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HomeMy WebLinkAbout3.07 N23-697 Pipeline IVNWMP CAERUS OIL AND GAS N23-697 PIPELINE INTEGRATED VEGETATION AND NOXIOUS WEED MANAGEMENT PLAN GARFIELD COUNTY LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE 2013 Cover photo: View of the proposed pipeline alignment. Prepared for: Caerus Oil and Gas 143 Diamond Ave. Parachute, CO 81635 Prepared by: WestWater Engineering, Inc. 2516 Foresight Cr. #1 Grand Junction, CO 81505 Amie Wilsey, Environmental Scientist/Project Manager May 2018 WestWater Engineering Page 1 of 13 May 2018 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Description At the request of Caerus Oil and Gas (Caerus), WestWater Engineering (WestWater) has prepared this Integrated Vegetation and Noxious Weed Management Plan for the proposed N23-697 pipeline that would be located on privately owned lands in Garfield County, Colorado. This document reports the results and analysis of the findings that are pertinent to Section 9-102-K of the Garfield County Land Use and Development Code (as amended) as it applies to this project. The project would be located in Section 23, Township 6 South, and Range 97 West (Figure 1). Access to the project area is available via Garfield County Road 215 and private access roads. The current land uses include rangeland, agriculture, wildlife habitat, and oil and gas development. 1.2 General Survey Information Pedestrian surveys of the project area were conducted by WestWater biologists on May 9, 2018. Surveys were conducted within the growing season for noxious weeds. Identification of plant species was aided by using pertinent published field guides (Ackerfield 2015, Kershaw et al. 1998, Whitson et al. 2001, CWMA 2007, Weber and Wittmann 2012). Noxious weed locations were recorded with the aid of handheld global positioning system (GPS) receivers using NAD83 map datum, with all coordinate locations based on the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system in Zone 12. Mapped soil types, as published by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), were reviewed to determine the soil types and vegetation characteristics at the project site (NRCS 2018). 2.0 Landscape Setting 2.1 Terrain The proposed pipeline would be located on top of the Roan Plateau along gently rolling ridges at an elevation of approximately 8,500 feet (Figure 1). The area surrounding the project is composed of rolling ridges divided by draws. The proposed project would parallel an existing pipeline alignment. There are numerous access roads and oil and gas infrastructure in the project vicinity. 2.2 Vegetation Vegetation communities around the project area have been disturbed by natural gas development including access roads, pipeline rights-of-way (ROWs), and well pads. Vegetation communities present in the survey area consist of a mixture of reclaimed areas re-seeded with native and non-native grasses and forbs, scattered oakbrush shrublands, and mountain shrublands. The mountain shrublands are composed primarily of Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) intermixed with mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus), Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), and mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana). The oakbrush shrublands are dominated by Gambel oak with an understory of forbs and grasses. A list of common plants observed and/or known to occur in the survey area are described in Table 1. VEGETATION WestWater Engineering Page 2 of 13 May 2018 Table 1. Common plant species observed and/or known to occur in the survey area. Common Name Scientific Name Abundance* Habitat Type Grasses Bluebunch wheatgrass Pseudoroegneria spicata xx Oakbrush shrublands, Mountain shrublands, Reclaimed areas Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis xx Reclaimed areas, Mountain shrublands Intermediate wheatgrass Thinopyrum intermedium xx Reclaimed areas Slender Wheatgrass Elymus trachycaulus xxx Reclaimed areas Smooth brome Bromus inermis xx Reclaimed areas Western wheatgrass Pascopyrum smithii xx Reclaimed areas, Mountain shrublands, Oakbrush shrublands Forbs Common dandelion Taraxacum officinale xx Reclaimed areas, Mountain shrublands Lewis flax Linum lewisii xx Reclaimed areas, Mountain shrublands Prickly lettuce Lactuca serriola x Reclaimed areas Russian thistle Salsola tragus x Reclaimed areas Sharpleaf twinpod Physaria acutifolia x Mountain shrublands, Oakbrush shrublands Stickseed Lappula spp. x Reclaimed areas Tumblemustard Descurainia sophia x Reclaimed areas Wavyleaf thistle Cirsium undulatum xx Reclaimed areas, Oakbrush shrublands Western yarrow Achillea millefolium xx Mountain shrublands, Reclaimed areas Yellow sweetclover Melilotus altissimus xx Reclaimed areas Shrubs/Trees Broom snakeweed Gutierrezia sarothrae xxx Reclaimed areas, Mountain shrublands Gambel oak Quercus gambelii xxx Oakbrush shrublands, Mountain shrublands Rubber rabbitbrush Ericameria nauseosa xx Reclaimed areas Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia xx Mountain shrublands Wood’s rose Rosa woodsii xx Mountain shrublands, oakbrush shrublands Wyoming big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata wyomingensis xx Mountain shrublands, Oakbrush shrublands WestWater Engineering Page 3 of 13 May 2018 Table 1. Common plant species observed and/or known to occur in the survey area. Common Name Scientific Name Abundance* Habitat Type Yellow rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus x Oakbrush shrublands, Mountain shrublands *Abundance: xxx= High frequency; with uniform distribution across project area. xx= Moderate frequency; occurrence scattered throughout project area. x= Infrequent; only a small number of individuals noted within project area. 3.0 NOXIOUS WEEDS 3.1 Introduction to Noxious Weeds Most noxious weed species in Colorado were introduced, mostly from Eurasia, either unintentionally or as ornamentals that established wild populations. These plants compete aggressively with native vegetation and tend to spread quickly because the environmental factors that normally control them are absent. Disturbed soils, altered native vegetation communities, and areas with increased soil moisture often create prime conditions for weed infestations. The primary vectors that spread noxious weeds include humans, animals, water, and wind. The Colorado Noxious Weed Act (State of Colorado 2005) requires local governing bodies to develop noxious weed management plans. Both the State of Colorado and Garfield County maintain a list of plants that are considered to be noxious weeds. The State of Colorado noxious weed list segregates noxious weed species based by priority for control: 1. List A species must be eradicated whenever detected. 2. List B species spread should be halted; may be designated for eradication in some counties. 3. List C species are widespread and the State will assist local jurisdictions which choose to manage those weeds. The Garfield County Weed Advisory Board has compiled a list of 21 plants from the State list considered to be noxious weeds within the county (Appendix A). The Garfield County Weed Advisory Board has duties to: 1. Develop a noxious weed list; 2. Develop a weed management plan for designated noxious weeds; and, 3. Recommend to the Board of County Commissioners that identified landowners submit an integrated weed management plan for their properties (Garfield County 2002). 3.2 Observations Weed species listed by the State of Colorado (2005) detected in the project area include bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare), houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale), and musk thistle (Carduus nutans) (Figure 1). Houndstongue and musk thistle are listed weeds in Garfield County (Garfield County 2018). Detailed noxious weed infestation information, general control techniques, and revegetation recommendations are included in this Integrated Vegetation and Noxious Weed Management Plan. In areas where soil disturbances have created growing conditions that favor non-native vegetation, several unlisted nuisance weed species are present. These plants can negate revegetation efforts and cause financial losses due to decreased seeding success and associated costs of replanting. The presence of these plants creates increased competition for resources and can negatively affect desirable native plant WestWater Engineering Page 4 of 13 May 2018 species. Plants in this category observed or known to exist in the project area include Russian thistle (Salsola ssp.) and tall tumble mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum). 3.3 Integrated Weed Management Control of invasive species is a difficult task and requires intensive on-going control measures. Care must be taken to avoid negatively impacting desirable plant communities and inviting infestation by other pioneer invaders. Weed management is best achieved by employing varied methods over several growing seasons, including inventory (surveys), direct treatments, prevention through best management practices, monitoring of treatment efficacy, and subsequent detection efforts. Weed management is often limited to controlling existing infestations and prevention of further infestations, rather than eradication, but through effective weed management practices eradication can be possible in small to medium sized weed populations. Assessment of the existence and extent of noxious weeds in an area is essential for the development of an integrated weed management plan. This report provides an initial assessment of the occurrence of noxious weeds for the project area. In order to continue effective management of noxious weeds, further inventory and analysis is necessary to 1) determine the effectiveness of the past treatment strategies; 2) modify the treatment plan, if necessary; and 3) detect new infestations early, which would result in more economical and effective treatments. 3.4 Prevention of Noxious Weed Infestations Weed management can be costly, and heavy infestations may exceed the economic threshold for practical treatment. Prevention is an especially valuable and economical strategy for noxious weed management. Several simple practices should be employed to prevent weed infestations. The following practices will prevent infestation and thereby reduce costs associated with noxious weed control: • Prior to delivery to the site, all equipment and vehicles, including maintenance vehicles, should be thoroughly cleaned of soils from previous sites which may be contaminated with noxious weeds. • If working in sites with weed-seed contaminated soil, equipment should be cleaned of potentially seed-bearing soils and vegetative debris at the infested area prior to moving to uncontaminated terrain. • Avoid driving vehicles through areas where weed infestations exist. • Use of weed-seed-free reclamation materials such as mulch and seed. 3.5 Treatment and Control of Noxious Weed Infestations The treatment method and timing will be determined by the project proponent and their contracted licensed pesticide applicators. The recommendations provided in this report will be considered when developing annual treatment plans. General control methods for the species detected in the project area are provided for reference in Table 2. Table 2. General noxious weed control methods for species in the project area. Common Name Scientific Name USDA Symbol Type Control Methods Bull thistle Cirsium vulgare CIVU Biennial Severing the tap root at least 2 inches below the soil line before flowering is very effective. Herbicides can be used in the rosette to early bolting stage. Flowering plants should be chopped and bagged to prevent spread of seeds. WestWater Engineering Page 5 of 13 May 2018 Table 2. General noxious weed control methods for species in the project area. Common Name Scientific Name USDA Symbol Type Control Methods Houndstongue Cynoglossum officinale CYOF Biennial Early Spring tillage before weed emergence in the existing corridor to a depth of 2 to 4 inches. Herbicide application in Spring while plants are small and it the late fall, bagging the seed heads. Musk thistle Carduus nutans CANU4 Biennial Tillage or hand grubbing in the rosette stage, mowing at bolting or early flowering, seed head & rosette weevils, leaf feeding beetles, herbicides in rosette stage. Bold = Garfield County List 3.6 Recommended Treatment Strategies The following treatment strategies are presented for reference. It is important to know whether the weed species being managed is an annual, biennial, or perennial to select strategies that effectively control and eliminate the target. Treatment strategies vary depending on plant type, which are summarized in Tables 3 and 4. Herbicides should not always be the first treatment of choice when other methods can be effectively employed. Table 3. Treatment Strategies for Annual and Biennial Noxious Weeds Target: Prevent Seed Production 1. Hand grub (pull), hoe, till, cultivate in rosette stage and before flowering or seed maturity. If flowers or seeds develop, cut and bag seed heads. 2. Cut roots with a spade 2”-3” below soil level. 3. Treat with herbicide in seedling, rosette or bolting stage, before flowering. 4. Mow biennials after bolting stage but before seed set. Mowing annuals will not prevent flowering but can reduce total seed production. (Sirota 2004) Table 4. Treatment Strategies for Perennials Target: Deplete nutrient reserves in root system, prevent seed production 1. Allow plants to expend as much energy from root system as possible. Do not treat when first emerging in spring but allow growth to bud/bloom stage. If seeds develop cut and bag if possible. 2. Herbicide treatment at bud to bloom stage or in the fall (recommended after August 15 when natural precipitation is present). In the fall plants draw nutrients into the roots for winter storage. Herbicides will be drawn down to the roots more efficiently at this time due to translocation of nutrients to roots rather than leaves. If the weed patch has been present for a long period of time another season of seed production is not as important as getting the herbicide into the root system. Spraying in fall (after middle August) will kill the following year’s shoots, which are being formed on the roots at this time. 3. Mowing usually is not recommended because the plants will flower anyway, rather, seed production should be reduced. Many studies have shown that mowing perennials and spraying the regrowth is not as effective as spraying without mowing. Effect of mowing is species dependent therefore it is imperative to know the species and its basic biology. Timing of application must be done when biologically appropriate, which is not necessarily convenient. WestWater Engineering Page 6 of 13 May 2018 Table 4. Treatment Strategies for Perennials Target: Deplete nutrient reserves in root system, prevent seed production 4. Tillage may or may not be effective or practical. Most perennial roots can sprout from pieces only 0.5 inch – 1.0 inch long. Clean machinery thoroughly before leaving the weed patch. 5. Hand pulling is generally not recommended for perennial species unless you know the plants are seedlings and not established plants. Hand pulling can be effective on small patches but is very labor intensive because it must be done repeatedly. (Sirota 2004) Some weeds, particularly annuals and biennials, can develop resistance to herbicides. The ability to quickly develop immunity to herbicides, especially when they are used incorrectly, makes it imperative to use the proper chemicals at the correct time in the specified concentration according to the product label. Excessive application, either in frequency or concentration, can result in top kill without significantly affecting the root system. Repeated excessive applications may result in resistant phenotypes. 3.7 Noxious Weed Management – Best Management Practices Construction: The following practices should be adopted for any construction project to reduce the costs of noxious weed control and aid in prevention efforts. The practices include: • Prior to delivery to the site, equipment should be cleaned of soils remaining from previous construction sites which may be contaminated with noxious weeds. • Equipment and material handling should be done on established sites to reduce the area and extent of soil compaction. • In all cases, temporary disturbance should be kept to an absolute minimum. • Top soil, where present, should be segregated from deeper soils and replaced as top soil on the final grade, a process known as live topsoil handling. • If stored longer than one growing season, topsoil stockpiles should be seeded with non-invasive sterile hybrid grasses. • Wetland vegetation, if encountered, should be live handled like sod, temporarily watered if necessary, and placed over excavated sub-soil relative to the position from which the wetland sod was removed. • Cut-off collars should be placed on all wetland and stream crossings to prevent back washing (seed vector) and to ensure that soil moisture conditions are not impacted after construction so that native plants can re-establish from the existing seed bank. • If working in weed infested sites, equipment should be cleaned of potentially seed-bearing soils and vegetative debris prior to moving to uncontaminated terrain. • After construction, disturbed areas outside the footprint of the development should be immediately reseeded with an appropriate seed mix. Herbicides: Many of the listed noxious weed species in Colorado can be controlled with commercially available herbicides. Annual and biennial weeds are best controlled at the pre-bud stage after germination or in the spring of the second year. Selective herbicides are recommended to minimize damage to desirable grass species. It is important that applicators adhere to concentrations specified on herbicide containers. Herbicides generally do not work better at higher concentrations. Herbicide failures are frequently related to high concentrations that result in top kill before the active ingredient can be transported to the roots through WestWater Engineering Page 7 of 13 May 2018 the nutrient translocation process. If directed on the herbicide label, a surfactant or other adjuvant should be added to the tank. Grazing: In the event grazing is allowed in the project area, it should be deferred in reclaimed areas until revegetation of desirable species has been successfully established and seeded plants have had opportunity to reproduce. Monitoring: Areas where noxious weed infestations are identified and treated should be inspected over time to ensure that control methods are working to reduce and suppress the identified infestation. The sites should be monitored until the infestations are eliminated. These inspections can then be used to prioritize future weed control efforts. 3.8 Commercial Applicator Recommendations A certified commercial pesticide applicator licensed in rangeland and/or right-of-way/industrial weed control (depending on site characteristics) is a necessary choice for herbicide control efforts. An applicator has the full range of knowledge, skills, equipment, and experience desired when dealing with tough noxious weeds. In addition, the purchase and use of restricted use herbicides requires a Colorado pesticide applicator license. 4.0 REVEGETATION – RECLAMATION Successful reclamation of the project area is dependent upon soil type and texture, slope gradient and aspect, proper weed control, available water, and revegetation with suitable plant species. Site-specific reclamation plans utilizing native species should be developed with a qualified reclamation contractor. Reclamation services using multiple seed bin range drills and specialized equipment are available and should be used for reclamation seeding projects. Soil Preparation Compaction can reduce water infiltration and also hinder the penetration of the sprouting seed. Practices that will reduce compaction and prepare the seedbed include: scarification, tillage, or harrowing (Colorado Natural Areas Program et al. 1998). In areas with slope greater than three percent or where laminar flows from runoff could affect reseeding success, imprinting of the seed bed is recommended. Imprinting can be in the form of dozer tracks or furrows perpendicular to the direction of slope. When utilizing hydro-seeding followed by mulching, imprinting should be done prior to seeding unless the mulch is to be crimped into the soil surface. If broadcast seeding and harrowing, imprinting should be done as part of the harrowing. Furrowing can be done by several methods, the most simple of which is to drill seed perpendicular to the direction of slope in a prepared bed. Other simple imprinting methods include deep hand raking and harrowing, always perpendicular to the direction of slope. Soil Amendments The addition of soil amendments in rangeland reclamation projects can create more optimal growing conditions for non-native or invasive plant species, with which native plants compete poorly. There is potential that the use of soil amendments (fertilizer) containing nitrogen will disproportionately benefit undesirable annual plants (Perry et al. 2010). If the company determines the use of soil amendments to be beneficial, the type and rate should be based on results from lab analysis of soil samples collected at the site. A potentially beneficial alternative method to enhance reclamation success, particularly where there is poor or destroyed topsoil, is the application of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These fungi, mostly of the genus Glomus, are symbiotic with about 80 percent of all vegetation. Endo- mycorrhizal fungi are associated mostly with grasses and forbs and could be helpful in reclamation. In WestWater Engineering Page 8 of 13 May 2018 symbiosis, the fungi can increase water and nutrient transfer capacity of the host root system (Barrow and McCaslin 1995). Over-the-counter commercial products are available, and the best products should contain more than one fungus species. Compacted soils respond well to fossilized humic substances and by-products called humates. These humates, including humic and fulvic acids and humin were formed from pre-historic plant and animal deposits and can benefit reclamation efforts on compacted soils when applied as directed. Seed Mixture The recommended seed mix (Table 5) is adapted from the Bureau of Land Management’s Colorado River Valley Field Office seed menu recommendations (BLM 2013). This seed mix is well suited for mountain shrublands and oakbrush shrublands. The mix includes perennial native grasses and forbs that should establish well, protect topsoil, and provide a basis for rehabilitation of the site upon reclamation. Since the project area is privately owned, the landowners may request a different seed mixture. Table 5. Recommended seed menu for mixed mountain shrubland, including oakbrush. Common Name Scientific Name Variety Season Form PLS lbs/acre* Plant Both of the Following (20% Each, 40% Total) Bottlebrush Squirreltail Elymus elymoides, Sitanion hystrix VNS Cool Bunch 2.7 Bluebunch Wheatgrass Pseudoroegneria spicata, Agropyron spicatum Secar, P-7, Anatone, Goldar Cool Bunch 3.7 and Two of the Following (15% Each, 30% Total) Thickspike Wheatgrass Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus, Agropyron dasystachyum Critana, Bannock, Schwendimar Cool Sod- forming 2.5 Slender Wheatgrass Elymus trachycaulus, Agropyron trachycaulum San Luis Cool Bunch 2.5 Western Wheatgrass Pascopyrum [Agropyron] smithii Arriba, Rosana Cool Sod- forming 3.6 and One of the Following (10% Total) Big Bluegrass Poa ampla Sherman Cool Bunch 0.3 Canby Bluegrass Poa canbyi, P. secunda Canbar Cool Bunch 0.3 Muttongrass Poa fendleriana VNS Cool Bunch 0.3 WestWater Engineering Page 9 of 13 May 2018 Table 5. Recommended seed menu for mixed mountain shrubland, including oakbrush. and One of the Following (10% Total) Letterman Needlegrass Achnatherum [Stipa] lettermanii VNS Cool Bunch 1.7 Columbia Needlegrass Achnatherum [Stipa] nelsonii, Stipa columbiana VNS Cool Bunch 1.7 Green Needlegrass Nassella [Stipa] viridula Lodorm, Cucharas Cool Bunch 1.4 and One of the Following (10% Total) Indian Ricegrass Achnatherum [Oryzopsis] hymenoides Nezpar, Paloma, Rimrock Cool Bunch 1.9 Junegrass Koeleria macrantha, K. cristata VNS (North American origin) Cool Bunch 0.1 OPTIONAL: Any combination from the following species may be substituted for up to 10% of the above grasses. Silvery Lupine Lupinus argenteus VNS Arrowleaf Balsamroot Balsamorhize sagittata VNS Sulfur Flower Eriogonum umbellatum VNS Yarrow Achillea millifolium VNS Utah Sweetvetch Hedysarum boreale VNS Rocky Mountain Beeplant Cleome serrulata VNS Utah Serviceberry Amelanchior utahensis VNS Mountain Snowberry Symphoricarpus oreophilus VNS Wood’s Rose Rosa woodsii VNS White Sage Artemisia ludoviciana VNS *Based on 60 pure live seeds (PLS) per square foot, drill-seeded. Double this rate (120 PLS per square foot) if broadcast or hydroseeded WestWater Engineering Page 10 of 13 May 2018 For best results and success, reseeding should be done in late autumn. The seed application rate should be doubled for broadcast applications such as hydroseeding or hand broadcasting of seed (CNHP 1998). Seeding Methods The preferred seeding method would be with a multiple seed bin range drill with no soil preparation other than simple grading to slope and imprinting and water bars where applicable. This method would likely also be the most economical method. Hydroseeding or hand-broadcast seeding at twice the recommended drill seed rate is recommended for steep slopes or for smaller areas where drill seeding would be impractical or dangerous. Alternative seeding methods include, but are not limited to: • harrow with just enough soil moisture to create a rough surface, broadcast seed and re-harrow, preferably at a 90 degree angle to the first harrow; • hydroseeding; and • hand raking and broadcast followed by re-raking at a 90 degree angle to the first raking. These are not the only means of replanting the site. However, these methods have been observed to be effective in similar landscapes. After desired grasses are established and control of target weed species is successful, then shrubs, forbs, and trees can be planted without concern for herbicide damage. Few native forb seeds are available commercially as cultivars. Most are collected from natural populations. Native shrubs and forbs often do not establish well from seed, particularly when mixed with grasses. Past experience has shown that stabilizing the soil with grasses, accomplishing weed control, and then coming back to plant live, containerized woody species in copses has been the most cost effective method for establishing the woody species component of the plant community. For sites where soil disturbance will be temporary, grasses should be drilled after construction activities cease and the equipment is removed from the site. After two years of controlling weeds (with herbicides) and allowing the grasses to become established, forbs and woody species should be inter-seeded or hand- planted to increase the diversity and value of the reclamation plantings. Mulching Crimped straw mulch would be the most cost effective and practical method of mulching areas prone to erosion after drill seeding this site. No mulching is recommended for areas that are hydroseeded. Potential detrimental effects of mulching include the introduction of weed species and the establishment of non- native cereal grains. Use of a certified weed-free sterile wheat hybrid straw mulch would limit these effects. BMPs Excelsior wattles or straw bales at the toe of steep slopes and water discharge points are appropriate to help control water velocity flowing off the alignment during storms and spring runoff. Terracing slopes near or exceeding 3:1 will reduce erosion, benefitting topsoil and seed retention and thereby improving revegetation success. 5.0 REFERENCES Ackerfield, J. 2015. Flora of Colorado. Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas. Barrow, J. R., and Bobby D. McCaslin. 1995. Role of microbes in resource management in arid ecosystems. In: Barrow, J. R., E. D. McArthur, R. E. Sosebee, and Tausch, R. J., comps. 1996. Proceedings: shrubland ecosystem dynamics in a changing environment. General Technical WestWater Engineering Page 11 of 13 May 2018 Report, INT-GTR-338, Ogden, Utah: U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, Intermountain Resource Station, 275 pp. BLM. 2013. Revised Revegetation Seed Mix Menus, CRVFO Energy Team. U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Colorado River Valley Field Office. Silt, Colorado. Colorado Natural Areas Program, Colorado State Parks, Colorado Department of Natural Resources. 1998. Native Plant Revegetation Guide for Colorado. Available online: http://www.parks.state.co.us/SiteCollectionImages/parks/Programs/CNAP/CNAPPublications/Re vegetationGuide/revegetation.pdf. CNHP. 1998. Native Plant Re-vegetation Guide for Colorado. Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Caring for the Land Series, Vol. III, State of Colorado, Division of Parks and Outdoor Recreation, Department of Natural Resources, Denver, 258 pp. CWMA. 2007. S. Anthony, T. D’Amato, A. Doran, S. Elzinga, J. Powell, I. Schonle, K. Uhing. Noxious Weeds of Colorado, Ninth Edition. Colorado Weed Management Association, Centennial. Garfield County. 2002. Garfield County Vegetation Management and Garfield County Weed Advisory Board. Garfield County Noxious Weed Management Plan, Resolution #2002-94, October 21. Garfield County. 2018. Vegetation Management Section – Noxious Weed List. Available online: http://www.garfield-county.com/vegetation-management/noxious-weed-list.aspx. Rifle. Kershaw, L., A. MacKinnon, and J. Pojar. 1998. Plants of the Rocky Mountains. Lone Pine Publishing, Auburn, Washington. NRCS. 2018. Web Soil Survey, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, URL: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov Perry, L.G., D.M. Blumenthal, T.A. Monaco, M.W. Paschke, and E.F. Redente. 2010. Immobilizing nitrogen to control plan invasion. Oecologia: 163:12-24. Sirota, Judith M. 2004. Best management practices for noxious weeds of Mesa County. Colorado State University, Cooperative Extension Tri River Area, Grand Junction, Colorado. URL: http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/TRA/Weeds/weedmgmt.html State of Colorado. 2005. Rules pertaining to the administration and enforcement of the Colorado Noxious Weed Act, 35-5-1-119, C.R.S. 2003. Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry Division, Denver, 78 pp. Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann. 2012. Colorado Flora, Western Slope. Fourth Edition, University Press of Colorado, Boulder. Whitson, T. D. (editor), L. C. Burrill, S. A. Dewey, D. W. Cudney, B. E. Nelson, R. D. Lee and R. Parker. 2001. Weeds of the West – 9th edition. Western Society of Weed Science in cooperation with Cooperative Extension Services, University of Wyoming, Laramie. WestWater Engineering Page 12 of 12 WestWater Engineering Page 13 of 12 WestWater Engineering Appendix A-1 May 2018 Appendix A Garfield County Noxious Weed List Species Common name Species Code Growth Form Life History State Listing Acroptilon repens Russian knapweed ACRE3 Forb Perennial B Aegilops cylindrica Jointed goatgrass AECY Grass Annual B Arctium minus Common (Lesser) burdock ARMI2 Forb Biennial C Cardaria draba Hoary cress, Whitetop CADR Forb Perennial B Carduus acanthoides Spiny plumeless thistle CAAC Forb Biennial / Winter Annual B Carduus nutans Musk (Nodding plumeless) thistle CANU4 Forb Biennial B Centaurea diffusa Diffuse knapweed CEDI3 Forb Perennial B Centaurea maculosa Spotted knapweed CEMA4 Forb Perennial B Centaurea solstitialis Yellow starthistle CESO3 Forb Annual A Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Oxeye daisy CHLE80 Forb Perennial B Cichorium intybus Chicory CIIN Forb Perennial C Cirsium arvense Canada thistle CIAR4 Forb Perennial B Cynoglossum officinale Houndstongue, Gypsyflower CYOF Forb Biennial B Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian olive ELAN Tree Perennial B Euphorbia esula Leafy spurge EUES Forb Perennial B Linaria dalmatica Dalmatian toadflax, broad- leaved LIDA Forb Perennial B Linaria vulgaris Yellow toadflax LIVU2 Forb Perennial B Lythrum salicaria Purple loosestrife LYSA2 Forb Perennial A Onopordum acanthium Scotch thistle ONAC Forb Biennial B Tamarix parviflora Smallflower tamarisk TAPA4 Tree Perennial B Tamarix ramosissima Salt cedar, Tamarisk TARA Tree Perennial B