inches long and 1 to 3 inches wide. The leaf tip is sharply pointed, like a hound’s tongue, yet are covered with long-soft white hairs. Leaves often appear dusty and insect-ridden. A thick, dark, woody taproot can reach 3 to 4 feet deep. R eproduction is solely by seeds. Seeds are 4 prickly teardrop- shaped nutlets, which are packed in a pyramid-shaped receptacle. Most seeds fall close to the parent plant, but the seeds can travel great distances. The seeds have barbs like Velcro, with a hooked tip that clings to animals, clothing and machinery. A mature plant can produce 2,000 seeds. Seed viability is 1 to 3 years. Houndstongue is poisonous. Toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Houndstongue stop liver cells from reproducing. Livestock and Key ID Points Cynoglossum officianaleHoundstongue Identification and Management wildlife may live up to six months after ingesting a lethal dose. Though the plant has a distinctive odor that repels animals, it is more palatable when dried. Animals rarely eat it unless it is dried and mixed with hay. Houndstongue’s toxicity effects horses and cattle more severely, sheep seem more resistant. Burs will reduce the value of sheep wool if present. H abitats for Houndstongue are open to shady, moist, disturbed areas, along trails, roadsides, fields, pasture, rangeland, along the edge of forests, sand dunes and ditch banks. Houndstongue prefers moist areas, but often grows on sandy or gravelly alkaline soil up to 9,000 feet elevation. Areas with more than 10% bare ground are particularly vulnerable to Houndstongue invasions. T he key to effective control of Houndstongue is preventing establishment and to prevent seed production. Planting competing and desirable grasses and forbs can be effective. Helping with reestablishment of disturbed sites. An integrated weed management approach can also be successful. Chemical, mechanical, and biological controls can be effective when dealing with Houndstongue. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. H oundstongue is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 08/08 CULTURAL Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, eliminating seed production and maintaining healthy native communities. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. BIOLOGICAL A root weevil, Mogulones cruciger, has been successful in Canada and introduced in Montana, but has not yet been approved for use in Colorado. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Cut or pull plants, and remove entire root crown when plants are in the rosette stage. Remove dense litter layer (up to 4 inches) to stimulate germination of desired plants. To reduce seed production, mow or cut flowering stems before seed nutlets develop, this can significantly reduce seed production. Top photo, © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Mogulones cruciger photo ©H. Goulet. Mechanical management by Kelly Uhing.HoundstongueIntegrated Weed Management: Prevention is the best option when dealing with Houndstongue. Use only certified weed-free hay. If an infestations does occur, reducing the seed production is key in controlling Houndstongue. Chemical, mechanical and the developing biological controls can also be effective management techniques. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to specific areas. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal./acre. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Metsulfuron Methyl + Chlorsulfuron (Cimarron X-tra) 2.0 oz. product/acre + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply in spring rosette to early bud growth stages. Picloram + 2,4-D (Grazon P+D) 4 pints/acre + 0.25% v/ v non-ionic surfactant Apply in spring rosette stage.Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © From Bottom left; (first 3) Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood. org; Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture, Map from Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture 1 Jointed goatgrassColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Identification and Impacts J ointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) is a winter annual that is native to southern Europe and Russia. The plants can grow as a single or multiple stems or tillers, it will grow 15 to 30 inches tall. Leaves are simple and alternate. The auricles of the leaf are at the base. Leaf blades are hairy and are 1/8 to 1/4 of an inch in width. The cylindrical spikes, contain 2 to 12 spikelets. The spikelets are 1/2 inch long and contain 1 to 3 viable seeds. The spikelets appear to be “jointed,” they fit into the contour of the rachis. On top of the spikelets the glumes will appear with long awns. In the seedling stage, Jointed goatgrass looks similar to Winter wheat. H abits for Jointed goatgrass includes, grasslands, wheat fields, fence rows, waste places, roadsides, alfalfa fields, and pastures. When found in Winter wheat fields, jointed goatgrass can contribute to a significant economic loss. Jointed goatgrass seeds are similar to size and weight of small grain seeds, such as Winter wheat, making separation almost impossible and costly. Once Jointed goatgrass seed has been determined to Key ID Points Aegilops cylindricaIdentification and Management contaminate Winter wheat fields, fields will not be certified for grain use, again become costly to wheat growers. In some cases when found in the wheat fields, certifications will not be given for several years, until it can be proven that Jointed goatgrass is no longer in the field. Jointed goatgrass and Winter wheat will cross pollinate producing a sterile hybrid, causing more issues. T he key to effective control of Jointed goatgrass is preventing the establishment in fields by cleaning equipment prior to moving into the fields, preventing Jointed goatgrass going to seed, and rotating crops to spring grown plants. Jointed goatgrass can be controlled using a variety of methods. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. J ointed goatgrass is designated as a “List C” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local jurisdictions managing this species. For more information, visit www.colorado.gov/ag/weeds or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 08/09 CULTURAL Depending on where it is found, there are ways to control infestations using cultural methods. If found in pastures or CRP, plant competitive native grasses or forbs. For specific seed recommendations contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Services for seed mixes. If found in crops, rotate fields to spring grown crops. BIOLOGICALCurrently there is not any biocontrol available for Jointed goatgrass. Biocontrol takes many years of research and development. For more information please contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464- 7916. MECHANICAL Tillage can be effective, when plants are in the seedling stage, and crops have not been planted. Otherwise, the main goal of preventing the establishment of large infestations is to prevent seed production and/or spread. Photos © Top to Bottom; (middle) Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org; (other 2)Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture Jointed goatgrassIntegrated Weed Management: Preventing the establishment and the spread of existing plant populations. Depending where infestations of Jointed goatgrass are found an integrated management approach can be an effective control option. Combing cultural, chemical and mechanical control methods will provide effective control.http://www.colorado.gov/ag/weedsHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Glyphosate (Roundup)22 oz/acre if weeds are < 6” in height - 1 to 2.7 qt/acre if weeds are > 6” in height Apply before first spikelets begin to emerge from the boot. Imazapic + Glyphosate (Journey) 10.7 to 16 oz/Acre Apply in early stages of growth before spikelets. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal of water or 1 pt/100 gal of water. Imazapic (Plateau)4 to 6 oz/Acre Apply pre-emergance, late summer in this case, and in early stages of growth before spikelets. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32 oz/gal of water or 1 pt/100 gal of water.Management Recommendations2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Updated on: 08/08 Leafy spurgeColorado Dept. of Agriculture Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Flowers are yellowish-green and have a pair of heart shaped yellow- green bracts below each inconspicuous flower. The entire plant contains white, milky latex. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts L eafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) is a non-native deep-rooted perennial that spreads by seed and extensive, creeping roots. The roots can extend as deep as 30 feet into the soil and are extremely wide-spreading. The roots are brown and contain numerous pink buds that generally produce new shoots or roots. Leafy spurge can grow from 1 to 3 feet in height. The stems are smooth, pale green, and thickly clustered. Leaves are alternate, narrow, linear, and 1 to 4 inches long. The flowers are very small and yellowish-green. They are enclosed by very visible yellowish-green, heart-shaped bracts. The entire plant contains white, milky sap that exudes readily upon stem or leaf breakage. This sap can damage eyes and sensitive skin. Leafy spurge is one of the earliest plants to emerge in the spring. Flower clusters develop 1 to 2 weeks after stem emergence which is from mid-April to late May. One large leafy spurge plant can produce up to 130,000 seeds. Three-sided seed capsules explode when ripe and project the seeds up to 15 feet away from the parent plant. L eafy spurge has adapted to a wide variety of habitats in the state and is very competitive with other plant species. Where it becomes established in rangeland, pasture, and riparian sites, it crowds out practically all other vegetation. The competitive, Key ID Points Euphorbia esulaLeafy spurge Identification and Management rapidly growing, and extensive root system makes leafy spurge very difficult to manage. Develop a management plan that uses several control methods that are compatible with your site. T he most effective method of control for Leafy spurge is to prevent its establishment through proper land management. Maintain healthy pastures and rangeland and continually monitor your property for new infestations. New infestations are much more easily controlled than established infestations. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. L eafy spurge is designated as a “List B” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. On the back of this sheet are leafy spurge management recommendations. For more information, please visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Program link. Or contact the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Flower photo, top, © Norman Rees, USDA, APHIS. Invasive.org. All other photos © Kelly Uhing. CULTURAL Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of leafy spurge. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions. BIOLOGICAL Both sheep and goats can be effective grazers of leafy spurge. The flea beetles Apthona nigriscutis, A. lacertosa, and A. cyparissiae, are effective especially when combined with grazing and/or herbicides. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture, 970-464-7916. Photo © USDA. MECHANICAL Due to the extensive root system, hand- pulling this plant is not a viable option. Mowing will reduce seed production if repeated every 2 to 4 weeks during the growing season, but will provide little long-term control. Leafy spurgeIntegrated Weed Management: Persistent monitoring of areas with known or potential infestations is crucial to managing leafy spurge. A combination of management methods in a long- term management plan is imperative. The management objective is to exhaust the root system and deplete the soil seed bank. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csd HERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gallons per acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Management RecomendationsHERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Fosamine (Krenite S)1.5 gal/acre or 6.5 oz/gal water Spring only, during bloom to post-bloom stage. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Picloram (Tordon 22K *this is a Restricted Use Pesticide*) 1 qt./acre or 1 oz/gal water Spring, just after full-bloom and/or fall. DO NOT apply near or under trees/shrubs or where soils have rapid permeability. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Imazapic (Plateau )12 oz/acre or 0.4 oz/gal water Fall only treatment prior to hard freeze. Add a methylated seed oil surfactant (MSO) @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt./100 gal water. 2,4-D Amine 2-3 qts/acre or 2-3 oz/gal water Apply early spring and fall. Prevents seed formation only. Retreatment will be necessary. DO NOT apply when outside temperatures will exceed 85 degrees. Add non-ionic surfactant @ .32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Integrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © Updated on: 08/08 Mayweed chamomileColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Bushy mature plants are 0.5 to 2 ft. tall. Leaves have foul smell and are divided several times into narrow segments. White ray flowers. 1. 2. 3. Identification and Impacts M ayweed chamomile (Anthemis cotula) is a bushy annual that can adapt to various conditions and is native to Europe. The seeds are 10 ribbed with small glandular bumps. Mayweed chamomile is a prolific seed producer, producing more than 960,000 seeds per plant. The seeds viability in soil range from 4 to 6 years. The leaves are finely dissected, alternate, and approximately 0.75 to 2.5 inches long and 1 inch wide. Leaves may have some short hairs and emit an unpleasant odor. Flowers are solitary and borne at the ends of branches. They are 0.75 to 1.25 inches in diameter with 12 white ray flowers and yellow disk centers. The white ray flowers are in bloom from June through September. Mature plants grow from 0.5 to 2 feet tall and are highly branched. C ontact with Mayweed chamomile can cause skin rashes, blistering of livestock muzzles and irritated mucus membranes of grazing livestock. The blistering can cause animals to reduce grazing resulting in weight loss and reduced milk production. In addition, it may impart a strong flavor to the milk of dairy animals. Key ID Points Anthemis cotulaMayweed chamomile Identification and Management H abitats for Mayweed chamomile include roadsides, ditches, in urban areas, waste places, cultivated fields, and pastures. It can grow in a wide range of soils but seems to prefer moist, poorly drained soils. Mayweed chamomile prefers moist areas and increases in abundance during years of above average precipitation. T he key to effective control of Mayweed chamomile is prevention. Eliminate seed production to decrease the spread of this annual forb. Mowing is effective if done before the seed sets. Reseeding areas with perennial grasses for several years will reduce an infestation. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. M ayweed chamomile is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations CULTURAL Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, eliminating seed production and maintaining healthy native communities. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. BIOLOGICAL There is no biological control for Mayweed chamomile. Since biological control agents take years to research, develop and release, no releases are expected in the foreseeable future. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICALFrequent, shallow tillage can help exhaust the seed bank in non-native areas. Mowing is not an effective long-term control method due to the fact the plant will prostate, in the short-term mowing will assist with limiting seed production. Hand pulling can prevent spread into new areas and is effective on small infestations. Top to bottom photos, © Michael Shephard, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org; Unknown photographer; Charles T. Bryson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.Mayweed chamomileIntegrated Weed Management: Prevent new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal. The key is to eliminate seed production to decrease the spread and continue to deplete the seed bank for 4 to 6 years. To help reduce an infestation, reseed with perennial grasses for several years. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Metsulfuron (Escort XP)0.33 oz product/ac + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette to bolting growth stage. (Early Spring to Early Summer) Chlorsulfuron (Telar)0.33 oz product/ac + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette or bolting growth stage. (Early Spring to Early Summer) Aminopyralid (Milestone) 7 fl oz/ac + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette growth stage. (Spring) Photos © Above: Eric Coombs, Oregon Dept. of Agriculture; all others: Kelly Uhing, Colorado Deptartment of Agriculture; map: Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Map of meadow knapweed infestation. 1 Meadow knapweedColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 1. Flowers are pink to purple and are about the size of a nickel. 2. Leaves are up to 6 inches long and 1 inch wide. 3. Bracts have papery-fringed margins. Identification and Impacts M eadow knapweed (Centaurea pratensis) is a perennial that grows from a woody crown. The upright stems, grow from 20 to 40 inches tall and branch near the middle. Flower heads are solitary at tips of the branches, pink to purple in color, and 3/4 of an inch in size. Bracts are light to dark brown with papery-fringed margins. Lower leaves are lobed and upper leaves are linear. The leaves grow up to 6 inches long and more than 1 inch wide. M eadow knapweed primarily reproduces by seed, but root and crown fragments re-sprout when disturbed by heavy equipment or cultivation. Meadow knapweed seeds are carried in rivers, streams, or irrigation water, in hay or by vehicles along roadsides. It is an attractive plant which some people plant as a garden ornamental. The seed viability for meadow knapweed is unknown. The site must be monitored for at least 10 years after the last flowering adult plants have been eliminated and treatments repeated when necessary. H abitat for meadow knapweed include moist sites, irrigated pastures, moist meadows, river banks, streams, irrigation ditches, roadsides, and openings in forested areas. The plant is native to Europe where Key ID Points Centaurea pratensis Meadow knapweed Identification and Management originally it was introduced (a cross between black and brown knapweed) as a potential forage species, but it has low palatability to grazing animals. Meadow knapweed outcompetes native plants and pasture species and reduces available forage for wildlife and livestock. It is not palatable or nutritionally sufficient for livestock and disrupts wetland habitat by displacing native plant species. T he key to effective control of meadow knapweed is preventing the establishment of plant communities by maintaining healthy native plant populations. If meadow knapweed is present, using a combination of control methods including; mechanical and herbicides to eradicate populations is effective. M eadow knapweed is designated as a “List A” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be eradicated wherever found in the State. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/weeds and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. List A Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 1/09 CULTURAL Preventing the establishment of the Meadow knapweed is crucial, so maintaining healthy native plant communities is a priority. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Bare ground is prime habitat for weed invasion, so prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. BIOLOGICALBiocontrol agents are not included in the prescribed management plans by the State for List A Species. Eradication is the management objective of all List A’s. For more information on biocontrol in Colorado, please contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Hand pulling or digging is an effective control method when populations are small. Hand pulling should occur when soil is moist and be certain to pull all the roots. It is important to bag specimens carefully so as to not scatter seeds if the plant is flowering. Top to bottom photos, © A. Murray, Univ. of Florida; USDA ARS Archive; and J.Schardt, Florida D.E.P.Meadow knapweedIntegrated Weed Management: Since Meadow knapweed has been identified in small quantities around Colorado, preventing the populations from spreading is important in management of the weed. Eradication requires intensive and persistent control efforts to effectively eliminate weed infestations and soil seed reserves. If populations occur, utilize hand pulling, cultural, and herbicide control methods for effective eradication. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/weedsHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Aminopyralid (Milestone - general use) 7 fl. oz. product/acre plus 0.25% v/v ionic surfactant. Apply in spring to early summer during bolting to bud growth stages or in fall Cloypyralid (Transline - general use) 1 pint product/acre plus 0.25% v/v ionic surfactant. Apply in spring to early summer during bolting to bud growth stages or in fall Picloram (Tordon or Picloram 22K - restricted use herbicides) 1 qt.product/acre plus 0.25% v/v ionic surfac - tant. Apply in spring to early summer during bolting to bud growth stages or in fallManagement Recommendations2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List A Species All Photos © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Deptartment of Agriculture, map by Crystal Anderws, Colorado Department of Agriculture.Updated on: 01/09 Map of Mediterranean sage infestation. 1 Mediterranean sageColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 1. Leaves have a pungent odor when crushed. 2. Leaves are very hairy. 3. White to yellowish-white flower clusters. Identification and Impacts M editerranean sage (Salvia aethiopis) is a biennial that is an erect, coarse biennial or short- lived perennial, with a stout taproot. First year rosettes are blue-green, and are covered with woolly white hairs. Second year plants produce more leaves with a flowering stem. Leaves have a pungent odor when crushed. The flower stem can grow 2 to 3 feet tall and branch 2 to 3 feet wide resembling a candalabra. The stem breaks off in the fall and forms a tumbleweed dispersing thousands of seeds. Mature plants can produce 100,000 seeds each. The flowers are white to yellowish-white and appear in clusters. M editerranean sage is native to the Mediterranean region and northern Africa. Mediterranean sage invades primarily rangeland, but will easily invade riparian areas, forests, roadsides, and dry pastures. This invasive ornamental plant prefers south-facing slopes in loose, gravelly, well drained soils. Mediterranean sage initially invades disturbed sites, but quickly spreads to non-disturbed and natural sites. It adapts to a wide variety of environmental conditions and quickly displaces native vegetation. The plant is unpalatable to most grazing animals and is capable Key ID Points Salvia aethiopisMediterranean sage Identification and Management of forming dense monocultures. The seed viability for Mediterranean sage is unknown. The site must be monitored for at least 10 years after the last flowering adult plants have been eliminated and treatments repeated when necessary. T he key to effective control of Mediterranean sage is preventing the establishment of plant communities through the use of sound land management practices. Maintain healthy pastures and rangeland and continually monitor your property for new infestations, especially near current known infestations since tumbleweed mobility of this plant can spread the seeds far and wide. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. M editerranean sage is designated as a “List A” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be eradicated wherever found in the State. For more information visit www.colorado.gov/ ag/weeds and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. List A Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations CULTURAL Preventing overgrazing and promoting healthy plant communities is crucial. Disturbed, bare ground areas are prime habitat for weed invasions. Contact your local Natural Resource Conservation District for seed mix recommendations for your area. BIOLOGICALBiocontrol agents are not included in the prescribed management plans by the State for List A Species. Eradication is the management objective of all List A’s. For information on biocontrol in Colorado, please contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Hand pull or shovel when soil is moist. Make certain to pull up all the roots or sever at least 2 to 3 inches of taproot with a shovel. Shake excess soil from specimens and turn over to dry out. Bag specimens carefully so as to not scatter seeds if flowering. Top to bottom photos, © A. Murray, Univ. of Florida; USDA ARS Archives.Mediterranean sageIntegrated Weed Management: Since Mediterranean sage reproduces solely by seed, it is imperative to prevent seeds from producing as well as depleting the soil seed bank. Combining mechanical and herbicide treatments to rosettes or bolting plants can be very effective. If flowering, mechanically remove plants and bag them. Survey properties on the perimeter of known infestations to detect new infestations early. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/weedsHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Tordon + Telar (Tordon or Picloram 22K - restricted use herbicides & Telar - general use) 1 quart product/acre (Tordon) + 1 oz prod- uct/acre (Telar) + plus 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply in spring during rosette to bolting (early flowring) growth stages Metsulfuron + 2,4-D (Escort or Cimarron + 2,4-D - general use) 1 oz + 1 qt product/ acre plus 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply in spring during rosette to bolting (early flowering) growth stages Metsulfuron (Escort or Cimarron - general use) 1 oz product/acre plus 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply in spring during rosette to bolting (early flowering) growth stagesManagement Recommendations2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List A Species Photos © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture; map above by Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Musk thistleColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Broad, spine- tipped bracts located under the flower Flowering heads are terminal, solitary, and usually nodding Grows up to 6 feet tall 1. 2. 3. Identification and Impacts M usk thistle (Carduus nutans) is a non-native biennial forb that reproduces solely by seed. A biennial is a plant that completes its lifecycle within two years. During the first year of growth, musk thistle appears as a rosette in spring or fall. During the second year in mid to late spring, the stem bolts, flowers, sets seed, and the plant dies. Musk thistle produces many flower heads. The terminal, or tallest, shoots flower first, then lateral shoots develop in leaf axils. A robust plant may produce 100 or more flowering heads. A prolific seed producer, musk thistle can produce up to 20,000 seeds per plant, only one-third being viable. Because musk thistle reproduces solely from seed, the key for successful management is to prevent seed production. M usk thistle can grow up to 6 feet tall. The leaves are spiny, waxy, and dark green in color with a light green midrib. The flowers are purple, large in size (1.5 to 3 inches in diameter), nodding, and terminal. The flowers are surrounded by numerous, lance-shaped, spine-tipped bracts. You can expect to see flowers from late May and June. Seed set usually occurs in June or July and effective management options will then become limited. Key ID Points Carduus nutansMusk thistle Identification and Management H abitats for Musk thistle include disturbed, overgrazed areas. Once a pasture is infested, the livestock carrying capacity for that area is significantly decreased. The plant may also occur on rangeland, roadsides, ditches, riparian areas, and trails. T he key to effective control of Musk thistle is to prevent the plant’s seed production, Planting desirable grasses and forbs to out compete Musk thistle can also be effective. Dense Musk thistle stands can be treated by spot treatments of herbicides and by a persistent mechanical program. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. M usk thistle is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 08/08 CULTURAL Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of Musk thistle. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions. BIOLOGICAL Livestock tend to avoid grazing on musk thistle, although horses and cattle have been known to eat the flowerheads. Biological control insects, such as the seed head weevil and the crown weevil are effective on large infestations. When used together, these insects provide fair to good control. Contact the Insectary, Colorado Department of Agriculture to get complete information at 970-464-7916. Or visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd. MECHANICAL Any mechanical or physical method that severs the root below the soil surface will kill Musk thistle. Mowing or chopping is most effective when Musk thistle plants are at full-bloom. Be sure to properly dispose of the flowering cut plants since seeds can mature and become viable after the plant has been cut down. Top to bottom photos, © Norman E. Rees, USDA Agricultural Research Service; Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org; and Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture.Musk thistleIntegrated Weed Management: The key to managing Musk thistle is to prevent seed production. Dense Musk thistle stands can be treated by spot use of herbicides and by a persistent mechanical program. Due to the long seed viability of musk thistle, up to 10 years, control methods may have to be repeated for many years to completely eliminate an infestation.http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Picloram (Tordon 22K - *Restricted use chemical*) 1 pint/acre + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply in spring to rosettes. Aminopyralid (Milestone)5 fl. oz./acre + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply in spring rosette to early bolting growth stages or in fall to rosettes. Metsulfuron (Escort XP)1 oz. product/acre + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply in spring from rosette through very early flower growth stages. (Can prevent viable seed formation if applied no later than the first viable flowers begin to open.) Chlorsulfuron (Telar)1 oz. product/acre + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply in spring from rosette through very early flower growth stages. (Can prevent viable seed formation if applied no later than the first viable flowers begin to open.)Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture and (above) Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Map of myrtle spurge infestation. 1 Myrtle spurgeColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 1. Low growing plant with blue-green, waxy leaves. 2. Flowers are yellow-green petal like bracts that appear from March to May. Identification and Impacts M yrtle spurge (Euphorbia myrsinites) is a low growing perennial with trailing fleshy stems. The leaves are fleshy, blue-green and alternate. Flowers are inconspicuous with yellow-green, petal-like bracts that appear from March to May. Myrtle spurge spreads by seed and plants are capable of projecting seeds up to 15 feet. The plant grows from a taproot, with new stems emerging in early spring and dying back in the winter. Plants can grow up to 8- 12 inches high and 12-18 inches in width. M yrtle spurge contains a toxic, milky sap which can cause severe skin irritations, including blistering. This plant is poisonous if ingested; causing nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Wearing gloves, long sleeves, shoes, and eye protection is highly recommended when in contact with myrtle spurge, as all plant parts are considered poisonous. M yrtle spurge is an invasive ornamental that is native to Eurasia. It is popular with xeriscapes and rock gardens, preferring sunny to partly sunny areas and well drained soils. Myrtle spurge rapidly escapes gardens and invades sensitive ecosystems, out competing native Key ID Points Euphorbia myrsinitesMyrtle spurge Identification and Management vegetation and reducing wildlife forage. Alternatives to planting myrtle spurge include native plants such as sulphur flower (Erigonum umbellatum ), Kinnikinnick (artcostaphylos uvursi), or creeping mahonia (Mahonia repens). The soil seed reserve of myrtle spurge is estimated to be eight years. The site must be monitored for at least nine years after the last flowering adult plants have been eliminated and treatments repeated when necessary. T he key to effective control of myrtle spurge is to remove plants prior to seed set and to detect and remove new populations in natural areas early on. Small areas can be easily removed by mechanical means but should be done early to prevent triggering seed launching. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. M yrtle spurge is designated as a “List A” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is designated for statewide eradication. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/weeds and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List A Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 01/09 CULTURAL Keeping desirable vegetation healthy and thick will help keep invaders out. Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal. Survey your land regularly to detect new invaders and eradicate any new populations quickly. BIOLOGICAL Biocontrol is not an approved method of contol for State List A species. Eradication as the management objective for all List A species. For more information on insect biocontrol in Colorado, please contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916 MECHANICAL Hand pull or dig when soil is moist. Make certain to pull all the roots and wear rubber gloves and eye protection to protect yourself from the toxic milky sap. Treatment follow up is important to check root fragment resprouts that will occure when the tap root is severed too shallow. Top to bottom photos © Unknown, A. Murray, Univ. of Florida; USDA ARS Archive; and unknown.Myrtle spurgeIntegrated Weed Management: Since Myrtle spurge spreads mainly by seed, it is very important to prevent seed production and deplete the seed bank. Remove mature plants prior to setting seed and seedlings whenever present. Populations can be managed mechanically and by spot treatment of herbicides. It is important to be persistent with follow up treatments for many years. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/weedsHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING 2,4-D ester (general use)2 quarts/acre Use a 2,4-D ester formulation that has a 4.0 lbs. active ingredient/acre. Apply during spring or during fall regrowth. Dicamba + 2,4-D (general use) 1 pint Dicamba +2 to 3 pints, 2,4-D (amine or ester) Use a 2,4-D formulation that has a 4.0 lbs. active ingredient/gallon. Apply during spring or during fall regrowth. Picloram + 2,4-D (Tordon 22K-restricted use + 2,4-D -general use) 20 fl. oz./acre +2 to 3 pints of 2,4-D (amine or ester) Apply at flowering growth stage during spring or to fall regrowth. Picloram (Tordon 22K - restricted use) 1 quart product/acre Apply at flowering growth stage during spring or to fall regrowth. Management Recommendations2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List A Species List B Key ID Points 1. 15-30 white ray flowers on flowerheads that are 1-3 inches in diameter. 2. Rosette and lower leaves are spoon- shaped and toothed. 3. Upper leaves on the stem are narrow, toothed, and clasp the stem. O xeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) was introduced from Europe as a seed contaminant and as an ornamental. It is a rhizomatous, creeping, short-lived perennial that grows 10 inches to 2 feet tall. The basal and lower leaves are spoon- shaped, toothed, and with long petioles (leaf stem). The upper leaves are narrow, toothed, and clasp the stem. Flowers bloom between June and August. The flowers are 1 to 3 inches in diameter, with 15 to 30 white ray flowers, and mostly solitary. The phyllaries beneath the flower head are green with a dark brown margin. One flower head can produce up to 200 seeds. Oxeye daisy spread vegetatively from roots, root fragments, or by seed. Seeds may be viable up to 38 years or more. Infestation sites needs to be monitored for at least 10 years after the last flowering plant has been eliminated and treatments repeated when necessary. Ornamental Shasta daisy (Leucantheum x superbum) is not an aggressive invader and looks similar to oxeye daisy, but it is 6 to 12 inches taller and has larger flowers. O xeye daisy is an strong competitor. It forms dense stands that reduce native plant diversity. It degrades pastures and natural areas because cattle and wildlife avoid feeding on oxeye daisy. Heavy infestations may reduce nutrient cycling due to a shallow root system and create areas of bare soil, thus increasing soil erosion. H abitats for oxeye daisy included mountain meadows, grasslands, pastures, streams, gardens, waste grounds, railway, and roadsides. Oxeye daisy typically grows in high elevations, up to 11,000 feet in Colorado. T he key to effective control of oxeye daisy is education and prevention. Oxeye daisy has been included in many different seed mixes, thus consumers should carefully read the label prior to planting so- called “native wildflower” mixes. Homeowners and land managers often overlook the impacts and the need to manage this weed because of the plant’s attractiveness. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. O xeye daisy is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eliminated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/weeds and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, (303) 869-9030.Oxeye daisy Leucanthemum vulgareš‡›‡ƒ‹•› †‡–‹Ƥ…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡– 2013 Quarter Quad Survey Rev. 10/14 Colorado Department of Agriculture - Conservation Services 305 Interlocken Parkway ”‘‘Ƥ‡Ž†ǡ͔͔͖͕͜ ȋ͔͗͗Ȍ͚͜͝Ǧ͔͔͗͝ ™™™Ǥ…‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘Ǥ‰‘˜Ȁƒ‰Ȁ™‡‡†• List B š‡›‡†ƒ‹•›Šƒ•„‡‡‹…Ž—†‡†‹ƒ›†‹ơ‡”‡–•‡‡†‹š‡•ǡ–Š—•…‘•—‡”••Š‘—Ž†…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ”‡ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ„‡Ž’”‹‘”–‘’Žƒ–‹‰•‘Ǧ…ƒŽŽ‡†Dzƒ–‹˜‡™‹Ž†ƪ‘™‡”dz‹š‡•Ǥ‡’‡ƒ–‡†Šƒ†’—ŽŽ‹‰…ƒ ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡•ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘™‹‰‘”‰”ƒœ‹‰„›•Š‡‡’‘”‰‘ƒ–•…ƒ„‡‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡ǡ‹ƒ††‹–‹‘™‹–Š ƒ…Š‡‹…ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤ Oxeye daisy Leucanthemum vulgare –‡‰”ƒ–‡†‡‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‡…‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•        Aminopyralid (Milestone) 4-6 oz/acre + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Optimum control when applied at the pre-flower bud growth stage. Metsulfuron (Escort XP) 1 oz product/acre + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Surfactant is absolutely necessary. Optimum control when applied at flowering growth stage. 1 oz product is the minimum eradication rate based on best treatment observed in several CSU experiments. Chlorsulfuron (Telar) 1 oz product/acre + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Surfactant is absolutely necessary. Optimum control when applied at flowering growth stage. CHEMICAL The table below includes recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to rangeland and pastures. 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant is equivalent to 0.32 oz/gal of water or 1 pt/100 gal of water. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! MECHANICAL Repeated hand pulling or digging when soil is moist and infestations are small. Oxeye daisy is fairly shallow rooted; pull up as much of the root as possible. If removed during or after ƪ‘™‡”‹‰ǡ„ƒ‰•’‡…‹‡•…ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›•‘ƒ•–‘‘–•…ƒ––‡”•‡‡†•Ǥ ‘™‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡ƪ‘™‡”‹‰‘”™Š‡ƪ‘™‡”„—†•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–…ƒ Ž‹‹–†‹•’‡”•ƒŽǢ†‘‘–‘™†—”‹‰‘”ƒˆ–‡”ƪ‘™‡”‹‰Ǥ‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ–͚ inches or deeper, and repeated shallowly as necessary, can control patches. BIOLOGICAL ‘ƒ–•‘”•Š‡‡’…ƒ„‡‡ơ‡…–‹˜‡‹–Š‡…‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ‘š‡›‡†ƒ‹•›Ǥ There are no insect biological controls available for oxeye daisy. For more information on biocontrols, contact the Colorado Department of Agriculture-Palisade Insectary at 970-464-7916. CULTURAL Generate awareness for this noxious weed. Carefully inspect “wildflower” seed mixes; do not plant mixes that include Leucanthemum vulgare. Avoid overgrazing, disturbance, and seed dispersal. Bare ground is prime habitat for weed invasions. Tall perennial grasses that shade oxeye daisy are good competitors. y© Oh© Oh© Oh© Oh©©©©©©© Oh© Oh© OhOh© Oh© Oh©© Oh© Oh©© Oh© Oh© Oh© Oh© Oh© Oh© Oh©O©O©Oh© O©Ohh©h©O©O© OO©©©h©OhhhhOhhhOhOhio Sio Sio Sio Sio Sio Sio Sio Sio SSio Sio Sio Sio Sio SiSioo Sio Sio Sio Sio Sio SSiiio Sio Sio Sioio SSioo SStatetatetatetatetatetatetatetattateatatattatetateatetatetatetatetatetateaatatattatetatetatetatetattatttattateaatttateattetattatattettaeatataaeeaaate UniUniUniUniUniUnUniUniUnnnUniUnUniiUniiUnUninUniUniUniiiniUniiiiiUniUnniUniUiUverversversversversversversversversversversversversversversversvversversverseversversrsrerersversveressersrsssvvverssityityityityityittyityityityityitityityityityityityitytyititytyyityyyy Photos courtesy of Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Perennial pepperweedColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 White flowers in dense round clusters at branch tips. Leaves are waxy with a white midrib. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts P erennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) is an extremely invasive perennial forb introduced from Europe and Asia in 1900 as a containment in sugar beet seed. Pepperweed reproduces both by seed and vegetatively by roots and shoots. Root fragments as small as 0.5 inch can grow into new plants. A serious threat, pepperweed alters ecosystems by acting as a “salt pump” absorbing salts from deep in the soil. The plant then excretes the salt through the leaves and deposits it on the surface soil. Since most desirable plants do not tolerate high saline concentrated soils, the entire plant composition and diversity of the area changes. G rowing 1 to 5 feet high, pepperweed has tiny white flowers. The flowers have four spoon-shaped petals in dense, rounded clusters on branch tips of erect stems. Stems emerge from deep, thick, woody root stocks that can penetrate 10 feet into the soil. Leaves of the mature plant are alternate, and lance or oblong in shape with serrated edges that are slightly wavy. They are glabrous (not hairy) and green to gray-green in color, with a distinctive white midrib. Upper leaves are smaller than basal leaves and have no stalks. P erennial pepperweed invades a wide variety of habitats, from intermountain, mountainous areas and marshes. It is frequently found in riparian areas, wetlands, marshes, irrigation ditches, canals, Key ID Points Lepidium latifoliumPerennial pepperweed Identification and Management and floodplains. If introduced, it can also invade roadsides, hay and alfalfa fields and rangeland. It readily invades disturbed and bareground areas . It can thrive in either low or high-saline soils. Large monocultures and dense litter layers prevent native plants from regenerating. Pepperweed displaces native plants and wildlife habitats, reduces food quality for wildlife and reduces agricultural and pasture production. P erennial pepperweed rarely produces seedlings in the field, even with extensive seed crops. Research is underway, but the lack of seedlings may be due to seeds rapidly losing viability in the field (but not in the laboratory). Reproduction is primarily from deep, perennial roots and root pieces which break off and sprout new plants. However, preventing seed production is still recommended until further research is done. T he key to effective control of Perennial pepperweed is preventing establishment of large populations. Early detection and removal of plants if found, is the key to prevention. Planting desirable and competing grasses and forbs can aid in limiting the spread of Perennial pepperweed. Herbicide treatments are a good option if used during the bud to flowering stage of the plant. Once established, containment is key. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. P erennial pepperweed is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 08/08 CULTURALProlonged spring flooding of new growth will kill pepperweed. Grazing is not recommended because the plant may be toxic. Reestablishing the native or desired plants can take years, so repeat plantings must be repeated, but it can aid in controlling populations. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. BIOLOGICAL Biological control is not a viable option because 11 other species of native Lepidium are on the Endangered species list, and the risk to these species as well as agricultural species is too great. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Due to the deep, brittle root, most mechanical methods are not recommend, and can actually propagate, spread and increase the density of pepperweed. Hand pulling can also bring seeds to the soil surface, and spread pieces of root, which will sprout. However, spring mowing combined with chemical treatments can be effective. Top photo, © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Calophasia lunula larva photo © Bob Richard, USDA APHIS, Invasive.org. Root system, Nature Conservancy.Perennial pepperweedIntegrated Weed Management: Because of the deep roots and persistence of pepperweed, it is critical to combine repeated herbicide application with monitoring and revegation of the area. Control of Perennial pepperweed can be difficult, so prevention is the best option. Early detection, eradication and containment of small populations and their source are vital. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to specific areas. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal./acre. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Chlorsulfuron (Telar)1 oz product/ac. + 0.25 v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in bolting to early flower growth stages. (Early Spring to Early Summer) Metsulfuron (Escort XP)1 oz product/ac. + 0.25 v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in botling growth stage. (Spring) Imazapyr (Plateau)12 fl oz/ac. + 2 pt/ac. methylated seed oil Apply when plant is in flower to late flower growth stages. (Early Summer to Mid Sum- mer)Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species NOTE: Herbicides, when applied at the flower bud stage, are extremely effective to control pepperweed. Repeat applications for up to five years. However, the waxy leaf surface and the dense growth of this weed can make it difficult to obtain adequate coverage with the herbicide, so apply the chemical carefully and thoroughly for effective control. Photos © Map above: Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture; All other photos: Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Plumeless thistleColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Flower heads cluster 2-5 and are purple to dark red in color. Leaves are alternate, stalk- less and hairy underneath. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts P lumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides) is a winter annual or biennial that is native to Europe and Asia. Plumeless thistle rosettes have wavy leaves with yellow spines along the white-colored leaf margins. The stems are covered with leaf-like, winged spines that extend up to the flowering heads. The flower heads, in clusters of 2 to 5, are alone at the end of the branches. They are purple to dark red in color and are 1/2 to 1 inch in diameter. Leaves are alternate, stalk-less, hairy underneath and blend into the stem. Mature plants can grow taller than 5 feet and can produce upwards of 9,000 seeds. H abitats for Plumeless thistle include pastures, fields, disturbed lands, logged-over areas, river valleys, along roadsides and in native grasslands. Plumeless thistle out competes native species and forage crops. It is one of the most aggressive thistles, due to its high seed production. Plumeless thistle is unpalatable to livestock and it may accumulate nitrates. Key ID Points Carduus acanthoidesPlumeless thistle Identification and Management P lants over winter and grow from seeds and rosettes. The seed viability for Plumeless thistle is unknown. The site must be monitored for at least 10 years after the last flowering adult plants have been eliminated and treatments repeated when necessary. T he key to effective control of Plumeless thistle is very similar to Musk thistle. Preventing Plumeless thistle seed production and planting desirable grasses and forbs to out compete plumeless thistle is effective. An integrated weed management approach is an effective tool when dealing with plumeless thistle; using herbicide, biological and cultural control methods. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. P lumeless thistle is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 08/08 Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of Musk thistle. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions. CULTURAL Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of Musk thistle. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions. BIOLOGICAL Biological control insects, such as the seed head weevil and the crown weevil are effective on large infestations. When used together, these insects provide fair to good control. These insects have been known to threaten native thistle populations. Contact the Insectary of Colorado Department of Agriculture to get complete information at 970-464- 7916. Or visit www.colorado.gov/ag/ csd. MECHANICAL Any mechanical or physical method that severs the root below the soil surface will kill Plumeless thistle. Mowing or chopping is most effective when Plumeless thistle plants are at full bloom. Be sure to properly dispose of the flowering cut plants since seeds can mature and become viable after the plant has been cut down. Photos Top to bottom © Loke T. Kok, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org; Richard Old, XID Services, Inc., Bugwood.org; and Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture.Plumeless thistleIntegrated Weed Management: The key to managing Plumeless thistle is to prevent seed production. Dense Plumeless thistle stands can be treated by spot use of herbicide programs. Due to the unknown seed viability of plumeless thistle, monitoring up to 10 years, and repeating control methods may need to occur for many years to completely eliminate an infestation. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Aminopyralid (Milestone) 5 fl oz product/acre Apply in spring to early summer rosette to bolting growth stages or in the fall. Clopyralid (Transline)0.67 pint product/acre Apply when plants are in the rosette growth stage. (Spring or Fall rosettes) Clopyralid +2,4-D (Curtail) 2 quarts product/acre Apply when plants are in the rosette growth stage. (Spring or Fall rosettes) Picloram (Tordon - *restricted use herbicide*) 1-2 pints product/acre Apply when plants are in the rosette growth stage. (Spring or Fall rosettes) 2, 4-D 1 quart/acre Apply when plants are in the rosette growth stage. (Spring or Fall rosettes)Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © Clockwise from lower left: Ohio State Weed Lab Archive, Ohio State University, Bugwood. org; Unknown; Unknown; Richard Old, XID Services, Inc., Bugwood.org; and Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org. 1 Poison hemlock1. Fern-like shiny green leaves. 2. Smooth, hallow stems that are rigid and have purple spots. Identification and Impacts P oison hemlock (Conium maculatum) is an erect biennial weed that is native to Europe. The plant typically grows 4 to 8 feet tall and has smooth, hallow stems that are rigid and have distinct purple spots. The plant has shiny green leaves that are pinnately compound, multi-stemmed and have a fern like appearance. The leaves are lacy, resembling parsley and have a musty odor when crushed. The first year the plant usually forms a large rosette. The second year the plant bolts a large stem, flowers and then dies. The flowers have 5 petals, clawed, notched (1 to 1.5 mm long) and are white, umbrella-like clusters at the end of the branch. They appear from June to July. The fruit matures in August- September and is flat, small and grayish-green in color. H abitats for Poison hemlock include streams, rivers, irrigation and roadside ditches, crop and pasturelands, as well as disturbed sites. All parts of the plant are poisonous, they contain alkaloids. Animals do not eat the plant, unless food is scarce. Ingestion of 0.25-0.30% of an animals body Key ID Points Conium maculatumPoison hemlockIdentification and Management weight is lethal. Poisoning of humans has occurred, the plant can easily be confused with members of the carrot family. Consumption in large quantities can be fatal. T he key to effective control of Poison hemlock is prevention and containment. Identified early enough, pulling the taproot when soil is moist can be an effective control method. When plants are already present, containment using herbicides is crucial. Other herbicide control methods include spraying plants in the rosette stage in early spring or late fall. Mechanical treatments are also effective, depleting root reserves and reducing seed production, with repeat mowings. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. P oison hemlock is designated as a “List C” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local jurisdictions managing this species. For more information, visit www.colorado.gov/ag/weeds or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List C Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 08/09 CULTURAL Broadcast seeding or “no-till” drill seeding can be effective by helping out compete hemlock. For specific seed recommendations contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Services for seed mixes. BIOLOGICAL The hemlock moth (Agonopterix alstroemericana) larvae feed on leaves, young stem tissue, flowers, and seeds causing severe defoliation and death of the plant. Contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916 for more information. MECHANICAL Hand pull or dig when soil is moist, but make sure to wear gloves. Bag specimens carefully so as not to scatter seeds. The key to effective control is to prevent seed production and/or spread. Photos © (Top to bottom): Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org and bottom two by: Jan Samanek, State Phytosanitary Administration, Bugwood.org.Poison hemlockIntegrated Weed Management: Integrated management approaches have not been an approved method of control concerning Poison hemlock. Even though it has not been a proven method, does not mean that it is ineffective. Using a combination of biological and herbicide treatments may be successful in combating Poison hemlock. Adding the promotion of desirable plants to help out compete the infestation of Poison hemlock may assist with control as well. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/weedsHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING 2,4-D (4 lb ai/gallon)2 qt/ac. + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette to early bolting growth stages. (36 inches tall or less) Grazon P+D 2 qt/ac. + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette to early bolting growth stages. (36 inches tall or less) Escort 1 oz product/ac. + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette to early bolting growth stages. Telar 1 oz product/ac. + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette to early bolting growth stages.Management Recommendations2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List C Species All photos © Kelly Uhing. Infestation map above, Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Map of purple loosestrife infestation. 1 Purple loosestrifeColorado Dept. of Agriculture Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street, Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 1. Showy pinkish- purple flowers bloom in long vertical racemes. 2. Lance-shaped leaves have smooth edges. 3. Four sided stem. Identification and Impacts P urple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a non-native, tap- rooted, perennial forb. It is native to Europe and was introduced to North America as an ornamental plant for gardens. It has escaped into natural areas such as streambanks and shallow ponds. Purple loosestrife reproduces primarily by seed. A single, mature plant can produce up to three million seeds per year. The seeds can remain viable in the soil for 5 to 20 years. Pieces of roots or stems also can produce new plants. Purple loosestrife produces multiple four-sided stems that can grow two to eight feet tall. Leaves are two to five inches long, lance- shaped and whorled on the stems. Flowers are tightly grouped in long, vertical heads; they bloom from the bottom up. They are pinkish-purple in color, about one inch long, and have five to seven petals. Flowers appear from late June through September. P urple loosestrife can be found along riverbanks, ditches, and wet meadows throughout the state. Infestations rapidly replace native vegetation, can impede water flow in canals and ditches, and have little wildlife habitat value. Infested wetlands eventually become a monoculture of loosestrife. I f purple loosestrife is growing in your garden, remove plants Key ID Points Lythrum salicariaPurple loosestrife Identification and Management immediately and consider a substitute. There are many planting alternatives that are better suited to Colorado and beneficial to wildlife. Alternatives include spotted gayfeather, Rocky Mountain Penstemon, beebalm, purple coneflower, and Colorado Columbine. For more information refer to Colorado Native Plant Society’s website, www. conps.org. T he key to effective control of purple loosestrife is early detection when infestations are small. It is fairly easy to control small numbers of loosestrife plants when the seed bank in the soil is low. Eradicating large populations is much more difficult. Persistent management and monitoring of site is a long-term program to ensure eradication. Small loosestrife infestations should be eradicated by hand-pulling/cutting in combination with herbicide application. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. P urple loosestrife is designated as “List A” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be eradicated wherever found in the State. For more information visit www.colorado.gov/ag/weeds and click on the Noxious Weed Program link or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List A Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 01/09 CULTURAL Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal. BIOLOGICALBiocontrol agents are not included in the prescribed management plans by the State for List A Species. Eradication is the management objective of all List A’s. For more information on biocontrol in Colorado, please contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Hand removal of isolated individuals can be effective on small infestations. Hand removal should be performed prior to seed set. It is important to remove the entire rootstalk of the plant to avoid regrowth from root fragments. During the flowering stage, flowerheads must be cut and disposed of properly before a herbicide is applied. This will prevent or reduce seed production. Purple loosestrifeIntegrated Weed Management: Since purple loosestrife has been identified in Colorado, preventing the populations from spreading is important in management of the weed. Prevent new seeds from being added to the seed bank by managing purple loosestrife before it flowers or by clipping and disposing of the flowerheads prior to seed set and using herbicides to control plants. Follow up control efforts the same growing season and for several years afterwards. Maintain a healthy cover of perennial plants.www.colorado.gov/ag/weeds HERBICIDES The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gallons per acre. Please read label for exact rates. The herbicide label is the LAW! Management Recommendations2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List A Species HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Triclopyr (Garlon 3A- general use) 1-2 qts./acre or 1.3-2.5 oz/gal water + non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Apply in summer. If plants are flowering, cut and properly dispose of flowerheads before applying Garlon 3A. Glyphosate* (Rodeo - aquatic safe) -general use *nonselective, will kill all vegetation it contacts 1-2 qts./acre or 1.3-2.5 oz/gal water + non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Apply in summer during the flowering stage. Cut and properly dispose of flowerheads before applying Rodeo. Top to bottom photos, © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Bracts photo at left, © Steve Dewey, Invasive. org. Infestation map above, Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture. All other photos © Kelly Uhing.Russian knapweedColorado Dept. of Agriculture Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Russian knapweed can be distinguished from other knapweeds by the pointed papery tips of the floral bracts. The roots are dark brown and have scale leaves. . . Identification and Impacts R ussian knapweed (Acroptilon repens) is a non-native deep- rooted perennial that spreads by aggressive, creeping, horizontal roots (rhizomes) and seeds. The roots are black with a scaly appearance. Russian knapweed can grow up to 3 feet in height. The stems and leaves are covered with short, stiff hairs. The flowers are urn-shaped, pink to purple in color, and are solitary at the tips of the upper branches. Russian knapweed can be distinguished from other knapweeds by the pointed papery tips of the rounded bracts that surround the flowers. Russian knapweed emerges in early spring after soil temperatures remain above freezing. It produces flowers from June to August and sets seed in late summer to early fall. Russian knapweed reproduces primarily from its root system. Buds on the horizontal roots can form adventitious shoots that can grow to be independent plants. R ussian knapweed is allelopathic, which means it contains a toxic substance that inhibits the growth of competing plants. This weed may also be toxic to horses resulting in serious injury or possibly death of the animal. Russian knapweed displaces native vegetation and reduces forage values on range and pasturelands. Key ID Points Acroptilon repensRussian knapweed Identification and Management H abitats for Russian knapweed includes many land types, from roadsides, ditch banks, riparian zones, pastures, irrigated cropland, clear cuts, and cropland. T he most effective method of control for Russian knapweed is to prevent its establishment through proper land management. Maintain healthy pastures and rangeland and continually monitor your property for new infestations. If Russian knapweed is already established, using an integrated weed management approach proves to be effective. Russian knapweed can be managed with herbicides or insects, but long-term control must include planting competitive plant species to occupy bare ground once infested by the weed. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. R ussian knapweed is designated as a “List B” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information, visit www.colorado.gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Program link or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Black, scaly root Pearl bracts with papery tips. List B species List B Species Updated on: 08/08 CULTURAL Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of Russian knapweed. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions. BIOLOGICAL A gall forming nematode, Subanguina picridis, is currently being monitored for effectiveness but is not yet available to the public. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture, 970-464- 7916. MECHANICAL Mowing several times before the plants bolt stresses Russian knapweed and forces them to use nutrient reserves stored in the root system. Combining mowing with herbicides will further enhance control of this weed. Mow repeatedly during the summer, then apply a herbicide in the fall. Russian knapweedIntegrated Weed Management: The most effective control for Russian knapweed is to prevent its establishment through proper land management. An integrated weed management approach can be effective when dealing with Russian knapweed. It can be managed with herbicides or insects, but long- term control must include planting competitive plant species to occupy bare ground once infested by the weed. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csd HERBICIDES The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. Rates are approximate and based on equip- ment with an output of 30 gallons per acre. Please read label for exact rates. The herbicide label is the LAW!Management RecomendationsHERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Aminopyralid (Milestone) 4-6 ounces/acre Apply in the spring and summer to plants in the bud and flowering stage and to dormant plants in the fall. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Picloram (Tordon 22K *this is a Restricted Use Pesticide*) 1 qt./acre or 1 oz/gal water Apply in spring to bud/early flower stage and/ or fall rosette. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Chlorsulfuron (Telar)1-3 oz/acre or 2 grams/3 gallons of water Apply in spring from pre-bloom to bloom and to fall rosettes. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Integrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Nematode photo © Tony Ceasar, Invasive.org. All other photos © Kelly Uhing. Photos © Clockwise from lower left: (1) Richard Old, XID Services, Inc., Bugwood.org; (2) Patrick Breen, Oregon State University, Bugwood.org; (1) Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture and map by Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Updated on: 08/08 Russian oliveColorado Dept. of Agriculture Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Leaves are silvery white with dense scales. Flowers have 4 small sepals and are light yellow clusters. Red-yellow fruits on mature plants. 1. 2. 3. Identification and Impacts R ussian olive (Elaeagnus angustifoilia) is a perennial tree or shrub that is native in Europe and Asia. The plant has olive- shaped fruits, silver color at first then becoming yellow-red when mature. Russian olive can reproduce by seed or root suckers. Seeds can remain viable for up to 3 years and are capable of germinating in a broad range of soil types. Spring moisture and slightly alkaline soil tend to favor seedling growth. The plants extensive root system, sprouts root suckers frequently. The stems can reach up to 30 feet in height with branches and trunks that have 1 to 2 inch thorns. Leaves are 2 to 3 inches long, alternate, narrow, have simple blades, and are untoothed. The lower surface is silvery white with dense scales, while the upper surface of the leaf is light green in color. Flowers are 4 small sepals in light yellow clusters, fragrant, and appear May through June. Russian olive twigs are flexible, reddish, and have surfaces coated with gray and scaly pubescence, becoming smooth. O nce thought to be a beneficial windbreak tree, it since has been deemed detrimental to the environment. Russian olive can grow in a variety of soil and moisture conditions, but prefers open, moist riparian zones. It is shade tolerant and can be found along streams, Key ID Points Elaeagnus angustifoiliaRussian olive Identification and Management fields and open areas. Russian-olive can out compete native vegetation, interfere with natural plant succession and nutrient cycling, and tax water reserves. Because Russian-olive is capable of fixing nitrogen in its roots, it can grow on bare, mineral substrates and dominate riparian vegetation. Although Russian-olive provides a plentiful source of edible fruits for birds, ecologists have found that bird species richness is actually higher in riparian areas dominated by native vegetation. T he key to effective control of Russian olive is preventing establishment of the trees or shrubs. If plants are already present, control options include cut-stump treatments and mechanical mowing. These treatments are dependant on size and location of the plant. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. R ussian olive is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado.gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations List B Species  CULTURAL Cultural controls are not an option when dealing with Russian olive. Replacing with native trees is important once Russian olive has been removed. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for recommendations of other possible trees or shrubs. BIOLOGICALTubercularia canker overwinters on infected stems and spreads via rain-splash, animals, or pruning implements to open wounds in the bark. Infected tissue becomes discolored or sunken. Entire stems may be girdled and killed, and the disease can deform or kill stressed plants over time. For more information, contact the Colorado Department of Agriculture’s Insectary in Palisade, Colorado at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Mowing hedges with a brush type mower, followed by removal of cut material may be the most effective method for eradication. Stump sprouting commonly occurs after cutting down the tree, and excavation of the entire stump can trigger root sprouting. Burning is practical when conditions support a long hot fire and most effective in summer or early fall. Saplings are most sensitive. Above photos © (Top to Bottom): Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture; Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood. org; and James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org. Integrated Weed Management: The most effective combination of control efforts has been cutting trees, followed by either spraying or burning the strumps. “Cut-stump” treatments that are applied during the winter months, using an approved herbicide seems effective. Trees are “cut” with a hatchet or chainsaw, then immediately treated with herbicide on the open wound.Russian olivehttp://www.colorado.gov/ag/csd HERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasture - lands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gallons per acre. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Management RecommendationsHERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Triclopyr (Garlon 4, Remedy) Undiluted (100% solution) Apply to the cambial layer of the tree immediately after the cut-stump treatment. Imazapyr + Water (Habitat + Water or Arsenal + Water) Diluted by mixing 8 to 12 fl. oz / 1 gallon of water Apply to the cambial layer of the tree immediately after the cut-stump treatment. Imazapyr (Habitat or Arsenal ) 4 to 6 pt./Acre Broadcast spray/spraying individual trees; low or high volume spray. Integrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Plant and flower photos © Kelly Uhing. Leaf photo © USDA Aphis PPQ. Infestation photo above, © Steve Dewey, Invasive.org. Tamarisk branch © Stevens County, WA Noxious Weed Control BoardSaltcedarColorado Dept. of Agriculture Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Saltcedar is a tall shrub or small tree that has white to pink flowers in clusters called racimes. Leaves are small and scaly. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts S altcedar, or tamarisk (Tamarix spp.), is a non-native deciduous evergreen shrub or small tree that grows from 5 to 20 feet tall. The bark on saplings and stems is reddish-brown. The leaves are small, scale-like and bluish-green in color. Tiny pink to white flowers have five petals and grow on slender racemes. Saltcedar reproduces by seeds as well as vegetatively. A mature plant can produce up to 600,000 seeds per year. Seeds are viable for up to 45 days under ideal conditions. Saltcedar buds break dormancy in February or March. Flowering occurs anytime between April and August. Ideal conditions for saltcedar seedling survival are saturated soil during the first few weeks of life, a high water table, and open sunny ground with little competition from other plants. S altcedar was introduced from central Asia, northern Africa, and southern Europe for ornamental purposes and for stream bank stabilization. It is now widespread in the United States. Saltcedar crowds out native stands of riparian and wetland vegetation. Saltcedar increases salinity of surface soil, rendering the soil inhospitable to native plant species. Saltcedar can be Key ID Points Tamarix spp.Saltcedar Identification and Management found along floodplains, riverbanks, streambanks, marshes, and irrigation ditches. It’s heavy use of water has contributed to the intensity of the drought. T he most effective method of control for saltcedar is to prevent its establishment through proper land management. Monitor susceptible areas for new infestations. An integrated weed management approach has proven to be an effective control when dealing with saltcedar. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. S altcedar is designated as a “List B” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information, please visit www.colorado.gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Program link. Or call the State Weed Coordinator of the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations List B species  Updated on: 08/08 CULTURAL After a saltcedar infestation is managed, revegetation is necessary in order to protect the soil resource and reduce the threat of reinvasion. Seeded grasses, willow stakes, and cottonwood cuttings can reduce the chances of saltcedar reinvading managed sites. BIOLOGICAL The saltcedar leaf beetle (Diorhabda elongata) larvae and adults feed on foliage. This causes stem dieback and potential death of the plant if defoliation is consistent. The leaf beetle should be available for limited distribution. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture, 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL A bulldozer or prescribed fire can be used to open up large stands of saltcedar. These methods must be followed up with a herbicide treatment of the resprouts when they are 1 to 2 meters tall. Chainsaws, or loppers for smaller plants, are effective for cut-stump treatments to smaller infestations or in environmentally-sensitive management areas. All photos © Kelly Uhing.SaltcedarIntegrated Weed Management: Select the appropriate control method based on the size of the area and other environmental or cultural considerations. Re-seed controlled areas with desirable species to protect the soil resource and to prevent or slow saltcedar reinvasion. Follow up control efforts the same growing season and for several years afterwards. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csd HERBICIDES: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on hand-held equipment with an output of 30 gallons per acre. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Management RecomendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Triclopyr (Garlon 4 *approved aquatic label*) Foliar - 2-4 qts./acre Cut-stump - undiluted 100% Basal bark treatment 1:3 of herbicide:natural oil Foliar treatments - late spring to early fall Cut-stump - anytime except when snow is present Basal bark - anytime except when snow is present Glyphosate (Rodeo *approved aquatic label* **nonselective, will kill all vegetation it contacts**) Cut-stump - undiluted 100% Treat anytime except when snow is present. Treat the cambium immediately after being cut. Thor- oughly wet the surface, but not to the of run-off. Imazapyr (Arsenal or Habitat *Habitat is approved for use in aquatic sites*) Cut-stump - 8-12oz/gal water Foliar - 0.5-6.5oz/gal water + nonionic surfactant or methylated seed oil Cut-stump - anytime except spring during heavy sap flows. Foliar - late spring to late summer. Spray entire crown and 70% of plant. Avoid spray solution run- off. After application, do not disturb saltcedar for 2 years or overall control will be reduced. Photos © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture.Updated on: 08/08 Scentless chamomileColorado Dept. of Agriculture Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Flowers have a yellow centered disk surrounded by white petals. Leaves are alternate, finely divided, and odorless when crushed. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts S centless chamomile (Matricaria perforata) is a an annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial forb that is native to Europe. Seedlings emerge in spring and can produce a dense mat, out competing other species. Seeds and flowers are continually being formed. Each flower head can produce 300 seeds and a single plant can produce 300,000 seeds. The flowers are white in color, ¾ inches and are daisy like flowers that are solitary on each stem. Flowers have a yellow central disk surrounded by white petals. Leaves are alternate, fernlike, finely divided, and odorless when crushed. The stems can reach 6 inches to 3 feet tall and have numerous branches. H abitats for Scentless chamomile include: hayfields, pastures, roadsides, streambanks, fencelines, and moist areas such as drainages. There are limited control options in an agricultural setting because more spray is needed that can be used with crops. In addition, blistering on livestock muzzles and irritation to mucous membranes are another agricultural concern. Key ID Points Matricaria perforataScentless chamomile Identification and Management T he key to effective control of Scentless chamomile is prevention and preventing seed production. A combination of tillage, herbicide and competitive cropping can be very effective in managing Scentless chamomile. The goal is to prevent seed production and crowd out infestations through crop or natural species competition. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. S centless chamomile is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations List B Species  CULTURAL Any practice that aids in the establishment of the forage, such as seeding good forage seed shallowly into a firm, moist seedbed, will help in reducing Scentless chamomile growth. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions, so maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. BIOLOGICAL There is no biological control available for Scentless chamomile. Since biological control agents take years to research, develop and release, no releases are expected in the foreseeable future. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICALFrequent, shallow tillage can help exhaust the seed bank in non-native areas. Mowing is not an effective long-term control method due to the fact the plant will prostate, in the short-term mowing will assist with limiting seed production. Hand pulling can prevent spread into new areas and is effective on small infestations. Above photos © (Top to Bottom): Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture; Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood. org; and Unknown.Scentless chamomileIntegrated Weed Management: A combination of tillage, herbicide and competitive cropping can be very effective in managing Scentless chamomile. The goal is to prevent seed production and crowd out infestations through crop competition.http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csd HERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasture - lands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gallons per acre. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Management RecommendationsIntegrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Metsulfuron (Escort XP)0.33 oz product/ac + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette to bolting growth stage. (Spring to Early Summer) Chlorsulfuron (Telar)0.33 oz product/ac + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette or bolting growth stage. (Spring to Early Summer) Aminopyralid (Milestone) 7 fl oz/ac + 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply when plant is in rosette growth stage. (Spring to Early Summer) Photos © Map above: Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture; All other photos: Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture. 1 Scotch thistleColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 1. Flower heads cluster 2-5 and are purple to dark red in color. 2. Leaves are alternate, stalk- less and hairy underneath. Identification and Impacts S cotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium or O. tauricum) is a non-native biennial forb that reproduces solely by seed. A biennial is a plant that completes its lifecycle within two years. During the first year of growth, Scotch thistle appears as a rosette in spring or fall. Rosettes can be 1 to 2 feet in diameter. During the second year in mid to late spring the stem bolts, flowers, sets seed, and the plant dies. A prolific seed producer, Scotch thistle can produce up to 14,000 seeds per plant. S cotch thistle can grow up to 12 feet tall. Stems are numerous, branched, and have broad, spiny wings. The leaves of species acanthium are large, grayish- green, spiny, and covered with fine dense hair giving the leaf a woolly appearance. The leaves of the species tauricum are similar in size, but are not hairy, smooth and bright green. On both species, the leaves have a distinct mid-rib. The flowers are violet to reddish in color, numerous (70-100/plant), and are surrounded by spine-tipped bracts. The plants flower from mid-June to September. D ue to the robust, spiny nature of Scotch thistle, this plant can act as a living barbed wire fence, making areas impassible for wildlife, livestock, Key ID Points Onopordum acanthium or O. tauricumScotch thistleIdentification and Management and people. Scotch thistle invades rangeland, overgrazed pastures, roadsides, and irrigation ditches. It also prefers high-moist soil areas adjacent to creeks and rivers. T he key to effective control of Scotch thistle is maintaining healthy pastures and rangeland, guarding against disturbance or overuse, and as with most biennials limit seed production. To reduce seed production, plants with buds or flowers should be collected and immediately disposed of or destroyed. Chemical control is most effective when plants are in rosette stage, spring or early fall. Mechanical controls can be used to eliminate small patches or plants in a later growth stage. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. S cotch thistle is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www. colorado.gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 08/08 CULTURAL Establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of Scotch thistle. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions. BIOLOGICAL Urophora stylata, a fly predator, is used to help control this thistle. The female fly lays eggs in the seed head of the thistle. The maggot then consumes the seed in the flower. This species has overwintered in Colorado but the limited numbers will not allow for general redistribution. For more information, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Any mechanical or physical method that severs the root below the soil surface will kill Scotch thistle. Mowing or chopping is most effective when Scotch thistle plants are at full-bloom. Be sure to properly dispose of the flowering cut plants since seeds can mature and become viable after the plant has been cut down. Photos © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture.Scotch thistleIntegrated Weed Management: Scotch thistle is best controlled in the rosette stage. For small infestations, Scotch thistle can be controlled by severing its taproot 1-2 inches below the ground. Control can be enhanced by a follow-up application of herbicides to the surviving rosettes. It is imperative to prevent seed production. Do not allow Scotch thistle flowers to appear. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csdHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Picloram (Tordon 22K - *Restricted Use*) 1 pint/acre + 0.25- 0.5% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply spring or fall in the rosette stage. Aminopyralid (Milestone) 7 fl. oz./acre + 0.25- 0.5% v/v non-ionic surfactant Apply spring or fall in the rosette stage. Metsulfuron (Cimarron X-tra) 2 oz. product/acre 0.25-0.5% v/v non- ionic surfactant Apply rosette to early bolt stages of growth. (Spring)Management Recommendations2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Infestation photo, above,© John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy. Infestation map, Crystal Andrews, Colo.Dept.of Agriculture. Flower photo, top, © Missouri Extension. Flower bract photo, left,© Paul Slichter, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point. Leaves photo © Gary Fewless, Unviersity of Wisconsin, Stevens Point. Updated on: 08/08 Spotted knapweedColorado Dept. of Agriculture Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Floral bracts have black tips, with comb-like spines of equal length. Flowers are pink to purple, but rarely white. Leaves are pin- nately divided. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts S potted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) is a non-native short- lived perennial forb that reproduces only by seed. A prolific seed producer, Spotted knapweed can produce up to 40,000 seeds per plant. The key to distinguishing spotted from other knapweeds is the black-tipped involucral bracts (phyllaries) at the base of the flower. Unlike diffuse knapweed, there is no long, distinct terminal spine at the tip of the bracts. Spotted knapweed can grow up to 4 feet tall on erect, ridged stems that are openly branched on the upper half of the plant. Urn-shaped flowers are solitary on the end of each branch tip. Flowers are pink to purple, and rarely white. Leaves are small, oblong in shape and pinnately divided. Multiple rosettes can form on a single spotted knapweed taproot crown. Flowers bloom June to October and seed set usually occurs by mid-August. S potted knapweed tends to invade disturbed, overgrazed areas. It also occurs in dry meadows, pastures, stony hills, roadsides, sandy soils and sandy floodplains of streams and rivers. Since it can tolerate both dry conditions and high moisture areas, it is an especially versatile Key ID Points Centaurea maculosaSpotted knapweed Identification and Management invader. Spotted knapweed and diffuse knapweed infestations often occur together in Colorado. Once established, Spotted knapweed reduces livestock and wildlife forage by out competing native species. T he most effective method of control for Spotted knapweed is to prevent seed production and its establishment through proper land management. Maintain healthy pastures and rangeland and continually monitor your property for new infestations. If Spotted knapweed is already established, using an integrated weed management approach proves to be effective. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. S potted knapweed is designated as a “List B” species on the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information please visit www.colorado.gov/ag/ csd and click on the Noxious Weed Program Link or call the State Weed Coordinator, Colorado Department of Agriculture at 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations List B Species  CULTURAL Establish select grasses as an effective cultural control of spotted knapweed. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions, maintaining healthy pastures is crucial. BIOLOGICAL Root and Seed head weevils (Cyphocleonus achates and Larinus minutus) attack the roots and reduce seed production in Spotted and Diffuse knapweeds. This is an option for large infestations, though optimum results take 3-5 years. To obtain the insects, contact the Colorado Department of Agriculture’s Insectary in Palisade, Colorado at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Dig when the soil is moist, and remove all the taproot as well as all lateral roots. Mowing spotted knapweed at full-bloom will stress the plant, but not kill it. Be sure to bag the flowering cut plants, since the seeds remain viable even after cutting. Weevil photo © J. Johnson, Univ. Idaho, bugwood.org. All other photos © Kelly Uhing.Spotted KnapweedIntegrated Weed Management: Spotted knapweed is best controlled in the rosette stage. Enhance control by applying herbicides to the surviving rosettes in spring and fall. It is imperative to prevent seed production. Do not allow spotted knapweed flowers to appear. Management must be intense and persistent in order to deplete the seed bank in the soil. http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csd HERBICIDES The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gallons per acre. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Management RecommendationsHERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Aminopyralid (Milestone) 5-7 ounces/acre or 1 teaspsoon/gal water Spring at rosette to early bolt stage and/or in the fall to rosettes. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1 qt/100 gal water. Clopyralid (Transline, Stinger) 2/3 to 1 pint/acre Apply to spring/fall rosettes - before flowering stalk lengthens. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Clopyralid + 2,4-D (Curtail ) 2-3 qts./acre Apply in spring and fall to rosettes. Add non-ionic surfactant @ 0.32oz/gal water or 1qt/100 gal water. Picloram (Tordon 22K - *this is a Restricted Use Pesticide*) 1-2 pts/acre or 0.75 oz/gal water Apply to spring rosettes through mid-bolt and in fall to rosettes. DO NOT apply near trees/ shrubs/high water table. Integrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos © Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture.Updated on: 08/08 Sulfur cinquefoilColorado Dept. of Agriculture Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Seeds coated with net-like pattern. Light yellow flowers with 5 petals. Long, right- angled hairs on the leafstalks and stems 1. 2. 3. Identification and Impacts S ulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta) is a perennial forb that is native to Eurasia. The flowers are pale yellow with 5 heart-shaped petals and are slightly longer than the 5 enclosing green sepals and 5 small bracts. Sulfur cinquefoil’s flowers appear from May to July with peak flowering generally occurring in late June. Each flower produces numerous small seeds that are slightly flattened and 1.3 mm long. The seeds are comma- shaped, brownish-purple in color and covered with a net-like pattern of veins. Seeds remain viable in the soil for at least three years. Leaves are numerous, alternate and compound with 5 to 7 leaflets having toothed edges. Leafstalks have conspicuous perpendicular hairs and leaves appear green on the underside. The erect stems are single to several, with few (or none) slender branches and are 12 to 28 inches in height that grow from well developed rootstock. The plant has a single taproot and may have several shallow, spreading branch roots but no rhizomes. S ulfur cinquefoil is unpalatable to grazing animals and is avoided for the most part. The low preference is believed to be a result of a high concentration of phenolic tannins (acidity) in the leaves and stems. The plant has a long life span and twenty year old plants are not uncommon. H abitats for Sulfur cinquefoil include: open grasslands, Key ID Points Potentilla rectaSulfur cinquefoil Identification and Management shrubby areas, open forest and logged areas, roadsides, clear cuts, waste areas, abandoned fields, and other disturbed sites. This plant is now becoming common in areas such as natural grasslands, shrubby areas, and open canopy forests. Sulfur cinquefoil grows on dry sandy, gravelly, and rocky soils, and prefers climates that receive from 13 to 50 inches of mean annual precipitation. T he key to effective control of Sulfur cinquefoil is an integrated weed management approach. Properly identifying sulfur cinquefoil is imperative, since it resembles the native cinquefoils. Hand pulling or digging when infestations are small and the soil is moist, is effective. What has proven to be the most effective control method for Sulfur cinquefoil, has been the use of selective herbicides. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. S ulfur cinquefoil is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado.gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations List B Species  CULTURAL Increasing the competitiveness of native species can assist in preventing establishment of Sulfur cinquefoil. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions. BIOLOGICALBiocontrol species have been used in trials, since Sulfur cinquefoil is similar to strawberries though, the insects used are considered pests. For more information, contact the Colorado Department of Agriculture’s Insectary in Palisade, Colorado at 970-464-7916. MECHANICALMowing is not effective, as new shoots will replace the cut steams. Hand dig or pull when soil is moist is effective on small infestations. Be sure to dig up as much of the root system as possible, especially since root fragments can produce new plants. Above photos © (Top & Bottom): State of Washington, King County Noxious Weed Program; (Middle) Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org.Sulfur cinquefoilIntegrated Weed Management: Sulfur cinquefoil is a competitive weed that uses its early emergence to establish itself and push out desirable vegetation. It is not a serious problem in cropland because it does not tolerate frequent plowing. Small infestations can be controlled by hand pulling, but larger stands are commonly controlled with herbicide. Management programs for sulfur cinquefoil should focus on improving the competitiveness of other more desirable species, and preventing the spread of this weed.http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csd HERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasture - lands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gallons per acre. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Management RecommendationsHERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Picloram (Tordon 22K - *Restricted Use Chemical*) 1 pint/acre + 0.25- 0.5% v/v non-ionic surfactant Anytime during growing season summer or to fall regrowth. Aminopyralid (Milestone) 6 fl. oz./acre 0.25-0.5% v/v non-ionic surfac- tant Spray prebud growth stage, at very early stages of flower growth. (Late Spring to Early Summer) Integrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species Photos clockwise from lower left © (3 on left side) Kelly Uhing, Colorado Department of Agriculture, Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org; and map by Crystal Andrews, Colorado Department of Agriculture. Map of yellow starthistle infestation. 1 Yellow starthistleColorado Dept. of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 1. Bright yellow ray and disk flowers. 2. Winged stems. 3. Stiff spines at flower base 4. Plant has a unique blue- green color. Identification and Impacts Y ellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) originated from Northern Spain. It is a winter annual that is blue-green in color, has a vigorous taproot, and produces bright yellow flowers with sharp, stiff spines surrounding the base of the flower that extend up to ¾ of an inch long. Yellow starthistle grows from 1 inch tall to 4 feet tall. Basal leaves are 1-3 inches long and deeply lobed while upper leaves are smaller and narrower. Stems appear winged and both stem and leaves have a slight whitish nap covering them. Yellow starthistle spreads by seed with a single large plant producing up to 100,000 seeds. Plumed and plumeless seeds disperse at different times. Y ellow starthistle typically germinates in the fall with increased moisture, overwinters as a seedling, and forms its rosette beginning in March through May. It can however, germinate extremely fast with optimal conditions throughout the entire summer (16 hours or less with ~ 70 degrees F and ample moisture). Flowering generally occurs from June to September and often later. H abitats for yellow starthistle include rangelands, pastures, roadsides, wastelands, and lower elevations. Over utilized grasslands are particularly susceptible to invasion. Key ID Points Centaurea solstitialisYellow starthistle Identification and Management Y ellow starthistle is fatally poisonous to horses (causing chewing disease) and is considered poor forage for all livestock and wildlife. It also destroys native plant communities. The seed bank of yellow starthistle is not completely understood. The site must be monitored for at least 15 years after the last flowering adult plants have been eliminated and treatments repeated when necessary. T he key to effective control of yellow starthistle is to prevent seed set from occurring in existing populations, monitoring your land for new infestations frequently, treating newly detected invasions rapidly, and preventing new introductions from occurring. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. Y ellow starthistle is designated as a “List A” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is designated for statewide eradication. For more information visit www.colorado.gov/ ag/weeds and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303- 239-4100. List A Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations Updated on: 01/09 CULTURAL Following initial control, establishment of selected grasses can be an effective cultural control of yellow starthistle. Contact your local Natural Resource Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. Bare ground is prime habitat for weed invasions. BIOLOGICAL Insect biocontrol agents exist but are not included in the state prescribed management plan. Eradication is the management objective for all List A species. For more information on biocontrol in Colorado, contact the Palisade Insectary of the Colorado Department of Agriculture at 970-464- 7916. MECHANICAL Hand pull when soil is moist and make certain to pull all the roots. Bag specimens carefully so as to not scatter seeds if flowering. Plants vary greatly in size so be sure to look for plants that are only a few inches tall, as well as plants that are several feet tall. Include dried skeletons as they may still contain seed. Mowing is not advisable and may extend life of the plant and stimulate additional flowering. Photos, top to bottom © Stephen Ausmus, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org; University of Idaho Archive, University of Idaho, Bugwood.org; and Jerry Asher, USDI Bureau of Land Management, Bugwood.org.Yellow starthistleIntegrated Weed Management: The sheer number of seeds, high seed viability, and fast growth of yellow starthistle requires a persistent control program. Using herbicides and mechanical techniques to control the invasion followed by establishing a desirable plant community can be effective. Management must be persistent to deplete the seed bank in the soil. It is imperative to prevent seed production. Do not allow yellow starthistle plants to go to seed.http://www.colorado.gov/ag/weedsHERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasturelands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gal/acre. Please read label for exact rates. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! HERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Picloram (Tordon 22K- restricted use) 1.5 pint product/acre Apply during rosette growth stage or when adequate moisture is available, and plants are actively growing. (Early spring to late summer depending on conditions. Aminopyralid (Milestone - general use) 5 fl oz product/acre Apply during rosette growth and bolting growth stages. (Early spring to early summer) Clopyralid (Transline - general use) 0.67 pint product/acre Apply during rosette growth to mid-bolt growth stages. (Early spring to early summer)Management Recommendations2 Integrated Weed Management recommendations List A Species Infestation photo, above,© John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy. Infestation map, Crystal Andrews, Colo.Dept.of Agriculture. Flower photo, top, © Missouri Extension. Flower bract photo, left,© Paul Slichter, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point. Leaves photo © Gary Fewless, Unviersity of Wisconsin, Stevens Point. Yellow toadflaxColorado Dept. of Agriculture Conservation Services Division 700 Kipling Street Suite 4000 Lakewood, CO 80215 303-239-4100 Yellow flowers that are like snapdragons with deep orange centers. Stems that are woody at the base and smooth to the top. 1. 2. Identification and Impacts Y ellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) is a perennial escaped ornamental plant that is native to the Mediterranean region. The leaves are narrow, linear, and 1 to 2 inches long. The stems are woody at the base and smooth toward the top. Sparingly branched and 1 to 3 feet tall. The showy snapdragon-like flowers are bright yellow with a deep orange center and have a spur as long as the entire flower. It develops an extensive root system, making control options varied. Yellow toadflax displaces desirable plant communities reducing ecological diversity and rangeland value. Decreases forage for domestic livestock, some big game species and decreases habitat for associated animal communities. The plant is known to be mildly poisonous to cattle. Goats and sheep have been known to graze the plants with little effect. H abitats for Yellow toadflax include roadsides, vacant lots, gravel pits, fields, waste areas, other disturbed sites and rangeland. It has adapted to a variety of site conditions, from moist to dry and does well in all types of soil. The plant can even establish in areas of excellent Key ID Points Linaria vulgarisYellow toadflax Identification and Management condition in natural disturbances or small openings. T he key to effective control of Yellow toadflax is prevention and integrating as many management strategies as possible. Prevention is always desirable when dealing with Yellow toadflax. Early detection and eradication can keep populations from exploding, making more management options available. With the plants varying genetically using many different approaches is important such as; herbicide, mechanical, cultural and biological methods. Details on the back of this sheet can help to create a management plan compatible with your site ecology. Y ellow toadflax is designated as a “List B” species in the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. It is required to be either eradicated, contained, or suppressed depending on the local infestations. For more information visit www.colorado. gov/ag/csd and click on the Noxious Weed Management Program. Or call the State Weed Coordinator at the Colorado Department of Agriculture, Conservation Services Division, 303-239-4100. List B Species Rangeland, pasture, and riparian site recommendations List B Species  Updated on: 02/08 CULTURALEstablish select grasses and forbs as an effective cultural control of Yellow toadflax. Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service for seed mix recommendations. Bareground is prime habitat for weed invasions, so maintain healthy pastures and prevent bare spots caused by overgrazing. BIOLOGICAL Calophasia lunula, a predatory noctuid moth, feeds on leaves and flowers of Yellow toadflax. Eteobalea intermediella, a root boring moth and Mecinus janthinus a stem boring weevil are also available. For more information, contact the Colorado Department of Agriculture’s Insectary in Palisade, Colorado at 970-464-7916. MECHANICAL Handpulling or digging is not recommended for eradication of Yellow toadflax because it’s unlikely that the entire root will be excavated and a new plant is likely to occur. A single new plant might be an exception. Tillage is not recommended due to the creeping root system. Middle photo © Eric Coombs, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org. All other photos © Kelly Uhing.Yellow toadflaxIntegrated Weed Management: Because of the high genetic variability of the toadflax species it is critical to integrate as many management strategies as possible into the control program. Two local populations may respond differently to the same herbicides. Keys to management are to prevent seed formation and vegetative spread by roots. Controlling is expensive and difficult to treat toadflaxes, prevention is the best option.http://www.colorado.gov/ag/csd HERBICIDES NOTE: The following are recommendations for herbicides that can be applied to range and pasture - lands. Rates are approximate and based on equipment with an output of 30 gallons per acre. Always read, understand, and follow the label directions. The herbicide label is the LAW! Management RecommendationsHERBICIDE RATE APPLICATION TIMING Picloram + Chlorsulfurn (Tordon 22K - *restricted use* + Telar - general use) Apply at 1 qt.+ 1.25 oz product/A plus 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant. Apply at flowering through fall. Typically late August through September application timing has shown best results. Re-treatment may be necessary. Picloram (Tordon 22K - *restricted use*) Apply at 1.5 qt./A Apply in fall (late August through September). Add 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant or 1 qt/A crop oil concentrate. Integrated Weed Management recommendations List B Species BASIC TRAFFIC ANALYSIS CMC SPRING VALLEY SOLAR PV GARFIELD COUNTY, COLORADO DAN COKLEY, PE, PTOE LICENSE NO. 29799 2/18/21 Prepared for: Weston & Sampson Engineers, Inc. Ameresco HCE Solar LLC 55 Walkers Brook Drive, Suite 100 c/o Ameresco, Inc. Reading, MA 01867 3095 South Parker Road, #200 Aurora, CO 80014 Prepared by: SGM 118 West Sixth Street, Suite 200 Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 970-384-9017 #2020-591.001 2.18.21 Basic Traffic Analysis 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Basic Traffic Analysis 2 Basic Traffic Analysis 3 Within the area occupied by the racks and substation, minor grading would occur to produce a uniform area to mount racks. One main access driveway would enter the site, to facilitate materials delivery and more extensive maintenance, but racks would be accessed by driving over the mowed surface. Because of the high voltage present in the facility, the entire site would be fenced with a 7-foot-tall woven-wire fence to keep out humans as well as most wildlife. 1.2 Location As shown in Figure 2, the parcel is south of the CMC Spring Valley Campus with access to the site from County Road (CR) 114, which connects to SH 82 to the west. Figure 2 – Project Location Map Basic Traffic Analysis 4 The current access driveway is gated, and paved for the first 330 feet, including paved radii at CR 114. The access driveway is approximately 12-15 ft wide with built characteristics that meet the County Primitive / Driveway Roadway Standards. 2.2 Baseline Traffic Volumes The existing access driveway serves the CMC wastewater facility and sees a minimum amount of maintenance traffic, on the order of 1-2 vehicles per day. Basic Traffic Analysis 5 · Snow removal equipment as needed · Occasional semi-trailers with additional product deliveries · Occasional UPS trucks · Sanitation pump trucks · Trash/dumpster flatbeds · Construction pick-ups · Occasional passenger vehicles Utility work (time frame TBD) · Utility vehicles to likely include crane, excavation equipment, cable/utility trucks · Utility pick-ups Construction of the proposed project is anticipated to generate approximately 10 to 20 passenger cars and pick-up trucks trips per day for worker commuting, and approximately 2- 3 single and multi-unit (delivery trucks) per day. Assuming 24 to 46 vehicle trips per day, this would be an approximately 1-2% increase above 2019 traffic volume on CR 114. Construction is anticipated to last approximately 8 months. The volume is not anticipated to result in any adverse impact to traffic patterns during the construction period and the existing access road can adequately handle that temporary volume. The construction traffic described above for the proposed Solar Facility is not unlike the previous construction traffic for the CMC wastewater facility which used the same access driveway for the construction of that facility. The existing driveway can serve the construction traffic in terms of its width and drainage. The Contractor will be responsible for maintaining the access road during construction and restoring the access road to its pre-construction condition in the event of any deterioration. 3.3 Sight Distance and Access Conditions Use of the access will require clear sight triangles at the access location to provide clear sight of vehicles approaching from east and west. The required entering sight distance at a 25-mph design speed is shown in the table below from the CDOT State Highway Access Code. The required sight distance ranges from 250 ft for passenger cars and pick-up trucks to 425 ft for multi-unit trucks. TABLE 1 – ENTERING SIGHT DISTANCE Sight distance at the access appears to be on the order of at least 500 ft in both directions. For additional safety during construction, multi-unit trucks entering and exiting the access road will require traffic control considering the temporary heavy construction traffic impact at the CR 114 access. A sight triangle assessment and confirmation of any need to remove Basic Traffic Analysis 6 existing vegetation near the access will be completed prior to construction. Sight lines of 500 ft are depicted in Figure 3 below. Figure 3 – Access Sight Distance February 12, 2021 Impact Analysis Report Prepared for: Weston & Sampson Engineers, Inc. Ameresco HCE Solar LLC 55 Walkers Brook Drive, Suite 100 c/o Ameresco, Inc. Reading, MA 01867 3095 South Parker Road, #200 Aurora, CO 80014 Prepared by: SGM 118 West Sixth Street, Suite 200 Glenwood Springs, CO 81601 970-384-9017 #2020-591.001 CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Garfield County, Colorado www.sgm-inc.com CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report i Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 1 Summary of Findings 1 2. Project Description 4 Project Setting 4 Existing Traffic and Anticipated Trip Generation 7 Description of Existing Adjacent Development 7 3. Adjacent Land Use 8 4. Site Features within Proposed Project Area 11 Parent Geology 11 Soils 11 Vegetation 14 Noxious Weeds 15 Hydrology 17 Floodplain 17 Groundwater and Aquifer Recharge Areas 17 5. Environmental Impacts 19 Geological and Soil Impacts 19 Groundwater and Aquifer Recharge Areas 20 Impacts to Vegetation and Wildlife Resources 20 Vegetation 20 Noxious Weeds 21 Weed Management 21 Revegetation 22 Wildfire 22 Federally Listed Species 23 State-Listed Species 23 Bat Species 24 Bald Eagle 24 Big Game Species & Traffic 27 Elk 28 Mule Deer 32 Black Bear 35 General Wildlife Impacts 37 Radiation Hazards 37 6. Nuisance 37 7. Hours of Operation 37 8. Summary of Impact Mitigation Recommendations 38 9. References Cited 39 CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report ii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 – Impacts by Soil Type 20 Table 2 – Impacts to Vegetation Types 21 Table 3 - Federally-Listed Species Initially Considered 23 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 – Vicinity Map 2 Figure 2 – Site Map 3 Figure 3 – Draft Spring Valley Solar Plan 6 Figure 4 – Zoning Districts 9 Figure 5 –Land Use Designations 10 Figure 6 – Soil Types 13 Figure 7 – Vegetation Types 16 Figure 8 – Hydrologic Resources 18 Figure 9 - Bald Eagle Habitats 26 Figure 10 - Elk Habitats 31 Figure 11 - Mule Deer Habitats 34 Figure 12 – Black Bear Habitats 36 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A – CPW Habitat Definitions 38 Appendix B – CPW Species of Concern 41 CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 1 1. Executive Summary Ameresco HCE Solar LLC (the “Applicant”) is seeking a Land Use Change Permit to develop the CMC Spring Valley Solar PV project (“Project”), an approximately 22-acre solar energy facility on a 151.69-acre parcel, in eastern Garfield County, Colorado. The parcel is located off Spring Valley Road (County Road 114), just south of the Colorado Mountain College (CMC) Spring Valley campus (Figure 1). The Project would be located on one parcel (Parcel ID number 239309200003), currently owned by CMC. This parcel currently supports the Spring Valley Sanitation wastewater treatment plan (WWTP), and there are a few CMC-managed trails on the parcel, used by students at the Spring Valley Campus. Access to the site would be along an existing 0.6-mile road, which passes through another CMC parcel (2393042000034), and a small 350-foot segment of public lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Colorado River Valley Field Office (CRVFO; Figures 2 and 3). The project area is located approximately 5 miles southeast of Glenwood Springs, and approximately 4 miles North of the Town of Carbondale. The parcel is largely undeveloped, with sagebrush and other native vegetation dominating the site. CMC will receive Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) for the energy generated at the Project, which would be used at three CMC campuses including Spring Valley, Aspen, and Edwards. For the benefit of each of the three campuses, CMC will receive RECs between 29% to 33% of the net total annual energy generated at this site (depending on the age of the system). The remaining energy generated at the site will provide clean energy for customers of Holy Cross Energy (HCE). Although CMC is recognized as a public or quasi-public entity, CMC is not the primary beneficiary of this proposed solar facility, and as such, the application will be reviewed through the Major Impact Review process. The purpose of this report is to document conditions as they exist on the parcels at this time, to discuss the potential impacts of the development being contemplated for the Property based on existing conditions and provide measures to ensure that any potential impacts will be mitigated. Summary of Findings • There are no geological or soils issues associated with the site. • There are no anticipated groundwater or aquifer impacts. • There are no wetlands or other Waters of the U.S. concerns with the site. • Noxious weeds will need to be managed; early and aggressive treatment will be needed to prevent their spread both on and off the facility. • There are no Threatened or Endangered Species issues associated with the site. • The project would be in elk and mule deer winter ranges, a concern of Colorado Parks and Wildlife. The applicant is currently in discussions with CPW regarding appropriate mitigation. • Fuels thinning along the access road and around the site are recommended to reduce wildfire risks. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 2 Figure 1 – Vicinity Map CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 3 Figure 2 – Site Map CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 4 2. Project Description The Project is proposed to produce 5.38 megawatts (MW) of solar-generated electricity, using three arrays. The West Tracker Array would be 0.82 MW using a single axis tracker, with driven steel pile supports with poly-silicon modules mounted to a metal racking atop the supports. These arrays will track the path of the sun across the sky, known as single-axis tracking. This allows for maximum efficiency in generating power. At maximum tilt, the leading edge of the solar module would be approximately 8-feet above grade. In the center of the facility, there would be a 2.5 MW Fixed Tilt Array, mounted on driven steel pile supports with metal racking atop the supports. The eastern side of the facility would contain the East Tracker Array, a 2.06 MW single axis tracker. The solar modules would produce DC power, which is converted to AC power at the inverter. Electricity generated by the panels would be collected by cable runs mounted on the racks, which are buried and routed to a small facility substation, located on a concrete pad housing standard utility electrical equipment such as switchgear, production meters, transformers, a weather station, and equipment monitoring and control systems. At the northwest corner of the facility would be a lithium battery storage facility, consisting of four, 40-foot-long, 10-foot-wide battery units. From the solar substation and battery units, electricity would be delivered via an overhead electric power line approximately 0.5 miles in length, to an existing Holy Cross Electric transmission line, which would incorporate produced electricity into their existing grid for delivery to both the Spring Valley campus, as well as to other Holy Cross Electric customers (Figure 3). Vegetation would be mowed and maintained at no more than 8-inches in height, to reduce the risk of fire. Because of the high voltage present in the facility, the entire site would be fenced with a 7-foot-tall woven- wire fence to keep out humans as well as most wildlife and gated for security; HCE and relevant local agencies such as the fire protection district and sheriff’s department would be provided with access details. Electrical hazard signage would be mounted on the perimeter fence and on the access gate, per LUDC requirements. Project Setting The Project is located within large, shallow valley, dominated by a 100-acre sagebrush meadow, surrounded by dense pinyon (Pinus edulis) and Utah juniper (Sabina osteosperma) woodlands; this meadow extends beyond the parcel boundaries. Most of this meadow is strongly dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata sbsp. bonnevillensis) shrublands, with understory species comprised of Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), needle and thread grass (Hesperostipa comate), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), potato cactus (Opuntia fragilis), rock goldenrod (Petradoria pumila), and phlox species (Phlox ssp.). In the late 1990s or early 2000s, it appears large portions of the meadow were mowed, likely to reduce sagebrush cover and increase grass production for cattle grazing. This area has also been seeded within crested wheatgrass (Agropyrum cristatum), a non- native, aggressive and persistent grass, which was used in an effort to increase livestock grazing opportunities. At this time, approximately 90 percent of the meadow is dominated by sagebrush shrublands, and Sagebrush shrublands with reclaimed settling ponds in background. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 5 approximately 10 percent is dominated by graminoids and forbs, primarily along the ephemeral draw and on previously impacted areas. At the northern end of the meadow is the Spring Valley Sanitation WWTP. The current facility occupies approximately 2.1 acres, but older settling ponds still occupy another 4 acres; these areas are in various stages of reclamation, and are now dominated by agricultural grasses, reclamation grasses, and weeds. There are no wetlands, creeks or streams, or other hydric features on the parcel. The draw running through the center of the valley does not show consistent flow, and does not support a bed or banks, or an ordinary high-water mark. There are a couple of seasonally used trails in the area, and during site visits in the winter of 2021, some low levels of mountain biking and hiking were evident on packed trails. Dog walking is also common in the area, and off-leash dogs were observed. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 6 Figure 3 – Draft Spring Valley Solar Plan CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 7 Existing Traffic and Anticipated Trip Generation County Road 114 (Spring Valley Road, also called CMC Road) is the main access road to the Project, and provides primary access to the Spring Valley Campus, the Elk Springs subdivision, as well as access to Coulter Creek and other low-density subdivisions. The most recent data available from Garfield County Road and Bridge department indicates the most recent study in 2019 showed average daily traffic counts of approximately 2,135 vehicles per day (VPD)1 CR 114 has little pass-through traffic, but this road is sometimes used to access Cottonwood Pass, in more emergency situations when Glenwood Canyon is closed. Where the access road meets up with CR 114, this roadway is approximately 25-feet wide, and has a posted speed limit of 25 miles per hour. The current access road is gated, and is paved for the first 330 feet, with a paved curtain at CR 114. Much of the existing traffic on CR 114 is generated during the morning and evening rush hours, coinciding with daily commuter traffic between bedroom communities in the Spring Valley area, and work destinations in the Glenwood Springs and Aspen areas. Construction of the proposed Project is anticipated to generate approximately 10 to 20 light vehicle (pickup trucks) trips per day for worker commuting, and approximately 2-3 single and multi-unit (delivery trucks) per day. Assuming approximately 24 up to 46 vehicle trips per day, this would be an approximately 1 to 2 percent increase over existing traffic conditions. Construction is anticipated to last approximately 8 months. This is not anticipated to result in any adverse impact to traffic patterns during the construction period. The construction traffic described above for the proposed project is not unlike the previous construction traffic for the CMC wastewater facility which used the same access driveway during the construction of that facility. The existing driveway can serve the construction traffic in terms of its width and drainage. The Contractor will be responsible for maintaining the access road during construction and restoring the access road to its pre-construction condition in the event of any deterioration. Use of the access will require clear sight triangles at the access location to provide clear sight of vehicles approaching from east and west. The required sight distance ranges from 250 ft for passenger cars and pick-up trucks to 425 ft for multi-unit trucks (see SGM Basic Traffic Analysis report). Sight distance at the access appears to be on the order of at least 500 ft in both directions. For additional safety during construction, multi- unit trucks entering and exiting the access road will require traffic control considering the temporary heavy construction traffic impact at the CR 114 access. Description of Existing Adjacent Development The nearest residences are students housed at the CMC Spring Valley Campus, located approximately 0.3 miles to the north of the project. The next nearest residence is a single-family home, approximately 0.46 miles to the northwest of the Project. There are 15 single family residences within one mile of the proposed facility, primarily associated with the Elk Springs subdivision. Most of these homes are approximately 0.8 miles away. In summary, there are no existing housing developments and associated anthropogenic disturbance within or in proximity to the project area, aside from the WWTP. Existing impacts are limited to WWTP operations, and intermittent trail use during the spring, summer, and fall months. The existing meadow system has seen past impacts, primarily from cattle grazing and sagebrush mowing. Surrounding the project area are portions of the larger sagebrush meadow, and then dense, extensive stands of pinyon-juniper woodlands. 1 https://www.garfield-county.com/road-bridge/filesgcco/sites/28/2019/11/2019-Traffic-Count-Study.pdf CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 8 3. Adjacent Land Use The adjacent uses within a 1,500-foot radius of the site consist of open rangelands within the sagebrush meadow complex, extensive pinyon-juniper woodlands (both community types are held in private ownership, and as public lands managed by the BLM), the WWTP, and a portion of the Spring Valley campus. There are a few existing trails in the area, used seasonally by CMC students. This project proposes a commercial grade solar electricity generating facility, which would be fenced off from trespass and for most wildlife species (due to high voltage equipment). The proposed project is not incompatible with surrounding uses and impacts to surrounding uses would not be considered significant. The Official Zoning District Map of Garfield County designates the zoning for the Property as within the Rural Zone District (Garfield County Land Use and Development Code 2013 [LUDC 2013]). The following is a description of this Zoning District: • Rural (R). The Rural Zone District is comprised of the County’s rural residential areas, agricultural resource lands, agricultural production areas, and natural resource areas. Uses, densities, and standards established for this zone district are intended to protect the existing character of the area from uncontrolled and unmitigated residential, commercial, and industrial use. The zone district provides for the use of natural resources, recreational development, rural residential, and other uses. Within the Rural District, Large Solar Energy System, is allowed, per a Major Impact Review process. According to the Garfield County 2030 Comprehensive Plan, the future land use designated for this area is within the Institutional Land Use Overlay, and the far eastern portion of the project would be within the Residential Medium (6 to 10 Acres per Dwelling). The following are descriptions of the land use designations: • Institutional Land Use Overlay. Major public, quasi-public, institutional, and civic uses such as schools, community colleges, and major health service facilities/hospitals. May include residential uses for employees of the business/entity, such as live work and employee housing. • Residential Medium. This would include small farms, estates, residences, and clustered residential subdivisions. The density of residential uses is one dwelling unit per six to 10 acres. This land use designation would allow for small farms, estates, and clustered residential subdivisions. This land use designation is compatible with Planned Unit Development (PUD) and Rural zoning. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 9 Figure 4 – Zoning Districts CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 10 Figure 5 –Land Use Designations CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 11 4. Site Features within Proposed Project Area CTL Thompson (CTL) performed preliminary geotechnical investigations in 2019-2020. SGM has performed site visits in November 2020, and in February 2021. Existing site features including topography, geology, soils, vegetation, groundwater and aquifer recharge conditions as they existed on the Property at the time of those inspections are described below. This section primarily focuses on the existing vegetation, hydrology, soils and land uses in the portions of the Project area that are planned for development. Parent Geology CTL performed preliminary geotechnical investigations of the project area in 2019 and 2020, with the purpose of evaluating the subsurface conditions and to provide geotechnical engineering design and construction criteria for solar panel support structures. This section tiers to the CTL report. The proposed project is located within the Carbondale quadrangle and is covered in its entirety by the “Geologic Map of the Carbondale Quadrangle, Garfield County, Colorado” (Kirkham and Widmann 2008). The overburden soils below the site are mapped as undivided alluvium and colluvium from the Holocene and late Pleistocene Epochs. These deposits are generally described as interbedded sand and sandy gravel or poorly stratified clayey, silty sand and sandy silt. Bedrock immediately below the site is basalt formed by multiple flows during the Miocene Epoch. Bedrock of the Maroon, Eagle Valley, and Eagle Valley Evaporite Formations is below the basalt layer. The approximate location of a synclinal sag or subsidence trough is mapped through the central part of the site on general east-west alignment. Several sinkholes are mapped near the site. CTL did not observe surficial evidence of significant ground surface subsidence during their field investigation. Snow cover can mask these features. Surface subsidence in the geologic environment in the area of the site can be due to consolidation of surficial soil deposits and/or solution cavities that form in the underlying Eagle Valley Evaporite bedrock. The Evaporite minerals in the bedrock formation are dissolved and removed by circulating groundwater. Over-burden soils collapse into the solution cavities. When caving propagates to the ground surface, ground subsidence and/or sinkholes occur. CTL is not aware of buildings in the immediate vicinity of the site that have experienced recent subsidence-related damage. They believe the potential risk of sinkhole development at the site is generally low, and that the risk of subsidence and/or sinkholes is similar to and no greater than the risk at other nearby sites. Subsurface conditions found in our exploratory borings generally consisted of about 4 inches of topsoil and 6 to 23 feet of sandy clay, underlain by silty gravel with cobbles and boulders. Groundwater was not found in borings during drilling. According to the Garfield County Soil Hazard Profile Map, the subject parcel is not within any Moderate or Major Soil Hazard Areas. Soils The soils on this site are dominated by Empedrado loams, derived from regional alluvium. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Soils Map shows the area soil types, and the following soil units are within the proposed project area (Figure 6). None of these soil types are hydric, and none are considered Farmlands of Statewide Importance. 34 – Empedrado loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes: These soils consist of deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered mainly from rhyolite, andesite, and trachite, and in places, in alluvium and eolian material. Empedrado soils are on upland hills, toe slopes, benches, and alluvial fans, ranging CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 12 in elevation from 6,200 to 9,300 feet. This soil is well drained and can be classified as prime farmland if irrigated. 36 – Empedrado loam, 12 to 25 percent slopes: Please see previous description 87 – Morval-Tridell complex, 12 to 50 percent slopes: These loamy to stony sandy loams formed on alluvial fans and mesa side-slopes from reworked sandstone and basalt and/or colluvium derived from sandstone and basalt. 106 – Tridell-Browntso stony sandy loams, 12 to 50 percent slopes, extremely stony: These gravelly- sandy loams to very stony loams are derived from sandstone and/or colluvium derived from sandstone and/or alluvium derived from basalt and/or colluvium derived from basalt. They are well drained, and occur on sideslopes, treads, and on terraces. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 13 Figure 6 – Soil Types CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 14 Vegetation The project area generally has three separate vegetation communities (and accordingly three corresponding habitat types). The majority of the Property, including the area proposed for development is dominated by sagebrush shrublands areas with gently sloping topography, located on alluvial/colluvial material which has been historically impacted by mowing and seeding to promote cattle grazing opportunities. This 100- acre sagebrush shrubland meadow is surrounded by relative dense pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) and Utah juniper (Sabina osteosperma) woodlands (Figure 7). Previously disturbed areas, primarily around the WWTP, are dominated by seeded grasses and invasive weeds, primarily cheatgrass (Anisantha tectorum). Sagebrush Shrublands. The dominant vegetation type in the project area is sagebrush shrublands, dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata sbsp. bonnevillensis), with relatively dense understories dominated by crested wheatgrass, long-leaf phlox (Phlox longifolia), Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), Fendler’s bluegrass (Poa fendleriana), elk sedge (Carex geyeri), rock goldenrod (Petradoria pumila), and other forbs and grasses. These shrublands varied greatly in the density of sagebrush, likely because of mowing which occurred approximately 30 years ago (according to aerial photo interpretation). The noxious weed cheatgrass is common, and weedy adventitious species such as tumble mustard (Sisymbrium spp.) are also prevalent. In the spring, the introduced purple mustard (Chorispora tenella) and storkbill filaree (Erodium cicutarium) are also common. Introduced Grass Meadows. Primarily around the WWTP, vegetation is dominated by introduced grasses, including crested wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), and natives including western wheatgrass. The noxious weed cheatgrass is also very common, and there are patches of what appears to be plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides), and possibly musk thistle (Carduus nutans); these areas appeared to have been sprayed with herbicide, so accurate identification was challenging. Denser stands of sagebrush in project area. More patchy areas of sagebrush. Disturbed areas around WWTP. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 15 Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands. Surrounding the large meadow is a relatively dense, mature stand of pinyon pine pinyon pine and Utah juniper. Understory vegetation varied, but in general, understory vegetation became less extensive in the denser patch of woodlands. Dominant species included rock goldenrod, elk sedge, brittle prickly pear (Opuntia fragilis), and Indian ricegrass. Noxious Weeds The project area currently supports a number of noxious weeds, primarily cheatgrass, but there is also a large, 01-acre patch of plumeless thistle, and possibly musk thistle adjacent to the WWTP. It appears the thistles have been recently sprayed to control their spread. A noxious weed management plan has been prepared by the Applicant. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 16 Figure 7 – Vegetation Types CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 17 Hydrology There are no creeks, streams, or wetlands within the project area. There is an ephemeral drainage, which lacks an ordinary high-water mark (OHWM), meaning that this drainage (or swale) does not run water often enough to create a clear bed or banks, or otherwise show evidence of flow (such as sediment sorting, bent vegetation, wrack or debris lines, etc.). This drainage continues out of the parcel to the west, then south down a steep unnamed gulch, and eventually flows into Cattle Creek. The drainage is mapped as intermittent on USGS maps. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS 1983) has mapped the drainage as a Riverine, Intermittent, Streambed, Seasonally Flooded (R4SBC). The catchment area for this drainage is approximately 400 acres. Examination of the features suggests that surface water is likely present only ephemerally. The channel morphology is poorly developed, upland vegetation dominates the channel, and there is minimal vegetation to suggest shallow subsurface flow (i.e., there are no cottonwoods or other deep- rooted phreatophytes). Based on observed conditions, this drainage likely flows only briefly during the snow- melt season in early spring, and then ephemerally in response to precipitation. There are no notable wetland or riparian characteristics of the drainage, including vegetation, soils, ecosystem function, or species habitats. There are no gauges or other methods available to estimate the timing or volume of flows associated with these features. Floodplain The Project is not within, or proximal, to any floodplains. Groundwater and Aquifer Recharge Areas The project area is not located in any floodplains. There are no wetlands, creeks or streams, or other features on the parcel. The nearest stream is Cattle Creek, approximately 3,500 feet to the south. The elevation of the parcel is about 6,660 to 6,700 feet above mean sea level, approximately 520 feet higher than Cattle Creek. The land on the project area slopes gently to the southwest, collecting in a draw which eventually discharges to Cattle Creek. The draw running through the center of the valley does not show consistent flow but may occasionally convey stormwater. SGM reviewed well construction and test reports for information about subsurface geology and groundwater levels utilizing data from two monitoring wells, Well Permit Nos. 207151 and 207152, which are owned by Spring Valley Sanitation District and are in the project area. Groundwater is located about 80 feet below ground surface. The subsurface for the entire depth of the two wells (100 and 160 feet) is comprised of volcanic rocks and flows, ash, tuff, and clays which tend to have low hydraulic conductivity (Darcy’s k value in the range of 10-3 to 10). Any infiltration and recharge to the aquifer is expected to occur slowly, over months to years. No change in the amount or rate of infiltration will occur as a result of the project. View of swale running through meadow. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 18 Figure 8 – Hydrologic Resources CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 19 5. Environmental Impacts Geological and Soil Impacts The site is dominated by soils that have few construction constraints, and typical road construction and rack placement would be able to occur without major issues. Excavation into the underlying bedrock (basalt) would be very difficult, and the eastern portions of the project area have shallower depths to bedrock. Other constraints are related to soil properties. CTL anticipates the soils at this site will classify as Type B or Type C soils, depending upon the percentage of gravel, cobbles and boulders. Based on OSHA regulations, maximum slope inclinations of 1 to 1 (horizontal to vertical) and 1.5 to 1 (horizontal to vertical) are required for temporary excavations in Type B soils and Type C soils, respectively. Excavations for the proposed development at the site are not anticipated to penetrate the free groundwater table. CTL recommend that excavations be sloped to temporary sumps where water from precipitation can be removed by pumping. Soils at the site will shrink and swell, and the support racks for the solar panels will be subject to uplift and lateral loads, which can be mitigated by a deep foundation system (CTL 2020). Piles and micropiles can be expected to settle about 1-inch. A drainage plan has been prepared by Weston & Sampson to ensure proper drainage around rack systems, access roads, and battery terminals. CTL has recommended that sloping around the racks occur to promote good drainage from the racks, and regrading occur to ensure that flows are not concentrated towards racks. Because of anticipated grading, a Stormwater Management Plan (SWMP) and CDPHE stormwater construction permit would be necessary. The soil on site is adequate to use for fill material provided it is moisture conditions to within 2% of optimum moisture content and compacted to 95 percent of maximum standard Proctor dry density (ASTM 698). CTL has recommended for slabs-on-grade, that 1-foot of densely compacted, granular structural fill be used. Up to approximately 25 acres of soil may be impacted by project activities (when including surrounding areas for grading, etc.), total soil impacts by soil type and development type are summarized in Table 1. Topsoil removed for development purposed will be stockpiled and re-applied where necessary. Topsoil will not be used for fill material. Reclamation of disturbed soils should be done as soon as possible after grading to minimize topsoil movement, reduce the risk of noxious weed infestations, and to reduce the risk of soil movement. Initial installation of stormwater and erosion control Best Management Practices (BMPs), prior to ground disturbance, and continued inspection and maintenance of BMPs will be necessary to prevent soil movement off site. Intermittent watering of disturbed areas may be needed during drier periods to prevent wind-blow dust events from occurring. Temporary seeding of disturbed areas is also recommended to minimize erosion and control dust. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 20 Table 1 – Impacts by Soil Type Soil Disturbance Soil Type Name Map Unit Symbol Total Area (acres) Empedrado loam, 2 to 6% slopes 34 13.44 Empedrado loam, 12 to 25% slopes 36 8.14 Morval-Tridell complex, 12 to 50% slopes 87 0.25 Tridell-Brownsto stony sandy loams, 12 to 50% slopes, extremely stony 106 0.17 Total Project Components Disturbance 22 Groundwater and Aquifer Recharge Areas The project will not result in a change in the amount of surface runoff, streamflow, or groundwater recharge. While precipitation will run off the solar panels, the area under the solar panels will not be converted to impervious areas, so the same ground surface area will be available for infiltration. The project will not introduce new sources of pollution to surface water runoff. There will be no proposed wastewater disposal of any kind associated with the project, as the project has no onsite water uses. The project area is located adjacent to the Spring Valley Sanitation District wastewater treatment plant, but operations of the plant are not connected with the proposed project and will not change. Impacts to Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Vegetation The majority of the proposed project (85 percent) would occur within sagebrush shrublands, and 12 percent would occur in previously disturbed areas, currently dominated by agricultural grasses, and the noxious weed, cheatgrass. These vegetation types provide year-round habitat for a variety of wildlife species, including nesting birds, small mammals, elk, mule deer, carnivores, and other wildlife groups. Most of the impacts would be the conversion of sagebrush shrublands to grass-dominated areas, within the solar racks. Due to wildfire concerns, grass among the racks needs to be kept mowed and maintained. A smaller area (xx acres) would see long-term conversion to access roads, staging and maintenance areas, and for the battery facilities. As mentioned, the project area has extensive cheatgrass and thistle infestations, therefore there is a high potential for the spread of noxious weeds in and around the project area, and aggressive noxious weed management will need to be followed as specified in the Weed Management Plan to keep undisturbed native habitat types from becoming infested by adventitious weed species. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 21 Table 2 – Impacts to Vegetation Types Vegetation Disturbance Vegetation Community Type Total Acres Percent Sagebrush Shrublands 18.73 85% Meadows 2.69 12% Pinyon-Juniper woodlands 0.58 3% Total Project Components Disturbance 22 100% Noxious Weeds Noxious weeds can pose a threat to the integrity of the natural vegetation communities. A comprehensive weed survey and plan has been completed for this Property; this section provides background information regarding noxious weeds, outlines general goals, and provides suggestions for effective management. Please see the Weed Management Plan for more information. The project area currently has several infestations of Garfield County and State of Colorado listed noxious weeds. Previously disturbed areas around the WWTP were noted as an area with a high concentration of weeds, including cheatgrass, plumeless thistle, and some musk thistle. Redstem filaree and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) are likely to be present but were not observed during field visits. A full noxious Weed Management Plan documenting conditions has been produced by SGM (2021) per section 4-203.E.18 of the LUDC. Table 5 – Noxious Weeds Present on Site Noxious Weeds Common Name Scientific Name Colorado Listed Species Garfield County Listed Species Cheatgrass Anisantha tectorum Yes (List C) Plumeless thistle/ musk thistle Onopordum acanthium/ Carduus natans Yes (List B) Yes Weed Management CMC Spring Valley Solar PV has developed a noxious weed management plan; please see the plan for additional details. In summary, the best technique (or techniques) for managing a given weed infestation is dependent on many factors: access, growth form of the weed species (e.g., annual, biennial, or perennial), size of the weed patch, and proximity of the weed patch to sensitive areas (water sources, rare plant or animal habitat, etc.), and the weather and temperature at the time of control. Given the extent and risk of weed establishment and spread into adjacent communities, and the wildlife values of the area, the Applicant will be implementing herbicide treatments twice during the growing season; once in the late spring and early summer, and then once in the late fall or early winter to manage cheatgrass. All treatments will be conducted by Colorado Department of Agriculture licensed applicators. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 22 Impact Analysis. As the area already has noxious weeds, new ground disturbing activities including grubbing, grading, road and staging construction, and racking area development will undoubtedly allow noxious weeds to expand their cover. Seasonal herbicide treatments will need to be aggressive and persistent, with ongoing efforts being conducted throughout the growing season in order to control existing and new infestations. Without aggressive and persistent weed management, it is highly likely that weeds could move beyond the boundaries of the project area and into adjacent lands (public and private) and into native, and undisturbed habitats. Revegetation Successful weed control programs may require aggressive and persistent revegetation efforts of areas formerly occupied by noxious weeds. In the case of this project, low growing grasses and forbs with good ground cover would be seeded in to reduce erosion issues. Since most weeds are ruderal species that prefer disturbed sites, coverage should be provided as soon as possible following disturbance. This will minimize the likelihood that existing weed populations will infest newly disturbed soil. Please see the Reclamation, Revegetation and Soil Plan for more information (SGM 2021c). The undeveloped areas of the Property will not be significantly disturbed; therefore, it is unlikely that weed abundance will increase dramatically in these areas. Wildfire The project occurs within an area mapped as Fire Regime Condition Class II and III, which translates to a Hazard Rating of High and Severe. The project area also occurs within an area of Very High Wildland Fire Susceptibility (Garfield County CWPP 2012). As such, it is strongly recommended that fuels thinning occur along the access road, and around the solar facility itself to reduce the risk of wildfire damage. Additional thinning of pinyon-juniper woodlands would be the primary need to address wildfire risks. Thinning of pinyon-juniper woodlands around site and along access road is recommended. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 23 Federally Listed Species Information on species status, distribution, and ecology was derived from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) recovery plans, geographic information system (GIS) databases, various scientific studies and reports, and field reviews. The wildlife species assessments have been mapped and described following all applicable practices of the CPW. Listed or candidate wildlife species considered and evaluated for this assessment include those identified by the USFWS as potentially occurring in the development areas of the proposed Project area. While all listed species were initially considered, species where there would be No effect from the project were eliminated from further consideration. The decision to eliminate a species from consideration was based on known range distributions and/or complete habitat incompatibility (Table 3). Table 3 - Federally-Listed Species Initially Considered Species1 Occurrence Habitat Association Potential Habitat in Project Area? Potential Impact/Issue? BIRDS Mexican spotted-owl (FT, ST) Strix occidentalis lucida Southwest Colorado, and along Wet Mountains, Rampart Range Deep shaded canyons with closed canopy conifers and cliffs No No Yellow-billed cuckoo (FT) Coccyzus americanus North Fork of Gunnison, Colorado, Dolores, Yampa and Rio Grande rivers Large cottonwood stands along larger rivers No No FISHES Bonytail chub (FE, SE) Gila elegans No known populations remain in Colorado Large, swift-flowing waters of the Colorado River system No No Colorado pikeminnow (FE, ST) Ptychocheilus lucius Colorado, Dolores, Green, Gunnison, San Juan, White and Yampa Large, swift-flowing rivers that are seasonally turbid with warm backwaters No No Humpback chub (FE, ST) Gila cypha Green, Yampa and Colorado Rivers Pools and eddies in areas of fast- flowing, deep, turbid water, often associated with cliffs and boulders No No Razorback sucker (FE, SE) Xyrauchen texanus Lower Yampa and lower Colorado Rivers Deep, clear to turbid waters of large rivers and reservoirs, with silt, mud, or gravel substrate. Quiet, soft-bottom river backwaters No No PLANTS Ute Ladies’-tresses (FT) Spiranthese diluvialis Northwest Colorado, the Roaring Fork Valley, and the northern Front Range Moist meadows, seasonal river terraces, and irrigation channels below 7000 feet in elevation No No Source: CPW 2015 FE = Federally Endangered; FT = Federally Threatened; SE = State Endangered; ST = State Threatened; SGCN = Species of Greatest Conservation Need The Property does not support suitable habitat and is not within the range of any other listed species. This project would have no effect on any Federally listed species. The project is not within any Proposed or existing Critical Habitats; this project would have no effect on any Proposed or existing Critical Habitats. State-Listed Species Information on species status, distribution, and ecology was derived from Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW) habitat mapping, Colorado Natural Heritage Program maps and reports, geographic information system (GIS) CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 24 databases, various scientific studies and reports, and field reviews. The wildlife species assessments have been mapped and described following all applicable practices of CPW. CPW’s list of Threatened and Endangered species and Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN; Tier 1 and Tier 2 species; State Wildlife Action Plan 2015) was reviewed to determine if any species had potential habitat in or adjacent to the Project Area. While all listed species were initially considered, an elimination of unlikely species from further consideration is provided in Appendix B. These decisions are based on known range distributions being either outside of the Project Area or complete habitat incompatibility. The Colorado River endangered fish species have already been addressed under section 5.1 Federally Listed Species and are not further considered in this section. Bat Species CPW lists the fringed myotis (Myotis thysanodes), little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus), spotted bat (Euderma maculatum), and Townsend’s big-eared bat (Plecotus townsendii townsendii) as having suitable habitats, and having ranges, which encompass the Project area. All these species are considered SGCN (please see Appendix B for more species information). The Project area could provide some roosting opportunities during the summer months, but the area lacks the larger caves, rock outcrops and other features suitable for hibernacula or longer-term roost sites, or migration stopover sites. Rather, the project area does support the open meadows and nearby woodlands suitable for nighttime foraging activities. Most of these species would utilize the project area for catching insects from the air, or by gleaning insects off nearby vegetation. The presence of the WWTP’s open ponds may attract some bats, which need open waters almost daily for hydration. Impact Analysis. The Project area does not support rock outcrops, caves, cliffs, or other features that could provide hibernacula, larger roosting areas, or other congregation sites. Therefore, no impacts to hibernacula, maternity sites or other congregation areas would be expected from this project. During the construction phase, activities are primarily limited to the daylight hours, when bats are not active. Bats would still be able to forage about the Project area with little direct impacts. Grubbing, grading, and clearing of vegetation in the project area will make foraging in the disturbance area much less effective, and there would be some, albeit very minor, decreases in potential prey species (insects) availability in the project area during the construction phase. After construction, the presence of the solar panels should not have any meaningful negative impacts on bats foraging in the area during the nighttime hours, aside from the fact that there would be less open shrublands available for foraging, and bats would be anticipated to avoid foraging among the solar panels, given a likely lower density of prey. Nighttime lighting at the facility is anticipated to be very minor, and generally limited to more critical or emergency maintenance operations. Wintertime operation would have no impact on bats, as most bats would have migrated out of the area or would be hibernating and would not be active. In summary, the project is anticipated to have minor reductions in otherwise available open meadow and shrubland habitats for foraging, but this project is not anticipated to have any significant or meaningful impacts to these bat species or their critical habitat components, or life history needs. Bald Eagle Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) are federally protected by the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940. They are also protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918. In addition, CPW tracks bald eagle populations, nesting sites, roosting habitat, and foraging areas and has developed protective stipulations for the species, with specific recommendations for nests, winter night roosts, and hunting perches (CPW 2008). CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 25 As currently mapped, the Project is located within bald eagle Winter Range and in Winter Foraging habitats which generally coincide with big game winter ranges, where bald eagles opportunistically forage on winter- killed big game. The Project is approximately three miles from the nearest roost sites, and 4 miles from the nearest nesting areas along the Roaring Fork River (Figure 9). No nests are currently located within or adjacent to the Project area. There are no habitats of the type preferred by nesting eagles (large deciduous tree adjacent to flowing water) on the Property. Bald eagles occurring the Project area would likely be limited to scavenging on winter-killed big game species. No significant impacts to eagles are anticipated given there are no suitable perching sites or nesting trees in the project area, and development of the project is not anticipated to change the potential availability of winter-killed big game species. The presence of the solar facility would not deter bald eagles from scavenging on winter killed big game; the facility would not make noise, have rapidly moving components, and would be infrequently visited by maintenance staff. Bald eagles would still be able to scavenge with little disturbance. Therefore, the project is anticipated to have no impact to local bald eagle populations. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 26 Figure 9 - Bald Eagle Habitats CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 27 Big Game Species & Traffic Traffic in Colorado is often the leading indirect impact to wildlife habitat and wildlife mortality. Highways and busier roads are often located in areas of flat benches adjacent to river systems, which bisect upland habitats from riparian habitats. As riparian habitats often attract upland wildlife species, and in some cases congregate wildlife for significant periods of time, increased traffic levels on roadways can often form effective barriers to wildlife movement and can then fragment habitats by dissuading wildlife from crossing roadways. For some species, the draw of traditional habitats or water can override the fear of traffic, and wildlife will often attempt to cross busy roadways, incurring mortality and thus negative impacts to population levels. Further, for species such as deer and elk, vehicle strikes can often cause significant financial impacts to commuters, through increased insurance rates, direct costs of repairing or “totaling” of vehicles, to costs of hospitalization, injury, and even death to drivers and passengers in vehicles. There are no big game migration corridors within the Project area. Research on traffic impacts to habitat connectivity and wildlife use patterns indicate that traffic levels of 4,000 to 5,000 VPD begin to create significant deterrents to wildlife crossings (Ruediger et al. 2000, Alexander et al. 2005, Gagnon et. al. 2007). Some of the other actions wildlife take when having to cross a road with 4,000- 5,000 VPD includes animals avoiding highways altogether (not even trying to cross), failed attempts (animal tries to cross, but turns around due to traffic), injury in crossing (from vehicles strikes), or death. As mentioned, existing traffic levels of approximately 1,900 VPD on CR 114 is not likely a barrier to wildlife crossing the road, also when considering the slower road speeds, but given the dense vegetation on either side (which can hide animals approaching the road), and higher rates of traffic in the morning and evening commuter times, CR-114 does likely produce some behavior movement changes to mule deer and elk trying to cross the road during the morning and evening hours. Some direct impacts (vehicle strikes) are also likely at this time. Impact Analysis. According to the SGM traffic study, CR-114 carries commuter traffic from residential subdivisions in Coulter Creek, Elk Springs, and other smaller subdivisions, as well as students, faculty and staff to the Spring Valley campus (and associated construction and service traffic to those areas), all located north of the Project area. Additionally, CR-114 circles back to the south, and provides additional access to the northern ends of Missouri Heights and can also access Cottonwood Pass (which is mostly an unpaved road to Gypsum and is generally only open in the snow-free months). Much of the existing traffic is generated during the morning and evening rush hours, coinciding with daily commuter traffic between the Spring Valley area, and work destinations in the Glenwood Springs and Aspen areas. This results in daily traffic volumes of approximately 2,135 VPD along CR-114, peaking in the morning and evening commute times. As detailed in the traffic report, these peak traffic periods are relatively short-lived, and during much of the day and especially at night, traffic patterns would be relatively low. The construction phase would generate approximately 24-46 VPD, which includes workers, equipment delivery, and infrastructure delivery. More traffic is expected in the summer and fall, as larger construction and equipment components are completed; as the construction phase moves into winter, less construction traffic would be realized. Construction and associated traffic are expected to continue well into March 2022. After construction is complete, one VPD is expected, aside from during the summer months, when any more significant maintenance activities are needed. The construction traffic would add approximately 1-2 percent VPD over current levels, which is still well below traffic levels at which more noted avoidance of wildlife crossing attempts begin to occur. Further, given the 25 mph road speeds, traffic impacts are also mitigated by the slower road speeds. These volumes would not likely produce temporary barriers to wildlife movement across CR-114 but may produce conditions still hazardous for wildlife crossing. However, as the construction phase is only for approximately 8 months, these increases in traffic are relatively short-lived, and during much of the time, and especially at night, and wildlife would easily be able to cross CR-114. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 28 Elk In the southern Rocky Mountains, as elsewhere in North America, elk are often associated with edge (ecotone) habitats where forested and meadow/shrubland systems are intermingled. During much of the year, elk are typically found near edges where forests grow adjacent to parks, meadows, or alpine tundra (Skovlin 1982, Fitzgerald et al. 1994). During the summer months, elk may spend significant amounts of time feeding in open alpine environments above tree line. Use of alpine habitats is thought to be associated with the cooler temperatures, persistent snowbanks, and breezy conditions that keep bothersome flying insects to a minimum (Adams 1982, Lyon and Ward 1982). During the winter elk may congregate in low elevation sagebrush expanses, pinyon and juniper woodlands, irrigated meadows, and other open habitats that are significant distances from forested cover (Lyon and Ward 1982). On winter ranges, elk form mixed herds of bulls, cows, and calves (Fitzgerald et al. 1994), but in the more developed areas in Colorado, bulls may avoid traditional winter ranges that are near high-use roads, homes, and other human developments (B. Andree, CPW pers. comm. 2006, Dodd et al. 2007). Generally, elk feed at twilight and at night, but they readily forage and disperse through the daylight hours. Most elk mortality is due to predation on calves, hunting, and winter starvation. Localized mortality from vehicle strikes may also produce noticeable impacts on herds where traffic exceeds 1,000 VPD and where traffic travels at high speeds (Gagnon et al. 2007). Elk are generalist feeders, but usually prefer to graze on grasses, grass-like plants, and forbs during the non- winter months (Nelson and Leege 1982, Fitzgerald et al. 1984). The specific diet for elk in a particular locality is largely determined by the season and palatability of available forage plants (Nelson and Leege 1982). In Colorado, elk show a clear preference for grasses and grass-like plants (Hoover and Wills 1984). Browse species can also vary by site and palatability of available plants. Shrubs, deciduous trees, and sometimes conifers compose much of the winter diet when snow depth limits access to grasses, sedges, and forbs (Nelson and Leege 1982). On Colorado winter ranges, oakbrush, aspen (Populus tremuloides), serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.), sagebrush, and snowberry (Symphorocarpos spp.) are the major browse species used by elk (Hoover and Wills 1984). Locally heavy feeding on aspen bark during the winter and spring can be very significant and can leave long-lasting impacts on aspen stands. Issues of Concern. CPW staff have indicated that most herds near mountain communities have decreased in size from 50 to 60 percent since their peak population sizes in the mid- to late-1990s. While direct habitat loss has slowed from the 2000s, there has been a widespread increase in outdoor uses around mountain communities, primarily through increased trail construction, and now almost year-round recreation (C. Wescoatt and B. Andree, CPW District Wildlife Managers, as cited in Vail Daily, 6/16/2018; J. Mao, CPW Terrestrial Biologist, pers. comm. 10/10/2018, M. Yamashita 12/10/2020). There is no single definitive activity or habitat impact that can be strongly linked to elk population declines, but the current hypothesis is that the long-term reduction in winter ranges and increased year-round human pressure (primarily through recreation) in a variety of habitats are having cumulative impacts at a level where elk’s ability to produce viable numbers of calves is unable to replace yearly mortality (J. Mao pers. comm. 10/10/2018). The Project area occurs within a large area of CPW-mapped Severe Winter Range and a Winter Concentration Area (Figure 10), which encompass much of the greater Spring Valley area, as well as the Cattle Creek drainage. CPW has indicated that the meadow system in the Project area can see higher levels of elk use (P. Boyatt and D. Neumann pers. comm. 1/26/2021). Onsite visits in February 2021 confirmed both elk and mule deer use of the meadow, and higher use in the pinyon-juniper woodlands (likely due to shallower snow depths and thermal cover). At this time, elk use of these pastures mostly limited to the winter, with elk moving to higher elevations to the north and east as summer progresses. The presence of the WWTP evidently has not diminished the ability for elk to continue using adjacent habitats, likely as the WWTP has very low levels of outside human CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 29 activity in the winter months. The trails in the area have a wintertime closure to protect wintering big game (D. Neumann pers. comm. 1/26/2021), but based on site visits in February 2021, over-the-snow mountain biking and trail use was common. As snow accumulates during the early winter, elk are slowly pushed to lower elevations; in the past, elk would continue west and down to benches along the Roaring Fork River, but due to high mortality rates of elk crossing SH-82, game fences were erected along the highway, which has significantly decreased highway mortality, but has also blocked these traditional migration routes. Elk now will begin to winter in the Spring Valley area in late November or December, depending on snowfall, congregating on more southerly exposures where snow depths are shallower, and browse is more available. Impact Analysis. Development of the solar facility would not impact elk summer range habitats, or any elk Production (calving) areas; during the summer elk utilize much higher elevations. The primary impacts would be during the winter months, as discussed below. The construction period would begin in the summer of 2021, when elk are not in the area; and therefore, up until early winter, construction activities should have no impact on elk. Once elk begin to filter into the area (in November and early December), the daily human activities at the site, including noise, motion, equipment operations, traffic, lighting, snowplowing, etc., would preclude most elk use from within and around the project site. While elk can avoid areas of high human activity by up to ½ mile, they can also become accustomed to some levels of regular or “anticipatory” human activities, especially when those activities are limited to a relatively confined area, such as the solar facility. Regardless, for the purpose of this report, it is assumed that most available winter ranges in and around the 100-acre meadow would be see greatly diminished elk use during the one winter season of construction. However, elk would still likely migrate through, and even linger in the pinyon-juniper woodlands around the facility, similar to how they linger around the busy CMC campus, nearby. After development, the presence of the safety fence around the solar facility would equate to approximately 22-acres of winter range habitats being unavailable for elk use; road construction, and other permanent surface disturbances would result in another 3-acres of winter range habitats being unavailable for use. After construction, the solar facility would see relatively low levels of human activity in the winter months, when elk would be in the area. Most more intensive maintenance activities would occur in the summer, when the site is snow free, and therefore more extensive human activities would be avoided during the winter season. Snow plowing, and general light-maintenance and operation work would occur in the winter, similar to the current levels at the adjacent WWTP. This low level of human activity, confined to the solar facility, may produce some temporary avoidance of otherwise available habitats around the solar facility, but elk would likely resume foraging or loafing around the facility, as they currently do around the WWTP and CMC campus. While it is unlikely that development of the Project would result in any noticeable or significantly detrimental impacts to elk at the herd level, the development would cumulatively reduce winter range foraging areas, which is a very important habitat component given the poor condition most elk are in during the winter season and would cumulatively reduce available elk winter range habitats. Mitigation Planning. In response to these concerns, Ameresco HCE CMC Solar representatives met with CPW Land Use Specialist Danielle Neumann and District Wildlife Manager (Peter Boyatt) on January 26, 2021 to discuss the potential impacts of the project and develop mitigation measures to reduce impacts. Ms. Neumann and Mr. Boyatt indicated that as this project occurs in Severe Winter Range and a Winter Concentration Area, CPW is required to seek mitigation from the application to help offset permanent and temporary habitat impacts. Through these discussions with CPW, and with other input, the applicant will work to develop the following items as part of a Wildlife Mitigation Plan. Items put forth by CPW included wildlife impact minimization measures, or “wildlife best management practices” that could include: CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 30 • Winter timing and activity stipulations to avoid and minimize more extensive maintenance activities disturbance to elk. • Aggressive weed management within, and around the solar facility. More extensive mitigation efforts could include the following, as suggested by CPW: • Financial contributions for conservation easements, research, and elk management • Habitat improvement project sponsorship Other potential items could include: • Project sponsorship of removing old livestock fencing in area • Thinning and removal of pinyon/juniper trees that are invading the sagebrush meadow • Thinning and removal of pinyon/juniper in surrounding woodlands to improve grazing and browsing opportunities • Weed treatment across the area, on CMC and BLM lands • Development of wintertime water sources for elk • Assistance with habitat improvement and water resource development on neighboring BLM lands. Through the development of the mitigation plan with CPW, impacts to elk would be minimized and mitigated. The project’s cumulative impacts would therefore be mitigated, and should not result in significant, long-term detrimental impacts resulting in reductions in herd size or significant impacts to habitat. Elk and deer using downed section of old fence. Old fences like this can be very hazardous to big game movements. Pinyon-juniper trees invading sagebrush meadow. Over time, trees can take over ecologically important sagebrush shrublands. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 31 Figure 10 - Elk Habitats CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 32 Mule Deer Mule deer occur throughout Colorado and are relatively common in the west. Mule deer occupy all ecosystems in Colorado from grasslands to alpine tundra, but they reach their greatest densities in shrublands on rough, broken terrain, which provides abundant browse and cover. Their wide distribution and general adaptability make for broad diets. However, deer are considered to be browsers (primarily eating shrubs and twigs), as opposed to grazers (which eat mostly grasses). In Colorado the winter diets of mule deer consist of browse from a variety of trees, shrubs (74%) and grasses and forbs (26%), depending on local browse availability. In the spring and summer, browse contributes around 50% of the diet, and forbs and grasses make up the remainder (Fitzgerald et al. 1994). Browse use increases again in the fall to 60% and forb consumption decreases to 30% (Fitzgerald et al. 1994). Several studies in Colorado have indicated that diets containing 30% or more of sagebrush or juniper (Sabina spp.) reduce rumen microbes and are therefore deleterious (Carpenter 1976, Nagy and Tengerdy 1967, Nagy et al. 1964, Alldredge et al. 1974). When heavy snows bury grasses and forbs on rangelands and force mule deer to consume high amounts of sage and juniper, mortality rates increase due to malnutrition. Mule deer are mostly nocturnal and crepuscular in the warmer summer months and become more diurnal during winter. Activity depends on local conditions including temperature, season, weather, and forage. Over much of Colorado the species is migratory, summering at higher elevations and moving downslope to winter ranges. In some areas of Colorado migrations may be over 55 miles, but in most areas, migrations are closer to about 5 miles. The routes followed are often habitual, and deer show a certain amount of fidelity to these routes. Snow depths of 8 to 16 inches appear to trigger fall movements, and depths over 3 feet prevent use of an area (Loveless 1967). In some areas of northwestern Colorado mule deer begin migrations before snow accumulation (Garrott et al. 1987, as cited in Fitzgerald et al. 1994). These authors suggest that better-quality forage on winter range at that time of year triggers the movements. Throughout the winter mule deer will move about winter ranges, depending on snowfall and snow-melting events, but prefer to linger on more south-facing slopes where snow depth is shallowest. Spring and summer ranges are most typically a mosaic of meadows, aspen woodlands, alpine tundra and Krummholz, or montane forest edges. Montane forests and pinyon-juniper woodlands with good shrubby understories are often favored winter ranges. Because of the mule deer’s seasonal migratory movements, estimation of home ranges is somewhat difficult; however, deer appear to be seasonally sedentary, staying within areas of 100 to 2,200 acres. In areas where the animals do not migrate significant distances, annual home ranges are 1,700 acres to 5,400 acres (Mackie et al. 1982). Migrating individuals show strong winter and summer range site fidelity. Mortality in mule deer varies with age class and region. In Colorado, annual fawn mortality can vary as much as from 27% to 67% (Anderson and Bowden 1977). Fawn mortality is due to predation and starvation. Larger fawns are more likely to survive, and smaller fawns are more likely to starve. However, predators will take any size of fawn. Winter mortality of fawns may approach 75% annually. Mortality of adult deer is mostly from hunting and starvation (Carpenter 1976). Predators include coyotes, bobcats, golden eagles, mountain lions, black bears, and domestic dogs. Locally, coyote and mountain lion predation on fawns can account for significant mortality within populations. Fawns comprise about half of the yearly mortality; while mature females and bucks comprise the remaining 15% and 35%, of the annual mortality, respectively. Similar to elk, impacts to mule deer from human activities, recreational activities, trails and dogs have been well studied and documented in the scientific literature. Issues of Concern. Historically, mule deer would have utilized a wide swath of habitat throughout the Roaring Fork and Spring Valley areas, but development and conversion of rangelands to pastures has constrained most movement to areas with less disturbance, where natural topography, native shrublands and an absence of CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 33 development creates preferable conditions. While conversion of shrublands to meadows and pastures has removed some important habitat components, mule deer can continue to use the edges of pastures from grazing. The presence of existing residential developments adjacent to the project have compounded a situation where mule deer movement and migration in the immediate vicinity has been impacted. Mule deer use of the project area occurs year-round. Similar to elk, the presence of other development within and adjacent to the project area likely has reduced habitat effectiveness across portions of the Property, and mule deer use likely avoids areas with high levels of human activity. Trail use can create large areas of “empty habitat” where mule deer avoid areas near trails, or at least reduce use to nighttime hours when human ac CPW has mapped the project as being within a Resident Population area, Winter Range, and is just outside a Severe Winter Range area. However, mule deer are subject to much the same snow depth limitations as elk: snow accumulations deeper than a foot can preclude significant utilization. Winter habitat utilization would be concentrated on more southerly slopes which retain significantly less snowpack due to greater wind scour and greater solar exposure and are preferred habitat for mule deer in the winter (Figure 11). Impact Analysis. Mule deer are likely in the area year-round, and therefore summertime construction would cause mule deer to avoid the immediate project area, at least during the daytime hours (dee may still use areas near the construction zone at night). After construction, the daily site visits by staff would not result in a significant impact. Development of the Project would convert approximately 22-acres of native and previously disturbed habitats to “non-habitat”, within mapped Winter Range and a Resident Population Area. While it is unknown how many mule deer utilize winter range habitats in the area, any losses of winter range habitat can be concerning, and would have cumulatively negative impacts on mule deer winter range. Mitigation Planning. Please see previous discussions regarding elk; elk mitigations would have the same beneficiary results to mule deer as well. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 34 Figure 11 - Mule Deer Habitats CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 35 Black Bear Black bear (Ursus americanus) has become a significant wildlife management issue in the State of Colorado. Bears are commonly supplementing their diets by raiding garbage cans, breaking into homes, and becoming a hazard and a nuisance. Habitat on the Property itself is dominated by sagebrush shrublands and pinyon- juniper woodlands which do not currently provide quality foraging opportunities for bears. However, nearby mixed mountain shrublands and oakbrush habitats do provide good habitat. The Project area is outside of Human Conflict Areas but is within a Fall Concentration area (Figure 12). Impact Analysis. This development would have minor to insignificant impacts on bear populations or bear habitat availability, but black bears are likely to be in the area. The Project will need to ensure trash is not available during the construction, or operations phase of this project. The following measures will be implemented to reduce potential bear problems: 1) There should be no dumps that have edible materials associated with construction and post- construction activities. 2) Garbage should be placed in bear-proof dumpsters, individual bearproof trash containers, or kept in trash cans inside closed buildings. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 36 Figure 12 – Black Bear Habitats CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 37 General Wildlife Impacts The following section discusses considerations to minimize the potential impacts to wildlife from the proposed development. Many of these recommendations are considered to be “best management practices” for wildlife, which would allow for continued wildlife use of areas within the development. Lighting: Because the area may still see use by mule deer and elk around the periphery at night, nighttime lighting of the Property is not recommended. Down-cast lighting, when needed, is recommended. Fencing: The facility is required to utilize a minimum seven-foot-tall “no climb” fencing for safety reasons. Aside from this fencing, the application should consider minimizing other fencing. The non-climb fencing should consider installing one-way “escape doors” for small mammals that get trapped in the facility. Landscaping & Revegetation: Because the surrounding area may still see some use as winter range, reclamation of road cuts, infrastructure routes and temporarily disturbed areas should occur using similar native plant species and vegetation profiles. Noxious weeds should be treated aggressively in the first few years after construction to minimize weed spread and thus minimize impacts on winter range and increase the success of revegetation activities. Domestic Dogs: Dogs can have a significant impact on wildlife and the ability for wildlife to effectively use otherwise-available habitats. Dogs can chase and kill wildlife, or so exhaust and injure wildlife that it dies later. To minimize the impacts of dogs on wildlife, the following practices should be employed: 1) Dogs should be prohibited from running loose on the property, including contractor’s dogs. Radiation Hazards The facility is not known to be utilizing constituents which may be radioactive. No excavated facilities are planned, and thus no radon risks should be present. 6. Nuisance The solar facility is not expected to produce any abnormal toxic or noxious substances, smoke, odors, gas, wastes, steam, or dust. Detailed erosion control and construction plans (e.g., Grading and Drainage Plan and Stormwater Management Plan) will guide development of the site during all construction phases, with a goal of minimizing fugitive dust emissions from the project site. There will likely be an increase in airborne particulate matter as a result of equipment operations producing fugitive dust during construction access improvements, vegetation clearing, and during earthwork phases of construction. This area commonly has windy springtime months, and dust control will need to be adequately planned and scheduled during the spring months. To mitigate these impacts, contractors will employ dust control, and CDPHE stormwater permitting will require the removal of mud from vehicles before they track mud onto local roads. The proposed land uses are anticipated to integrate well with neighboring existing land uses. For the above stated reasons, the project is considered to have minimal nuisance impacts on adjacent lands and is generally consistent with those adjacent uses and their associated impacts. 7. Hours of Operation The construction phases of the proposed facility would be limited to daytime hours. Post-construction would also be primarily limited to the daytime hours. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 38 8. Summary of Impact Mitigation Recommendations Most of these recommendations have already been considered and incorporated into the current development proposal. Additional recommendations, including off-site habitat mitigation, will be developed by the applicant and CPW through the proposed Wildlife Mitigation Plan. 1. Locate and cluster development to the extent possible in non-native habitats and maximize setbacks from high value habitats. This will maximize continued effectiveness of on-site habitats and buffer development effects on the Property from nearby habitats. 2. Recreational trails considered should be for non-motorized use. Seasonal closures to protect winter habitats should be considered and enforced. 3. With the exception of fencing required for safety, fencing should be limited onsite. Fencing restricts big game movements, potential habitat uses, and can result in wildlife mortality through entanglement. Old, ineffective fencing in the area should be removed. 4. Dogs of staff and contractors should not be allowed to run free. The Property is adjacent to wildlife habitats, and free running dogs will result in larger wildlife impacts and harassment. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 39 9. References Cited Adams, A.W. 1982. Migration (Chapter 7), in Thomas, J.W. and D.E. Toweill, eds. Elk of North America: ecology and conservation. Stackpole Books. Harrisburg, PA. Alexander, S.M., N.M. Waters and P.C. Paguet. 2005. Traffic volume and highway permeability for a mammalian community in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. The Canadian Geographer, 49(4), pg 321- 331 Alldredge, A.W., J.F. Lipscomb, and F.W. Whicker. 1974. Forage intake rates of mule deer estimated with fallout cersium-137. J. Wildl. Mgmnt., 38:508-516. Anderson, A.E. and D.C. Bowden. 1977. Mule deer-coyote interactions. Pp. 15-16 in Colorado Game Res. Review, 1975-1976 (O.B. Cope, ed.). Colorado Div. Wildl., Ft. Collins, CO. 73pp. Andree, W.M. 2005-2006. Personal communications. Vail District Wildlife Manager, Colorado Division of Wildlife. Boyatt, P. 2021 Personal communications, 1/26/2021. CPW District Wildlife Manager. Glenwood Springs, CO. Carpenter, L.H. 1976. Nitrogen-herbicide effects on sagebrush deer range. Unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, C). 159pp. Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), Online Transportation Information System. 2021. Highway Data Explorer, Highway 070A b/w MM 105 and 115. Available at: http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/otis/HighwayData, accessed January 2021. Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), Online Transportation Information System. 2019. Highway Data Explorer, Highway 070A b/w MM 105 and 115. Available at: http://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/otis/HighwayData, accessed February 2019. Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW), Recommended Buffer Zones and Seasonal Restrictions for Colorado Raptors. 2002, revised 2008. Available at: https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/WildlifeSpecies/LivingWithWildlife/RaptorBufferGuidelines2008.p df, accessed January 2019. Colorado Parks and Wildlife. 2015. State Wildlife Action Plan. Denver, CO. CTL Thompson. 2020. Geotechnical Engineering Investigation, CMC Spring Valley Solar Array, CMC Spring Valley Campus, Garfield County, CO. Glenwood Springs, CO. Dodd, N.L., J.W. Gagnon, S. Boe, and R.E. Schweinsburg. 2007. Assessment of Elk Highway Permeability by Using Global Positioning System Telemetry. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 71(4):1107-1117; 2007). Fitzgerald, J.P., C.A. Meaney and D.M. Armstrong. 1994. Mammals of Colorado. Denver Museum of Natural History. University Press of Colorado. P.O. Box 849, Niwot, CO 80544. Gagnon, J.W., T.C. Theimer, N.L. Dodd, S. Boe, and R.E. Schweinsburg. 2007. Traffic Volume Alters Elk Distribution and Highway Crossings in Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management. 71(7):2318-2323; 2007. Garfield County Road & Bridge, CO. 2014. County Road Traffic Statistics. Available at: https://www.garfield- county.com/road-bridge/documents/Traffic_Counts.pdf, accessed March 2019. Garfield County. 2012. Community Wildfire Protection Plan. Walsh Environmental. Boulder, CO. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 40 Garfield County. 2013. Garfield County Land Use and Development Code 2013. Glenwood Springs, CO. Garfield County. 2020. Garfield County 2030 Comprehensive Plan. Glenwood Springs, CO. Hoover, R. L. and D. L. Wills, eds. 1984. Managing forested lands for wildlife. Published by Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Denver, CO. 459pp. Loveless, C.M. 1967. Ecological characteristics of a mule deer winter range. Tech. Bull., Colorado Div. Game, Fish and Parks, 20:1-124. Lyon, L.J. and A.L. Ward. 1982. Elk and land management. Pages 443-477 in J.W. Thomas and D.E. Toweill, eds. Elk of North America: Ecology and Management. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C. Mackie, R.J., K.L. Hamlin, and D.F. Pac. 1982. Mule deer. Pp. 862-877, in wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and economics (J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer, eds.) Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. Baltimore, 1147pp. Mao, J. 2018. Personal Communications. Colorado Parks and Wildlife Terrestrial Biologist. Glenwood Springs, CO. 10/10/2018. Nagy, J.G. and R.P. Tengerdy. 1967. Antibacterial action of essential oils of Artemisiaas an ecological factor II. Antibacterial action ofthe volatile oils of Artemisia tridentata(big sagebrush) on bacteria from the rumen of mule deer. Appl. Microbiology. 16:441-444. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). 2020. Soil Survey Staff, NRCS United States Department of Agriculture. Web Soil Survey. Available online at the following link: http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Accessed April 2020. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). 2021. Soil Survey Staff, NRCS United States Department of Agriculture. Web Soil Survey. Available online at the following link: http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Accessed January 2021. Nelson, J.R. and T.A. Leege. 1982. Nutritional requirements and food habits. Pages 323-367 in J.W. Thomas and D.E. Toweill, eds. Elk of North America: ecology and management. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. Neumann, D. 2021. Personal communications, 1/26/2021. CPW Land Use Specialist, Norwest Region. Glenwood Springs, CO. Ruediger, B., J. Claar, S. Gnidek, B. Holt, L. Lewis, S. Mighton, B. Naney, G. Patton, T. Rinalki, J. Trick, A. Vandehey, F. Wahl, N. Warren, D. Wenger, A. Williamson. 2000 (updated 2003). Canada Lynx Conservation Assessment and Strategy. USDA Forest Service, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management, and USDI National Park Service. Forest Service Publication #R1-00-53, Missoula, MT. 142p. SGM. 2020c. Reclamation Plan, CMC Spring Valley Solar PV. Glenwood Springs, CO. SGM. 2021a. Basic Traffic Impact Study. D. Cokley, Glenwood Springs, CO. SGM. 2021b. Weed Management Plan, CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Project. Glenwood Springs, CO. SGM. 2021c. Reclamation, Revegetation and Soil Plan, CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Project. Glenwood Springs, CO. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. National Wetlands Inventory website. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/ CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 41 U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. National Wetlands Inventory website. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Determination that the Bonytail Chub (Gila elegans) is an Endangered Species. Federal Register 45(80):27710-27713. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Humpback Chub Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colorado. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: the Razorback Sucker (Xyrauchan texanus) Determined to be an Endangered Species. Final Rule. Federal Register 56(205):54957-54967. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Critical Habitat for the Colorado River Endangered Fishes: Razorback Sucker, Colorado Squawfish, Humpback Chub, and Bonytail Chub. Federal Register 59(54):13374-13400. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999. Final Programmatic Biological Opinion (Four Colorado River Endangered Fish Species). US Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Junction, Colorado. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008. Birds of Conservation Concern 2008. United States Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, Arlington, Virginia. 85 pp. Weston & Sampson. 2021. Grading and Drainage Plan, CMC Spring Valley Solar PV. Reading, MA. Yamashita, M. 2020. Personal communications, 12/10/2020. CPW Area Wildlife Manager. Glenwood Springs, CO. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 42 Appendix A - CPW Habitat Definitions The following section defines the ungulate seasonal activity area definitions used by CDOW in their habitat mapping protocol. ELK HIGHWAY CROSSING: Those areas where elk movements traditionally cross roads, presenting potential conflicts between elk and motorists. MIGRATION CORRIDORS: A specific Mappable site through which large numbers of animals migrate and loss of which would change migration routes. OVERALL RANGE: The area which encompasses all known seasonal activity areas within the observed range of an elk population. PRODUCTION AREA: That part of the overall range of elk occupied by the females from May 15 to June 15 for calving. (Only known areas are Mapped and this does not include all production areas for the DAU). RESIDENT POPULATION: An area used year-round by a population of elk. Individuals could be found in any part of the area at any time of the year; the area cannot be subdivided into seasonal ranges. It is most likely included within the overall range of the larger population. SEVERE WINTER: That part of the range of a species where 90 percent of the individuals are located when the annual snowpack is at its maximum and/or temperatures are at a minimum in the two worst winters out of ten. The winter of 1983-84 is a good example of a severe winter. SUMMER CONCENTRATION: Those areas where elk concentrate from mid-June through mid-August. High quality forage, security, and lack of disturbance are characteristics of these areas to meet the high energy demands of lactation, calf rearing, antler growth, and general preparation for the rigors of fall and winter. SUMMER RANGE: That part of the range of a species where 90% of the individuals are located between spring green-up and the first heavy snowfall, or during a site specific period of summer as defined for each DAU. Summer range is not necessarily exclusive of winter range; in some areas winter range and summer range may overlap. WINTER CONCENTRATION: That part of the winter range of a species where densities are at least 200% greater than the surrounding winter range density during the same period used to define winter range in the average five winters out of ten. WINTER RANGE: That part of the overall range of a species where 90 percent of the individuals are located during the average five winters out of ten from the first heavy snowfall to spring green-up, or during a site specific period of winter as defined for each DAU. MULE DEER CONCENTRATION AREA: That part of the overall range where higher quality habitat supports significantly higher densities than surrounding areas. These areas are typically occupied year round and are not necessarily associated with a specific season. Includes rough break country, riparian areas, small drainages, and large areas of irrigated cropland. HIGHWAY CROSSING: Those areas where mule deer movements traditionally cross roads, presenting potential conflicts between mule deer and motorists. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 43 MIGRATION CORRIDORS: A specific Mappable site through which large numbers of animals migrate and loss of which would change migration routes. OVERALL RANGE: The area which encompasses all known seasonal activity areas within the observed range of a mule deer population. RESIDENT POPULATION: An area that provides year-round range for a population of mule deer. The resident mule deer use all of the area all year; it cannot be subdivided into seasonal ranges although it may be included within the overall range of the larger population. SEVERE WINTER: That part of the overall range where 90% of the individuals are located when the annual snowpack is at its maximum and/or temperatures are at a minimum in the two worst winters out of ten. SUMMER RANGE: That part of the overall range where 90% of the individuals are located between spring green-up and the first heavy snowfall. Summer range is not necessarily exclusive of winter range; in some areas winter range and summer range may overlap. WINTER CONCENTRATION: That part of the winter range where densities are at least 200% greater than the surrounding winter range density during the same period used to define winter range in the average five winters out of ten. WINTER RANGE: That part of the overall range where 90 percent of the individuals are located during the average five winters out of ten from the first heavy snowfall to spring green-up, or during a site specific period of winter as defined for each DAU. BLACK BEAR FALL CONCENTRATION: That portion of the overall range occupied from August 15 until September 30 for the purpose of ingesting large quantities of mast and berries to establish fat reserves for the winter hibernation period. HUMAN CONFLICT: That portion of the overall range where two or more confirmed black bear complaints per season were received which resulted in CDOW investigation, damage to persons or property (cabins, tents, vehicles, etc), and/or the removal of the problem bear(s). This does not include damage caused by bears to livestock. OVERALL RANGE: The area which encompasses all known seasonal activity areas within the observed range of a population of black bear. SUMMER CONCENTRATION: That portion of the overall range of the species where activity is greater than the surrounding overall range during that period from June 15 to August 15. CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 44 Appendix B - CPW Species of Concern Species1 Occurrence Habitat Association Potential Habitat in Project Area? Potential Impact/Issue? MAMMALS American pika (SGCN) Ochotona princeps Throughout state in suitable habitats Alpine, rocky habitats No No Black-footed ferret (FE, SE) Mustela nigripes Rio Blanco & Moffat Counties Reintroduced to Rio Blanco County, in white-tailed prairie dog colony No No Black-tailed prairie dog (SGCN) Cynomys ludovicianus Eastern plains Shortgrass prairies No N Botta’s pocket gopher (SGCN) Thomomy bottae rubidus Northern Front Range Foothills No No Gray wolf (SE) Canis lupus Northern counties, no packs in State at this time Shrublands, forests and areas away from human habitation No No Grizzly bear (SE) Ursus arctos Rare visitor from Wyoming Forests, alpine and shrublands No No Fringed myotis (SGCN) Myotis thysanodes Throughout Colorado in suitable habitats Roosts in montane and foothills conifers and oakbrush; may forage to as low as greasewood and saltbush shrublands. Roosts and hibernates in caves, mines, and buildings. Yes Yes Gunnison prairie dog (SGCN) Cynomys gunnisoni Parks in central Colorado Shortgrass steppe, open shrublands in parks No No Little brown myotis (SGCN) Myotis lucifigus Throughout Colorado in suitable habitats Widespread habitat types. Yes Yes Lynx (FT, SE) Lynx canadensis High mountain areas with large expanses of conifer forests in Colorado Spruce/fir and lodgepole pine forests, sometimes aspen, shrublands No No New Mexico meadow jumping mouse (FE, SGCN) Zapus hudsonius leuteus Southwestern counties in Colorado Wet, lush, grassy meadows and some hydric shrublands No No Olive-backed pocket mouse (SGCN) Perognathus fasciatus Southern grasslands in Colorado Arid and semiarid grasslands with sparse vegetation, sandy to clayey soils No No Preble’s meadow jumping mouse (FT, ST) Zapus hudsonius preblei Front range of Colorado north into Wyoming Foothills riparian areas and along front range streams No No Spotted bat (SCGN) Euderma maculatum Throughout Colorado in suitable habitats Areas near cliffs, including piñon-juniper woodlands and streams or water holes within ponderosa pine or mixed coniferous forest. Usually captured around a water source, including desert pools or cattle tanks. Yes Yes CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 45 Species1 Occurrence Habitat Association Potential Habitat in Project Area? Potential Impact/Issue? Townsend's big-eared bat (SGCN) Plecotus townsendii townsendii Documented in Colorado in several cave locations Semidesert shrublands, P-J, open montane forests; caves and abandoned mine roosts. Yes Yes White-tailed prairie dog (SGCN) Cynomys leucurus Western Colorado Arid grasslands and sparse arid shrublands in western CO No No River otter (ST) Lontra canadensis Throughout state in suitable habitats Larger rivers with high fish population levels No No Wolverine (FT, SE) Gulo gulo Historical documentation several locations in Colorado-likely extinct Boreal forests and tundra- large ungulate populations important No No BIRDS Brown-capped rosy-finch (SGCN) Leucosticte australis High mountains throughout state Alpine and high-elevation coniferous forests No No Bald eagle (SGCN) Haliaeetus leucocephalus Throughout state near suitable habitats Larger rivers and streams, near prairie dog towns Yes Yes Burrowing owl (ST) Athene cunicularia Mostly found in eastern grasslands, some occurrence on west slope Arid grassland and shrublands No No Columbian sharp-tailed grouse (SGCN) Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus Mixed grassland/shrublands in northwest Colorado Mixed shrubland/grasslands No No Ferruginous hawk (SGCN) Buteo regalis Eastern plains, larger parks Grasslands and extensive shrublands No No Golden eagle (SGCN) Aquila chrysaetos Throughout Colorado in suitable habitats Open habitats in alpine, shrublands, badlands, and grasslands No No Greater sage-grouse (SGCN) Centrocercus urophasianus Northwestern Colorado Large sagebrush shrublands No No Sandhill crane (SGCN) Grus canadensis tabida Migrant through plains, west slope and mountain valleys, some nesting in northern parks Large wetlands, agricultural fields No No Gunnison sage-grouse (SGCN) Centrocercus minimus Gunnison Basin and western counties Sagebrush shrublands No No Least tern (FE, SE) Sterna antillarum Eastern plains Larger rivers, larger reservoir beaches No No Lesser prairie chicken (FT, ST) Tympanuchus pallidicinctus Extreme southeastern Colorado Great plains grasslands and shrublands No No Long-billed curlew (SGCN) Numenius americanus Eastern plains and larger parks Grasslands and sparse shrublands No No Mexican spotted-owl (FT, ST) Strix occidentalis lucida Southwest Colorado, and along Wet Mountains, Rampart Range Deep shaded canyons with closed canopy conifers and cliffs No No CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 46 Species1 Occurrence Habitat Association Potential Habitat in Project Area? Potential Impact/Issue? Mountain plover (SGCN) Charadrius montanus Eastern plains of Colorado Summers on eastern plains in native short-grass steppe, winters in S. California & Mexico No No Peregrine falcon (SGCN) Falco peregrinus anatum Throughout state, but near cliffs and tall buildings Needs tall cliffs or buildings for nesting, usually occurs near water No No Plains sharp-tailed grouse (SE) Tympanuchus phasianellus Extreme northeastern Colorado Grasslands, river canyons No No Piping plover (FT, ST) Charadrius melodus circumcinctus Eastern plains Large rivers, sandy shores around reservoirs in plains No No Southern white-tailed ptarmigan (FP, SCGN) Lagopus leucura altipetens Southern Rocky Mountains Alpine habitats No No Southwestern willow flycatcher (FE, SE) Empidonax traillii extimus Extreme southwest Colorado, and Rio Grande River Brushy riparian habitats at lower elevations No No Western snowy plover (SGCN) Caradrius alexandrius Eastern plains Sandy bars in rivers and around reservoirs, playas No No Western yellow-billed cuckoo (SGCN) Coccyzus americanus North Fork of Gunnison, Colorado, Dolores, Yampa and Rio Grande rivers Large cottonwood stands along larger rivers No No Whooping crane (FE, SE) Grus americana Migrates through eastern plains, possibly San Luis Valley Migrant No No AMPHIBIANS Boreal toad (SE) Anaxyrus boreas boreas Small disjunct populations across higher elevations in the State Subalpine forest habitats with marshes, wet meadows, streams, beaver ponds, and lakes. No No Couch’s Spadefoot (SGCN) Scaphiopus couchii Southeastern Colorado Sandy, dry soils with creosote bush and mesquite No No Great Plains narrowmouth toad (SGCN) Castrophryne olivacea Eastern Colorado Grasslands, edges of marshes, rocky hills No No Northern cricket frog (SGCN) Acris crepitans Eastern Colorado Edges of slow-moving bodies of water No No Northern leopard frog (SGCN) Lithobates pipiens Common throughout mid-and lower-elevations of Colorado Wet meadows, marshes, ponds, beaver ponds, streams. No No Plains leopard frog (SGCN) Rana blairi Eastern Colorado Sunny, grassy wetlands No No Wood frog (SGCN) Rana sylvatica Larimer and Grand Counties Forested wetlands No No FISHES Arkansas darter (ST) Etheostoma cragini Arkansas River drainage in eastern Colorado Clear, shallow, spring-fed streams with moderate current and lots of rooted aquatic vegetation No No CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 47 Species1 Occurrence Habitat Association Potential Habitat in Project Area? Potential Impact/Issue? Bonytail chub (FE, SE) Gila elegans No known populations remain in Colorado Large, swift-flowing waters of the Colorado River system No No Brassy minnow (ST) Hybognathus kankinsoni Native to Republican and South Platte basins, possibly in Colorado River drainage Moderately clear tributary streams with sand or gravel bottoms, also in small ponds No No Colorado pikeminnow (FE, ST) Ptychocheilus lucius Colorado, Dolores, Green, Gunnison, San Juan, White and Yampa Large, swift-flowing rivers that are seasonally turbid with warm backwaters No No Colorado River cutthroat trout (SGCN) Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus Widespread localized reaches Headwater streams and lakes No No Colorado Roundtail chub (SGCN) Gila robusta Colorado River through Glenwood Canyon, downstream on White River, Milk and Divide Creeks Larger rivers of Colorado River basin No No Common shiner (ST) Luxilus cornutus South Platte basin Lakes, rivers and streams, most common in the pools of streams and small rivers No No Flannelmouth sucker (SGCN) Catostomus latipinnis Western Colorado rivers Utilizes mid-sized rivers and streams No No Flathead chub (SGCN) Platygobio gracilis Arkansas River basin Main branches of turbid streams and rivers, fast currents with sand or gravel substrates No No Greenback cutthroat trout (FT, ST) Oncorhynchus clarkia stomias Front Range mountain streams, recently on west slope Montane clear, cold streams No No Humpback chub (FE, ST) Gila cypha Green, Yampa and Colorado Rivers Pools and eddies in areas of fast-flowing, deep, turbid water, often associated with cliffs and boulders No No Iowa darter (SGCN) Etheostoma exile Plains rivers Springs No No Lake chub (SE) Couesius plumbeus North Platte Gravel bottomed pools and streams No No Mountain sucker (SGCN) Catostomus platyrhynchus Numerous small to medium streams below 8600’ elevation. Throughout west on both sides of Continental Divide-prefer clear cold creeks and small to medium rivers with rubble, gravel, or sand substrate No No Northern redbelly dace (SE) Phoxinus eos South Platte basin Small slow-flowing streams and connected lakes with vegetation No No Orangespotted sunfish (SGCN) Lepomis humilis Widespread across middle and eastern U.S. Shallow silt-laden waters, floodplain pools, backwater pools of larger streams on plains No No CMC Spring Valley Solar PV Impact Analysis Report 48 Species1 Occurrence Habitat Association Potential Habitat in Project Area? Potential Impact/Issue? Plains orangethroat darter (SGCN) Etheostoma spectabile Arikaree and Republican River drainages Small, clear, spring-fed streams with sand, gravel or rocky bottoms and no silt No No Plains minnow (SE) Hybognathus placitus Arkansas & South Platte basins Main channels of rivers, also in pools below diversion projects No No Razorback sucker (FE, SE_ Xyrauchen texanus Lower Yampa and lower Colorado Rivers Deep, clear to turbid waters of large rivers and reservoirs, with silt, mud, or gravel substrate. Quiet, soft-bottom river backwaters No No Rio Grande Chub (SGCN) Gila pandora Rio Grande basin Pools and streams with gravel substrate and overhanging banks and brush No No Rio Grande cutthroat trout (SGCN) Oncorhynchus clarkia virginalis Rio Grande basin Clear, cold, swift moving creeks and streams in montane environs No No Rio Grande sucker (SE) Catostomas plebeius Rio Grande basin Stream obligate using slow moving reaches No No Southern redbelly dace (SE) Phoxinus erythrogaster Arkansas River basin small, low-order streams where the habitat includes permanent springs, seeps, and mats of vegetation No No Stonecat (SGCN) Noturus flavus South Platte and Republican basins Fast riffles and runs in streams with sand or gravel bottoms with some rocks- found under rocks and debris No No Suckermouth minnow SE) Phenacobuis mirabilis South Platte and Arkansas River drainages Shallow, clear riffles with sand and gravel substrates No No REPTILES Triploid Checkered whiptail (SGCN) Cnemidophorus neotesselatus Arkansas drainage in Eastern Colorado Hillsides, arroyos and canyons associated w/ Arkansas River valley No No Massasagua (SGCN) Sistrurus catenatus Southeast Colorado below 5,500’ Dry plains grasslands and sandhills No No MOLLUSKS Cylindrical papershell (SGCN) Anodontoides ferussacianus Boulder County Headwater creeks and streams with silty/muddy substrates No No Rocky Mountain Capshell (SGCN) Acroloxus coloradensis Rocky Mountains into Canada 8,500 to 10,000’ mountain lakes No No Source: CPW 2015 FE = Federally Endangered; FT = Federally Threatened; SE = State Endangered; ST = State Threatened; SGCN = Species of Greatest Conservation Need January 21, 2021 United States Department of the Interior FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Western Colorado Ecological Services Field Office 445 West Gunnison Avenue, Suite 240 Grand Junction, CO 81501-5711 Phone: (970) 628-7180 Fax: (970) 245-6933 http://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/es/Colorado/ http://www.fws.gov/platteriver/ In Reply Refer To: Consultation Code: 06E24100-2021-SLI-0181 Event Code: 06E24100-2021-E-00412 Project Name: Spring Valley Solar Array Subject:List of threatened and endangered species that may occur in your proposed project location or may be affected by your proposed project To Whom It May Concern: The enclosed species list identifies threatened, endangered, proposed and candidate species, as well as proposed and final designated critical habitat, that may occur within the boundary of your proposed project and/or may be affected by your proposed project. The species list fulfills the requirements of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) under section 7(c) of the Endangered Species Act (Act) of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). New information based on updated surveys, changes in the abundance and distribution of species, changed habitat conditions, or other factors could change this list. Please feel free to contact us if you need more current information or assistance regarding the potential impacts to federally proposed, listed, and candidate species and federally designated and proposed critical habitat. Please note that under 50 CFR 402.12(e) of the regulations implementing section 7 of the Act, the accuracy of this species list should be verified after 90 days. This verification can be completed formally or informally as desired. The Service recommends that verification be completed by visiting the ECOS-IPaC website at regular intervals during project planning and implementation for updates to species lists and information. An updated list may be requested through the ECOS-IPaC system by completing the same process used to receive the enclosed list. The purpose of the Act is to provide a means whereby threatened and endangered species and the ecosystems upon which they depend may be conserved. Under sections 7(a)(1) and 7(a)(2) of the Act and its implementing regulations (50 CFR 402 et seq.), Federal agencies are required to utilize their authorities to carry out programs for the conservation of threatened and endangered species and to determine whether projects may affect threatened and endangered species and/or designated critical habitat. 01/21/2021 Event Code: 06E24100-2021-E-00412   2    ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ A Biological Assessment is required for construction projects (or other undertakings having similar physical impacts) that are major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment as defined in the National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. 4332(2) (c)). For projects other than major construction activities, the Service suggests that a biological evaluation similar to a Biological Assessment be prepared to determine whether the project may affect listed or proposed species and/or designated or proposed critical habitat. Recommended contents of a Biological Assessment are described at 50 CFR 402.12. If a Federal agency determines, based on the Biological Assessment or biological evaluation, that listed species and/or designated critical habitat may be affected by the proposed project, the agency is required to consult with the Service pursuant to 50 CFR 402. In addition, the Service recommends that candidate species, proposed species and proposed critical habitat be addressed within the consultation. More information on the regulations and procedures for section 7 consultation, including the role of permit or license applicants, can be found in the "Endangered Species Consultation Handbook" at: http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/TOC-GLOS.PDF Please be aware that bald and golden eagles are protected under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (16 U.S.C. 668 et seq.), and projects affecting these species may require development of an eagle conservation plan (http://www.fws.gov/windenergy/eagle_guidance.html). Additionally, wind energy projects should follow the wind energy guidelines (http://www.fws.gov/windenergy/) for minimizing impacts to migratory birds and bats. Guidance for minimizing impacts to migratory birds for projects including communications towers (e.g., cellular, digital television, radio, and emergency broadcast) can be found at: http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/CurrentBirdIssues/Hazards/towers/towers.htm; http://www.towerkill.com; and http:// www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/CurrentBirdIssues/Hazards/towers/comtow.html. We appreciate your concern for threatened and endangered species. The Service encourages Federal agencies to include conservation of threatened and endangered species into their project planning to further the purposes of the Act. Please include the Consultation Tracking Number in the header of this letter with any request for consultation or correspondence about your project that you submit to our office. Attachment(s): Official Species List USFWS National Wildlife Refuges and Fish Hatcheries Migratory Birds Wetlands 01/21/2021 Event Code: 06E24100-2021-E-00412   1    Official Species List This list is provided pursuant to Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, and fulfills the requirement for Federal agencies to "request of the Secretary of the Interior information whether any species which is listed or proposed to be listed may be present in the area of a proposed action". This species list is provided by: Western Colorado Ecological Services Field Office 445 West Gunnison Avenue, Suite 240 Grand Junction, CO 81501-5711 (970) 628-7180 01/21/2021 Event Code: 06E24100-2021-E-00412   2    Project Summary Consultation Code:06E24100-2021-SLI-0181 Event Code:06E24100-2021-E-00412 Project Name:Spring Valley Solar Array Project Type:SPECIAL USE PERMIT Project Description:Potential Solar Project Project Location: Approximate location of the project can be viewed in Google Maps: https:// www.google.com/maps/@39.4658224,-107.22914948570916,14z Counties:Garfield County, Colorado 01/21/2021 Event Code: 06E24100-2021-E-00412   3    1. Endangered Species Act Species There is a total of 7 threatened, endangered, or candidate species on this species list. Species on this list should be considered in an effects analysis for your project and could include species that exist in another geographic area. For example, certain fish may appear on the species list because a project could affect downstream species. IPaC does not display listed species or critical habitats under the sole jurisdiction of NOAA Fisheries , as USFWS does not have the authority to speak on behalf of NOAA and the Department of Commerce. See the "Critical habitats" section below for those critical habitats that lie wholly or partially within your project area under this office's jurisdiction. Please contact the designated FWS office if you have questions. NOAA Fisheries, also known as the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), is an office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration within the Department of Commerce. Birds NAME STATUS Mexican Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis lucida There is final critical habitat for this species. The location of the critical habitat is not available. Species profile: https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/8196 Threatened Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus Population: Western U.S. DPS There is proposed critical habitat for this species. The location of the critical habitat is not available. Species profile: https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/3911 Threatened 1 01/21/2021 Event Code: 06E24100-2021-E-00412   4    Fishes NAME STATUS Bonytail Gila elegans There is final critical habitat for this species. The location of the critical habitat is not available. Species profile: https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/1377 Endangered Colorado Pikeminnow (=squawfish) Ptychocheilus lucius Population: Wherever found, except where listed as an experimental population There is final critical habitat for this species. The location of the critical habitat is not available. Species profile: https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/3531 Endangered Humpback Chub Gila cypha There is final critical habitat for this species. The location of the critical habitat is not available. Species profile: https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/3930 Endangered Razorback Sucker Xyrauchen texanus There is final critical habitat for this species. The location of the critical habitat is not available. Species profile: https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/530 Endangered Flowering Plants NAME STATUS Ute Ladies'-tresses Spiranthes diluvialis No critical habitat has been designated for this species. Species profile: https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/2159 Threatened Critical habitats THERE ARE NO CRITICAL HABITATS WITHIN YOUR PROJECT AREA UNDER THIS OFFICE'S JURISDICTION. 01/21/2021 Event Code: 06E24100-2021-E-00412   1    USFWS National Wildlife Refuge Lands And Fish Hatcheries Any activity proposed on lands managed by the National Wildlife Refuge system must undergo a 'Compatibility Determination' conducted by the Refuge. Please contact the individual Refuges to discuss any questions or concerns. THERE ARE NO REFUGE LANDS OR FISH HATCHERIES WITHIN YOUR PROJECT AREA. 01/21/2021 Event Code: 06E24100-2021-E-00412   1    1. 2. 3. Migratory Birds Certain birds are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act . Any person or organization who plans or conducts activities that may result in impacts to migratory birds, eagles, and their habitats should follow appropriate regulations and consider implementing appropriate conservation measures, as described below. The Migratory Birds Treaty Act of 1918. The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940. 50 C.F.R. Sec. 10.12 and 16 U.S.C. Sec. 668(a) The birds listed below are birds of particular concern either because they occur on the USFWS Birds of Conservation Concern (BCC) list or warrant special attention in your project location. To learn more about the levels of concern for birds on your list and how this list is generated, see the FAQ below. This is not a list of every bird you may find in this location, nor a guarantee that every bird on this list will be found in your project area. To see exact locations of where birders and the general public have sighted birds in and around your project area, visit the E-bird data mapping tool (Tip: enter your location, desired date range and a species on your list). For projects that occur off the Atlantic Coast, additional maps and models detailing the relative occurrence and abundance of bird species on your list are available. Links to additional information about Atlantic Coast birds, and other important information about your migratory bird list, including how to properly interpret and use your migratory bird report, can be found below. For guidance on when to schedule activities or implement avoidance and minimization measures to reduce impacts to migratory birds on your list, click on the PROBABILITY OF PRESENCE SUMMARY at the top of your list to see when these birds are most likely to be present and breeding in your project area. NAME BREEDING SEASON Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus This is not a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) in this area, but warrants attention because of the Eagle Act or for potential susceptibilities in offshore areas from certain types of development or activities. https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/1626 Breeds Dec 1 to Aug 31 Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos This is a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) only in particular Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) in the continental USA https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/1680 Breeds Jan 1 to Aug 31 1 2 01/21/2021 Event Code: 06E24100-2021-E-00412   2    NAME BREEDING SEASON Lewis's Woodpecker Melanerpes lewis This is a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) throughout its range in the continental USA and Alaska. https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/9408 Breeds Apr 20 to Sep 30 Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi This is a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) throughout its range in the continental USA and Alaska. https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/3914 Breeds May 20 to Aug 31 Pinyon Jay Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus This is a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) throughout its range in the continental USA and Alaska. https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/9420 Breeds Feb 15 to Jul 15 Rufous Hummingbird selasphorus rufus This is a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) throughout its range in the continental USA and Alaska. https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/8002 Breeds elsewhere Virginia's Warbler Vermivora virginiae This is a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) throughout its range in the continental USA and Alaska. https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/9441 Breeds May 1 to Jul 31 Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii This is a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) only in particular Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) in the continental USA https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/3482 Breeds May 20 to Aug 31 Probability Of Presence Summary The graphs below provide our best understanding of when birds of concern are most likely to be present in your project area. This information can be used to tailor and schedule your project activities to avoid or minimize impacts to birds. Please make sure you read and understand the FAQ "Proper Interpretation and Use of Your Migratory Bird Report" before using or attempting to interpret this report. Probability of Presence () Each green bar represents the bird's relative probability of presence in the 10km grid cell(s) your project overlaps during a particular week of the year. (A year is represented as 12 4-week months.) A taller bar indicates a higher probability of species presence. The survey effort (see below) can be used to establish a level of confidence in the presence score. One can have higher confidence in the presence score if the corresponding survey effort is also high. 01/21/2021 Event Code: 06E24100-2021-E-00412   3    1. 2. 3. no data survey effort breeding season probability of presence How is the probability of presence score calculated? The calculation is done in three steps: The probability of presence for each week is calculated as the number of survey events in the week where the species was detected divided by the total number of survey events for that week. For example, if in week 12 there were 20 survey events and the Spotted Towhee was found in 5 of them, the probability of presence of the Spotted Towhee in week 12 is 0.25. To properly present the pattern of presence across the year, the relative probability of presence is calculated. This is the probability of presence divided by the maximum probability of presence across all weeks. For example, imagine the probability of presence in week 20 for the Spotted Towhee is 0.05, and that the probability of presence at week 12 (0.25) is the maximum of any week of the year. The relative probability of presence on week 12 is 0.25/0.25 = 1; at week 20 it is 0.05/0.25 = 0.2. The relative probability of presence calculated in the previous step undergoes a statistical conversion so that all possible values fall between 0 and 10, inclusive. This is the probability of presence score. Breeding Season () Yellow bars denote a very liberal estimate of the time-frame inside which the bird breeds across its entire range. If there are no yellow bars shown for a bird, it does not breed in your project area. Survey Effort () Vertical black lines superimposed on probability of presence bars indicate the number of surveys performed for that species in the 10km grid cell(s) your project area overlaps. The number of surveys is expressed as a range, for example, 33 to 64 surveys. No Data () A week is marked as having no data if there were no survey events for that week. Survey Timeframe Surveys from only the last 10 years are used in order to ensure delivery of currently relevant information. The exception to this is areas off the Atlantic coast, where bird returns are based on all years of available data, since data in these areas is currently much more sparse. SPECIES JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Bald Eagle Non-BCC Vulnerable Golden Eagle BCC - BCR 01/21/2021 Event Code: 06E24100-2021-E-00412   4    ▪ ▪ ▪ Lewis's Woodpecker BCC Rangewide (CON) Olive-sided Flycatcher BCC Rangewide (CON) Pinyon Jay BCC Rangewide (CON) Rufous Hummingbird BCC Rangewide (CON) Virginia's Warbler BCC Rangewide (CON) Willow Flycatcher BCC - BCR Additional information can be found using the following links: Birds of Conservation Concern http://www.fws.gov/birds/management/managed-species/ birds-of-conservation-concern.php Measures for avoiding and minimizing impacts to birds http://www.fws.gov/birds/ management/project-assessment-tools-and-guidance/ conservation-measures.php Nationwide conservation measures for birds http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/pdf/ management/nationwidestandardconservationmeasures.pdf Migratory Birds FAQ Tell me more about conservation measures I can implement to avoid or minimize impacts to migratory birds. Nationwide Conservation Measures describes measures that can help avoid and minimize impacts to all birds at any location year round. Implementation of these measures is particularly important when birds are most likely to occur in the project area. When birds may be breeding in the area, identifying the locations of any active nests and avoiding their destruction is a very helpful impact minimization measure. To see when birds are most likely to occur and be breeding in your project area, view the Probability of Presence Summary. Additional measures or permits may be advisable depending on the type of activity you are conducting and the type of infrastructure or bird species present on your project site. What does IPaC use to generate the migratory birds potentially occurring in my specified location? 01/21/2021 Event Code: 06E24100-2021-E-00412   5    1. 2. 3. The Migratory Bird Resource List is comprised of USFWS Birds of Conservation Concern (BCC) and other species that may warrant special attention in your project location. The migratory bird list generated for your project is derived from data provided by the Avian Knowledge Network (AKN). The AKN data is based on a growing collection of survey, banding, and citizen science datasets and is queried and filtered to return a list of those birds reported as occurring in the 10km grid cell(s) which your project intersects, and that have been identified as warranting special attention because they are a BCC species in that area, an eagle (Eagle Act requirements may apply), or a species that has a particular vulnerability to offshore activities or development. Again, the Migratory Bird Resource list includes only a subset of birds that may occur in your project area. It is not representative of all birds that may occur in your project area. To get a list of all birds potentially present in your project area, please visit the AKN Phenology Tool. What does IPaC use to generate the probability of presence graphs for the migratory birds potentially occurring in my specified location? The probability of presence graphs associated with your migratory bird list are based on data provided by the Avian Knowledge Network (AKN). This data is derived from a growing collection of survey, banding, and citizen science datasets . Probability of presence data is continuously being updated as new and better information becomes available. To learn more about how the probability of presence graphs are produced and how to interpret them, go the Probability of Presence Summary and then click on the "Tell me about these graphs" link. How do I know if a bird is breeding, wintering, migrating or present year-round in my project area? To see what part of a particular bird's range your project area falls within (i.e. breeding, wintering, migrating or year-round), you may refer to the following resources: The Cornell Lab of Ornithology All About Birds Bird Guide, or (if you are unsuccessful in locating the bird of interest there), the Cornell Lab of Ornithology Neotropical Birds guide. If a bird on your migratory bird species list has a breeding season associated with it, if that bird does occur in your project area, there may be nests present at some point within the timeframe specified. If "Breeds elsewhere" is indicated, then the bird likely does not breed in your project area. What are the levels of concern for migratory birds? Migratory birds delivered through IPaC fall into the following distinct categories of concern: "BCC Rangewide" birds are Birds of Conservation Concern (BCC) that are of concern throughout their range anywhere within the USA (including Hawaii, the Pacific Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands); "BCC - BCR" birds are BCCs that are of concern only in particular Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) in the continental USA; and "Non-BCC - Vulnerable" birds are not BCC species in your project area, but appear on your list either because of the Eagle Act requirements (for eagles) or (for non-eagles) 01/21/2021 Event Code: 06E24100-2021-E-00412   6    potential susceptibilities in offshore areas from certain types of development or activities (e.g. offshore energy development or longline fishing). Although it is important to try to avoid and minimize impacts to all birds, efforts should be made, in particular, to avoid and minimize impacts to the birds on this list, especially eagles and BCC species of rangewide concern. For more information on conservation measures you can implement to help avoid and minimize migratory bird impacts and requirements for eagles, please see the FAQs for these topics. Details about birds that are potentially affected by offshore projects For additional details about the relative occurrence and abundance of both individual bird species and groups of bird species within your project area off the Atlantic Coast, please visit the Northeast Ocean Data Portal. The Portal also offers data and information about other taxa besides birds that may be helpful to you in your project review. Alternately, you may download the bird model results files underlying the portal maps through the NOAA NCCOS Integrative Statistical Modeling and Predictive Mapping of Marine Bird Distributions and Abundance on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf project webpage. Bird tracking data can also provide additional details about occurrence and habitat use throughout the year, including migration. Models relying on survey data may not include this information. For additional information on marine bird tracking data, see the Diving Bird Study and the nanotag studies or contact Caleb Spiegel or Pam Loring. What if I have eagles on my list? If your project has the potential to disturb or kill eagles, you may need to obtain a permit to avoid violating the Eagle Act should such impacts occur. Proper Interpretation and Use of Your Migratory Bird Report The migratory bird list generated is not a list of all birds in your project area, only a subset of birds of priority concern. To learn more about how your list is generated, and see options for identifying what other birds may be in your project area, please see the FAQ "What does IPaC use to generate the migratory birds potentially occurring in my specified location". Please be aware this report provides the "probability of presence" of birds within the 10 km grid cell(s) that overlap your project; not your exact project footprint. On the graphs provided, please also look carefully at the survey effort (indicated by the black vertical bar) and for the existence of the "no data" indicator (a red horizontal bar). A high survey effort is the key component. If the survey effort is high, then the probability of presence score can be viewed as more dependable. In contrast, a low survey effort bar or no data bar means a lack of data and, therefore, a lack of certainty about presence of the species. This list is not perfect; it is simply a starting point for identifying what birds of concern have the potential to be in your project area, when they might be there, and if they might be breeding (which means nests might be present). The list helps you know what to look for to confirm presence, and helps guide you in knowing when to implement conservation measures to avoid or minimize potential impacts from your project activities, should presence be confirmed. To learn more about conservation measures, visit the FAQ "Tell me about conservation measures I can implement to avoid or minimize impacts to migratory birds" at the bottom of your migratory bird trust resources page. 01/21/2021 Event Code: 06E24100-2021-E-00412   1    ▪ ▪ Wetlands Impacts to NWI wetlands and other aquatic habitats may be subject to regulation under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, or other State/Federal statutes. For more information please contact the Regulatory Program of the local U.S. Army Corps of Engineers District. Please note that the NWI data being shown may be out of date. We are currently working to update our NWI data set. We recommend you verify these results with a site visit to determine the actual extent of wetlands on site. FRESHWATER POND PUBFx RIVERINE R4SBC